American Culture 01--American History
American History
美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
American Culture美国文化
要经常说谢谢，谢谢你的老师给你上了堂精彩的课，谢谢店员为你提供了舒适的服务，谢谢酒店的员工为你拉门。感谢所有人吧。
Questions Not To Ask
There are three questions you should never ask a Westerner:
1) How old are you? Why do you look so elderly? Are you really old? (Age is a secret to most people, especially women!)
在中国，你遇到别人时说：“你吃过了吗？”，这被认为是礼貌的和可以被接受的。但在西方国家，它被认为是滑稽或可笑的。在中国，当你听到别人说“你的英语非常好”，你很可能会回答“不，不是那么好”，你认为这样表示谦虚。不过，美国或英国人民会以一个大大的微笑回答“谢谢你！”。
When Chinese invite some friends to dinner, the hosts get food for the guests with chopsticks to show their hospitality. Westerners, instead, say “Help yourself.” or “Make yourself at home.”
短语“谢谢你”
在美国文化里，很有意思的一个地方是，“谢谢你”这个短语常常会被用到。不管是什么关系：陌生人、朋友或者家人，“谢谢你”这个短语在每个场合中都会用到。在有人递东西给你的时候，就一定要说“谢谢你”，比如店员找你零钱的时候，或者卖报的人递给你报纸的时候。
Always say thank you. Thank your teacher for a good lesson, thank the store clerk for good service, and thank the doorman just because he does his job. Thank everybody.
大学英语拓展1——英美文化习俗之美国历史简介
今天，在美国人心目中，感恩节是比圣诞节还要重要的 节日。首先，它是一个长达4 天的假日，足以使人们尽 情狂欢、庆祝。其次，它也是传统的家庭团聚的日子。 感恩节期间，散居在他乡外地的家人，都要赶回家过节 ，这已经成了全国性的习俗。此外，美国人一年中最重 视的一餐，就是感恩节的晚宴。在美国这个生活节奏很 快，竞争激烈的国度里，平日的饮食极为简单。美国的 快餐流行世界，就是一个很好的说明。但在感恩节的夜 晚，家家户户都大办筵席，物品之丰盛，令人咋舌。在 节日的餐桌上，上至总统，下至庶民，火鸡和南瓜饼都 是必备的。这两味“珍品”体现了美国人民忆及先民开 拓艰难、追思第一个感恩节的怀旧情绪。因此，感恩节 也被称为“火鸡节”。
感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。1620年， 著名的“五月花号”船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害 的清教徒102人到达美洲。1620年和1621年之交的冬天， 他们遇到了难以想像的困难，处在饥寒交迫之中，冬天 过后，活下来的移民只剩50来人。基于“来者是客”的 信念与习俗，印第安人给这些移民送来了生活必需品， 并且教导他们狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等等生存方 法。在印第安人的帮助下，来自欧陆的新移民逐渐习惯 了在当地的生存方式。在欢庆丰收的日子，欧陆新移民 邀请印第安人一同感谢上天的赐予。许多人认为，美国 第一个感恩节就是印第安人与新移民第一次齐聚感谢上 天赐予的那一天。
• Time
– On October 19, 1781
• Result
– The British soldiers were forced to surrender.
• Consequences
– George Washington became the first President. – The 4th of July became the national holiday of America--- the Independence Day.
