08年9月PETS4真题

Section II Use of English (1 5 minutes)Directions: Read the following text．Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D On ANSIVER SHEET 1．Many people who fly at least occasionally have come down with a cold or the flu shortly after disembarking the air in airborne commercial jets __2l __? The Association of Flight Attendants(AFA), __ 22__ which 42,000 flight attendants with 27 airlines are represented，evidently thinks SO．The organization claims that the incidence of air—quality—related diseases has __ 23 __ among its members and demands that prompt actions be __24__ to improve the conditions in the airplane.A study the AFA __ 25__ - in l 997 uncovered about 1,000 self-reported incidents of headaches，dizziness and memory loss __26 __ flight attendants and passengers. Some flight attendants were too ill to__ 27__ their．safety duties, while others have been permanently disabled.Because of airlines’ efforts to __ 28__ their expenses. Cabin-air filters are not cleaned __ 29__. The complaints of flight attendants do not always give __ 30__ to correct maintenance．Airlines turned to recycled air, __31__ that they would reduce some of their costs. They are not required to put filters in. Airlines are 32 great pressure to get their flights out __ 33__. So they do not pay as much attention to systems that are not as __ 34__ to flight schedule and safety.Recent research findings emphasize the concern that filters can __ 35__ engine chemicals into the cabin air. This may not happen__ 3 6__ every flight, but it is a persistent problem.In a study published in October 1 998 an investigation was made __ 37__ complaints of crew members __ 38__ air quality and health. More than half of the 200 subjects reported health problems they 39 to cabin air. It was concluded that these health problems were consistent with __ 40__ harmful gases and substances.21 [A]humid [B]unhealthy [C] unbearable [D] crisp22 [A]of [BJ in [C]by [D]to23 [A]suspended [B]dropped [C]raised [D]increased24 [A]taken [B]done [C]made [D]given25 [A]founded [B]underlined [C]considered [D] undertook26 [A]between [B]within [C]among [D]inside27 [A]perform [B]achieve [C]comprehend [D]proceed28 [A]decline [B]cut [C]shrink [D] save29 [A]definitely [B]efficiently [C]smoothly [D] regularly30 [A]hope [B]attention [C]rise [D]chance31 [A]confided [B]promised [C]ensured [D]convinced32 [A] beyond [B]under [C]against [D]below33 [A]on time [B]at once [C]in line [D]in turn34 [A] influential [B]inevitable [C]critical [D]efficient35 [A]enclose [B]block [C]introduce [D]detect36 [A]by [B]on [C]at [D]along37 [A]on [B]from [C]to [D]in38 [A] concerning [B]including [C]relating [D]attaching39 [A] presented [B]attributed [C]blamed [D]appealed40 [A]exposure to [B]exploration of[C]formation of [D]compensation forSection III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)Part ADirections: Read the．following four texts．answer the questions below each text by choose A ，B.C or D. mark answers on ANSWER SHEET 1Text 1Revolutionary innovation is now occurring in all scientific and technological fields．This wave of unprecedented change is driven primarily by advances in information technology, but it is much larger in scope．We are not dealing simply with an Information Revolution but with a Technology Revolution．To anticipate developments in this field，the George Washington University Forecast of Emerging Technologies was launched at the start of the 1 990s．We have now completed four rounds of our Delphi survey一in l 990，l 992,、1 994，and l 996一giving US a wealth of data and experience．We now can Offer reasonably clear picture of what can be expected to happen in technology over the next three decades．Time horizons play a crucial role in forecasting technology．Forecasts of the next five to 1 0 years are often so predictable that they fall into the realm of market research，while those more than 30 or 40 years away are mostly speculation．This leaves a 10-to 20-year window in which to make useful forecasts．It is this time flame that our Forecast addresses．The Forecast uses diverse methods，including environmental scanning，trend analysis，Delphi surveys，and model building．Environmental scanning is used to identify emerging technologies．Trend analysis guides the selection of the most important technologies for further study，and a modified Delphi survey is used to obtain forecasts．Instead of using the traditional Delphi method of providing respondents with immediate feedback and requesting additional estimates in order to arrive at a consensus，we conduct another survey after an additional time period of about two years．Finally, the results are portrayed in time periods to build models of unfolding technological change．By using multiple methods instead of relying on a single approach，the Forecast can produce more reliable，useful estimates．For our latest survey conducted in 1 996，we selected 85 emerging technologies representing the most crucial advances that Can be foreseen．We then submitted the list of technologies to our panel of futurists for their judgments as to when(or if) each technological．development would enter the mainstream，the probability that it would happen，and the estimated size of the economic market for it．In short，we sought a forecast as to when each emerging technology will have actually “emerged．’’