American History
American General CultureChapter oneAn Introduction to CultureSome people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but people in the United States put them on their couches and beds. Why?Some people in Labul and Landahar(坎大哈，阿富汗城市) pray five times each day while sitting on the floor, but some people in Las Vegas sit up all night in front of video poker machines. Why?Some people speak Tagalog and others speak English. Why?Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why?Some people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still others say there is no God. Why?Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?What is culture?Culture' is considered to be a complex term and a variety of anthropologists and researchers have defined it in various ways. Some of these definitions have been listed below.•Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. - Edward Tylor thisintroduces the continuing confusion between trying to bring together under the word culture both historical objects, and particularized internal properties of man.•Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of humanactivities as determined by these habits. - Franz Boas•Culture is what makes you a stranger when you're away from home. - Philip Bock•Culture is a well-organized unity divided into two fundamental aspects -- a body of artifacts and a system of customs. - Bronislaw Malinowski•Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another. - Geert Hofstede•But the most widely accepted definition is, “Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people”(Hall,1983)Any description of the definition of culture should include the three categories: •-artifact(artefact)(人工制品) (which includes items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogenbombs, magic charms to antibiotics to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes) •-concepts (which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life)•-behavior (which refers to the actual practice of concepts or belief)Elements of CultureLanguage: The various languages are essentially an important part of the culture.Norms: Every society or every civilization has a set of norms, which are an inseparable part, and an important element of the culture. This can include the folkways, mores, taboos and rituals in a culture. Values: The social values of a particular civilization are also considered as an element of the culture. The values of a culture often refer to the things to be achieved or the things, which are considered of great worth or value in a particular culture.Religion and Beliefs: The religion and the beliefs of the people in a civilization play an important role in shaping up of the culture as well.Social Collectives: Social collectives refer to the social groups, organizations, communities, institutions, classes, and societies, which are considered as symbolic social constructions.Status and Role in Society: A status or a social role is nothing but a slot or position within a group or society, which gives an overall idea of the social structure and hence is an important element of culture. This can also include traditional gender-based or age-based roles.Cultural Integration: This includes the degree of harmony or integration within the various elements of culture. This can include elements like sub-cultures, local cultures and the difference between historical and cultural traditions.Cultural Values--The concise Oxford Dictionary defines values as “one’s principles or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life”.--Hofstede says values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”.--Kluckhohn says values are “a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action”.Values can be divided into three types: universal values, cultural-specific values, peculiar expression or deviations of individuals within cultures•Universal values are values common to all people.•Cultural-specific values. They are applied only to one particular culture.•Peculiar expression or deviations of individuals within cultures. These are aspects of subjective culture.Culture shock•Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between socialenvironments, or simply travel to another type of life.Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: --Honeymoon--Frustration--Adjustment--MasteryHoneymoonDuring this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new food, the pace of life, and the locals' habits. During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture. They associate with nationals who speak their language, and who are polite to the foreigners. Like most honeymoonperiods, this stage eventually ends.FrustrationAfter some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger as one continues to experience unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude. Language barriers, stark differences in public hygiene, traffic safety, food accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from the surroundingsWhile being transferred into a different environment puts special pressure on communication skills, there are practical difficulties to overcome, such as circadian rhythm disruption that often leads to insomnia and daylight drowsiness; adaptation of gut flora to different bacteria levels and concentrations in food and water; difficulty in seeking treatment for illness, as medicines may have different names from the native country's and the same active ingredients might be hard to recognize.Still, the most important change in the period is communication: People adjusting to a new culture often feel lonelyand homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. The language barrier may become a major obstacle in creating new relationships: special attention must be paid to one's and others' culture-specific body language signs, linguistic faux pas, conversation tone, linguistic nuances and customs, andfalse friends.In the case of students studying abroad, some develop additional symptoms of loneliness that ultimately affect their lifestyles as a whole. Due to the strain of living in a different country without parental support, international students often feel anxious and feel more pressure while adjusting to new cultures—even more so when the cultural distances are wide, as patterns of logic and speech are different and a special emphasis is put onrhetoric（修辞学;辩论法）. AdjustmentAgain, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more "normal". One starts to develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture and begins to accept the culture's ways with a positive attitude. The culture begins to make sense, and negative reactions and responses to the culture are reduced.MasteryIn the mastery stage individuals are able to participate fully and comfortably in the hostculture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as the bicultural stage.Reverse culture shockReverse culture shock (a.k.a. “re-entry shock” or “own culture shock”) may take place —returning to one‘s home culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above. These are results from the psychosomatic（精神身体相关的）and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture.The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. This phenomenon, the reactions that members of the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the following saying, which is also the title of a book by Thomas Wolfe, You Can't Go Home Again.What is common to the various definitions of culture?The Treatment (刮痧)Plot: Grandfather Xu comes from China to visit the family of his son, Datong Xu, in St. Louis. While there, he gives his grandson, Dennis Xu, a treatment GuaSha to treat a slight fever. The authorities, however, mistake the harmless traditional Chinese medical treatment for child abuse due to the obvious marks left on Dennis’ back. The family goes through hell when the child is taken away by the child protection agency.Meanwhile, Grandfather Xu leaves America because he finds that the living environment is really not suitable for him, as he feels that a simple, harmless treatment like GuaSha, which is so common in China, is treated as child abuse in America. Furthermore, he can not converse in English. An American friend of the father, Benton Davis (LoeErker), tries GuaSha and proves that the treatment leaves painful-looking marks that are not actually painfully or harmful at all. Finally, the child is able to return home and the family is reunited.