41. What we are faced with at present can be best described as a revolution in[A] information.[B] advanced method.[C] science.[D] technology.42. The purpose of the Delphi survey is to[A] foresee future technologies[B] influence future technologies.[C] provide new technologies.[D] design new technologies.43. Market researchers focus on the technologies that will emerge in[A] 5-10 years.[B] 10-20 years.[C] 20-30 years.[D] 30-40 years.44. Various research methods are employed in order to[A] reach a consensus of opinions.[B] provide immediate feedback.[C] increase the accuracy of predictions.[D] select crucial technologies.45. The job of the futurist is to[A] estimate the frequency of technological developments.[B] forecast the significant technologies of the future.[C] prepare the potential market for each technology.[D] adjust the time of arrival of new technologies.Text 2With a new Congress drawing near, Democrats and Republicans are busily designing competing economic stimulus packages. The Republicans are sure to offer tax cuts, the Democrats -- among other things financial relief for the states. There is one measure, however, that would provide not only an immediate boost to the economy but also immediate relief to those most in need: a carefully crafted extension of the federal unemployment insurance program. The Senate approved such an extension before it adjourned in November, The House of Representatives refused to go along. It was among the greatest failures of the 107th Congress.One consequence is that jobless benefits for an estimated 780,000 Americans will abruptly stop tomorrow, even though most recipients have not yet exhausted their benefits. President Bush failed to show any leadership on this matter during the November Congress .Later, finally asked Congress to extend the program for these workers and to make the benefits effective from Dec. 28.That's not enough. The way unemployment insurance typically works is that states provide laid-off workers with 26 weeks of benefits, followed by 13 weeks of federal aid. Under Mr. Bush's scheme, federal benefits would be extended only for those who were already receiving them on Dec. 28. The extension would not cover the jobless workers who will exhaust their regular state-funded benefits after Dec.28 an estimated 95,000 every week but will receive no federal help unless the program is re-authorized. By the end of March, 1.2 million workers could fall into this category.The Senate saw this problem coming, and under the leadership of Hillary Rodham Clinton for New York and Don Nickles of Oklahoma, passed a bill that would not only have covered people already enrolled in the federal program but provided 13 weeks of assistance for those losing their state benefits in the new year.The House, for largely trivial reasons, refused to go along.Bill Frist, the new Senate majority leader, says he is looking for ways to put a kinder, gentler face on the Republican Party. Passing the Clinton-Nickles bill would be a good way to begin. The House should then follow suit. One of the House' complaints last year was that, at $5 billion, the Clinton-Nickles bill was too expensive. That's ridiculous, considering the costs of the tax cuts that House Republicans have in mind.The unemployment rate last month stood at 6 percent, the highest since mid-1994. The country could use a $5 billion shot in the arm right about now. So could a lot of increasingly desperate people.46．According to the author，the proposed extension is[A]what the coming Congress should reconsider．[B]excluded from the economic stimulus packages．[C]a relief program carefully designed by the House．[D]put forward by both Republicans and Democrats．47．What does the author refer to as one of the greatest failures of the 1 07mCongress[A]The House of Representatives did not agree with the Senate．[B]The unemployment insurance extension was not approved．[C] A boost to the economy was not provided．[D]Relief to those in need was not offered．48．Who may benefit from the Clinton．Nickles bill?[A]Only those enrolled in the federal program．[B]The estimated 95，000 unemployed workers．[C ] Just those exhausting their state—funded benefits．[D]Laid．off workers，with or without federal benefits．49．Why did the author say the House’s complaint was ridiculous?[A]The reasons it offers are largely insignificant．[B]The Clinton-Nickles bill was too expensive．[C] Its tax cuts proposal is even more costly．[D]The estimated cost for the bill is just$5 billion．5 0．How does the author feel about the President’s request for the extension and its coverage?[A]Short of vision．[B] Late and incomplete．[C] Lacking in consistency．[D]Exhaustive but ineffective．Text 3Human intelligence and the IQ scales used to measure it once again are becoming the focus of fiery debate. As argument rages over declining test scores in the nation’s schools，an old but explosive issue IS reappearing：What is intelligence and is it determined largely by genetics?The controversy erupted more than a decade ago when some U．S．scholars saw a racial pattern in the differing scores of students taking intelligence and college—entrance tests．Now, the racial issue is being joined by others．Teachers，psychologists, scientist and lawyers argue over the question of whether IQ—intelligence quotient—tests actually measure mental ability, or if findings are skewed such factors as family background，poverty and emotional disorders．Moreover, some authorities assert that the rise in the number of college--educated Americans and their tendency to marry among themselves are creating a class of supersmart children of brainy parents and，on the other side of the scale，a lumpenproletariat of children reflecting the supposedly inferior brainpower of their parents．Critics such as Harvard University biologist Richard C．Lewontin disagree．If mental ability were largely determined by inheritance，he says，efforts to enhance intelligence through the betterment of both home and child--rearing environments could only be marginally effective．He comments：―Genetic determinism could be used to justify existing social injustice as predetermined and inevitable and would render efforts made toward equalitarian goals as useless．"Supporting Lewontin in this is J．McVicker Hunt，a professor at the University of Illinois，who maintains that IQ levels Can be raised significantly by exposing children at an early age to stimulating environments．Hunt’s studies show that early help in such areas as education and nutrition can raise a child’s IQ by，an average of 30 to 3 5 points．At stake in the uproar over IQ is the national commitment to improve the capabilities of the poor by investing billions of dollars annually in educational, medical and j ob programs．51. The controversy over IQ tests is reappearing because of[A] the newly found racial pattern underlying students' performance.[B] the worsening students' performance in their studies.[C] the long-standing division in the definition of intelligence.[D]the dubious IQ scales used to measure intelligence.52. The word "skewed" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A] determined.[B] directed.[C] disclosed.[D] distorted.53. According to some authorities, there will be expected a class of supersmart children because of[A] the booming of higher learning.[B] the revived zeal for marriage.[C] the denial of the supposed inferiority of parents.[D]the shift of one scale of measurement to another.54. In the view of biologist Lewontin, intelligence[AJ was a matter of genetic traits.[B] had little to do with environments.[C] could be improved with human efforts.[D] was profoundly affected by inheritance.55. From the text we can infer that[A] the commitment to improve the capacities of the poor will hardly be made.[B] the investment in educational, medical and job programs is non-profitable.[C] the author disapproves the idea of genetic determination.[D] there will soon be an uproar over IQ tests.Text 4Queues are long．Life is short．So why waste time waiting when you can pay someone to do it for you? In Washington．DC —a city that struggles with more than its share of bureaucratic practices a small industry is emerging that will queue for you to get everything from a driver’s license to a seat in a congressional hearing．Michael Dorsey，one of the pioneering“service expediters”，began going to traffic coups for other people back in 1 988．Today his fees start at$20 and can go into the thousands to plead individual cases at the Bureau of Traffic Adjudication (his former employer)．Mr. Dorsey knows what a properly written parking ticket looks like，and often gets fines invalidated on its failures in formality．His clients include．e congressmen and diplomats，as well as firms for which tickets are an occupational hazard, such as taxi operators and television broadcasters．Service expediters are not universally loved．Non—tax income like fines and fees，makes up about 7％of local—government revenue in Washington．Mr. Dorsey alone relieves that fund of$1 50，000 a year．Meanwhile，citizen advocacy groups keep complaining about expediters Such as the Congressional Services Company and CVK Group that specialise in saving places for congressional hearings．Committees hearing hot topics such as energy regulation often do not have enough seats．Why should a well—heeled lobbyist who has paid$30 an hour to a professional place-holder grab the place? Critics say this perpetuates a two—layered system：the rich get good government service，but the poor still have to wait．This seems a little harsh．Service expeditors can hardly be blamed for creating the unfair system they profit from．Anyway，it’s not only rich corporate types who benefit from their services．Poor foreigners with little English hire expediters to navigate the ticket—fighting process；SO do elderly and disabled people who want to save time on errands that require long hours standing in line．And，who knows，the service expediters might even shame the bureaucrats into pulling their socks up．，Back in 1 999，Washington’s mayor，Tony Williams，promised to liberate citizens from the tyranny of the government queue．Things have gotten a bit better，but the 20一minute task of renewing a driver’s license can still take day's．Hiring all expert to confront the bureaucratic beast on your behalf takes care of that．56．What is the new business which emerged in Washington DC?[A]Helping to establish small industries．[B]Making false tickets and driver’s licenses．[C] Assisting in organizing congressional hearings．[D]Offering to go through official procedures for clients．57. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]The fines for offenders range from$20 to．$1000 or more．[B]Television broadcasters are liable to receive parking tickets．[C]Fines are sometimes cancelled when tickets are well written．[D]Michael Dorsey’s working experience helped with his new business．58 .This new business is not liked by all partly because[A]it shifts the tax load from the poor to the rich．[B]it gets profit by undermining the two-layered system．[C]it harms the interests of local governments．[D]it violates the equal opportunities principle．59.It can be inferred from the text that service expediters could possibly[A]sort out troubles for elderly and disabled people．[B]help collect fines for local governments．[C]sting the government into improving services．[D]help poor foreigners navigate home．60．The best title for the text probably is[A]The Taming of the Queue．[B]Controversy over New Businesses．，[C]You Wait，I Wait，We All Wait．[D]The Bureaucratic Beast．Part BDirections: R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t c a r e f u l l y a n d t h e n t r a n s l a t e t h e u n d e r l i n e d s e g m e n t s i n t o Chinese. Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.A c o n t i n u i n g p h e n o m e n o n i n b u s i n e s s e d u c a t i o n i s t h e e m p h a s i s o n e t h i c s.T h e American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation s t a n d a r d s e m p h a s i z e t h e n e e d f o r a n e t h i c a l a w a r e n e s s a l o n g w i t h a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f"in f lu e n ce o f p o litic a l,so c ia l,le g a l a nd r e g u la to r y,e n vir o n me n ta l,, a nd tec hn o log ic a l i s s u e s…61)O n e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t e t h i c a l c h a l l e n g e s i t w a n t s a d d r e s s e d c o n c e r n s"i n c l u s i v e n e s s,"w h i c h w e h a v e i n t e r p r e t e d t o m e a n a "l a r g e u m b r e l l a" a p p r o a c h, i n, f o r e x a m p l e, e m p l o y e e c o n c e r n s. T o t h i s e n d, m a t t e r s s u c h a s s e x u a l p r e f e r e n c e a r e dealt with in a c a se in vo lving a supe r viso r. 62) P oss ib ly th e grea te s t eth ica l idea that c o u l d b u i l d b r i d g e s i n a n i n c r e a s i n g l y f r a g m e n t e d s o c i e t y i s t h e i d e a t h a t e m p i r i c a l evidence must be sought and used to bring an agreement in controversial public issues.C l e a r l y t h e g r e a t e s t i m p a c t u p o n t h e b u s i n e s s e n t e r p r i s e e v i d e n c i n g e x t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l e n v i r o n me n t s o c c u r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o l a w.L a w i s t h e w a y i n w h i c h s o c ie t y a n d th e p o li tic a l p r o c e s s tr a n s la tin g in to c o n c r e te f o r m th e f o r c e s s h a p i n g th e b u s i n e s s e n v i r o n m e n t. P e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t i s t h e r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t p o s i t i ve la w h a s b e c o me th e e th ic o f o u r t i me.63)A k e y r e a s o n f o r th i s i s th e h ig h l y c o m p e t i t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e b u s i n e s s e n v i r o n m e n t,w h e r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t o r s a r e threatening the very_ existence of the domestic U.S. businesses; this competition forces U.S. b u s i n e s s e s t o t a k e a "b a r e b o n e s," "d o j u s t w h a t t h e l a w r e q u i r e s a n d n o m o r e"a p p r o a c h to e th ic s.A c tu a ll y,th e U.S.le g a l s ys t e m i s f o r mo r e th a n a"b a r e b o n e s"to le g a l r ig h ts. 64) .In f a c t,it co u ld p e rs u a s ive ly b e a r g u ed tha t l a w in th is n a tu re ha s c r e p t i n t o t h e r e a l m o f n a t u r a l l a w a n d n o r m s f o r m e r l y d e s c r i b e d b y p r i v a t e d e c i s i o n ma k e r s a r e n o w d e c r e e d b y l e g i s l a t i v e c o m ma n d s.I t i s t r u e t h a t e t h i c s i n v o l v e s d o i n g t h e"f ig h t"th i n g,t h e j u s t t h in g,th e mo r a l l y c o r r e c t th i n g;h o we v e r,p o s i t i v e l a w i s now commanding us to "do the fight thing." Given the need to keep costs under co n tr ol,mo s t U.S.bu s ine s se s g ive a s ig h o f re lie f a nd s a y,"T h is is e no ug h e th ic s f o r me; thanks," if they can simply comply with the pervasive positive law. These b u s i n e s s e s p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e i r f o r e i g n c o m p e t i t o r s d o n o t h a v e t h e e x t e n s i v e–a n d e x p e n s i v e - p r o t e c t i v e l a b o r l a w s, t h e C l e a n W a t e r A c t, t h e F a i r La b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t,a n d a h o s t o f o t h e r l a w s 65) T h e s e l a w s h a v e p r a i s e w o r t h y g o a l s; n o n e t h e l e s s, t h e y make competing with businesses in other countries without such laws difficult, if not impossible, particularly when costs are taken into account.Section IV WritingY o u s h o u l d w r i t e160-200w o r d s n e a t l y o n A N S W E R S H E E T 2.(35 minutes)Directions:66. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay on it. In your essay;You should (1) describe the cartoon briefly, (2) analyze this situation and (3) give your comments.。