•Watch the movie and try to find the cultural clashes between China and America reflected in the movie, then analyze and explain the reasons.•Man-governing VS. Law-governing•Chinese medicine VS. western medicine•Concept of family•Loving and educating childrenChapter two A Brief Introduction to American Culture The culture of the United States is primarily Western, but is influenced by Native American, African, Asian, and Latin American cultures. A strand of what may be described as American culture started its formation over 10,000 years ago with the migration of Paleo-Indians from Asia, as well as from Oceania and Europe, into the region that is today the continental United States. The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. The United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as a result of large-scale migration from many ethnically and racially different countries throughout its history as well as differing birth and death rates among natives, settlers, and immigrants.American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism(平等主义), and faith in freedom and democracy), American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic（人口统计）diversity. The flexibility of U.S. culture and its highly symbolic nature lead some researchers to categorize American culture as a mythic identity; others see it as American exceptionalismThe United States has traditionally been thought of as a melting pot, however beginning in the 1960s and continuing on in the present day, the country trends towards cultural diversity, pluralism and the image of a salad bowl instead. Due to the extent of American culture, there are many integrated but unique social subcultures within the United States.Five Famous Symbols of American CultureThe Statue of LibertyBarbieAmerican GothicThe Buffalo Nickel (野牛镍币)Uncle SamThe Statue of LibertyIn the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the World, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance. At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approve of her son's affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876.That same year Bartholdi had assembled the statue's right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia. It is said that he had used his wife's arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue. He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother.The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on an island in Upper New York Bay in 1886. It had his mother's face and his wife's body, but Bartholdi called it "my daughter, Liberty".BarbieBefore all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara. Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of the Mattel Toy Company. Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls.The three-dimensional model for Barbie was a German doll-a joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of a woman who sold sex. Mattel refashioned the doll into a decent, all-American-although with an exaggerated breast size-version and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager.Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second.Now more than sixty years old, Barbara — who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll - may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet. Barbie's boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in 1961 and named after Barbara's brother. The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. "I don't want my children to play with it," he said in 1993.American Gothic。
美国文化american culture
The basis of American culture
The basis of American culture
• Deep love of naturmerican culture
• The American culture was influenced by Europe culture in its development.
The Hippies
• The hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s, swiftly spreading to other countries around the world. The etymology of the term 'hippie' is from hipster, and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. The early hippie ideology included the countercultural values of the Beat Generation. Some created their own social groups and communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs such as marijuana and LSD to explore alternative states of consciousness.
American Culture 美国文化
←American Culture ---- A General Survey←Course ObjectivesThis course is a survey of American culture and society. The purpose of the course: To provide students with a general "feel" for the cultural characteristics of the USA.To promote students’ awareness, tolerance and even acceptance of cultural diversity.To help students develop skills to interact appropriately with Americans.To teach students to critically analyze, evaluate and judge different cultural phenomena.Contents1. Introduction to the Course2. Geography ＆History3. Politics ＆Education4. Traditions ＆Customs5. Social Daily Life6. Professions ＆Hobbies7. Holidays ＆Festivals8. Places of Interest9. Celebrities / Famous People←ReadingsMany of our readings will be done on line or you may download them for your own use. In the meantime, the following course texts are recommended.← 1.《美国社会与文化》，常俊跃，李莉莉，赵永青主编，北京大学出版社，2009年← 2. 《走进美国文化》，（美）哈夫曼等著，应惠兰，邵永真注，外语教学与研究出版社，2009年← 3. 《边品美国文化边学英文》，肖冉等编著，水利水电出版社, 2009年← 4. 《美国文化背景》（第3版），（美）戴特斯曼等著，陈国华译，世界图书出版公司，2006年←Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia:/wiki/USA←General Knowledge Quiz about the USA1. How many states are there in the US?a. 49b. 50c. 51d. 482. What do Americans celebrate on July 4th?a. Flag Day.b. The Revolution.c. The Discovery of America.d. Independence Day.3. What are the two major parties in the US?a. The Republicans and the Democrats.b. The Republics and the Socialists.c. The Democrats and the Socialists.d. The Conservationists and the Democrats.4. Who said: “We hold these truths to be self- evident that all men are created equal”?a. Bill Clintonb. George Washingtonc. Richard Nixond. Thomas Jefferson5. Who is eligible for the Office of President?a. Anyone whose children are Americanb. Whoever served the armyc. A natural born citizend. An alien6. What are the symbols of the USA?←There are many symbols that represent the United States of America. Some of the most popular ones are the Stars and Stripes (the US flag), the Great Seal of the USA, the bald eagle(our national bird), the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the US Capitol, the White House, Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, the Statue of Liberty (a gift from France), Mount Rushmore (carved on a mountain in South Dakota), The Star Spangled Banner (the national anthem of the USA), The Pledge of Allegiance, Yankee Doodle , Uncle Sam (a cartoon figure designed by Thomas Nast), the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the Golden Gate Bridge, the World War II Memorial, and many others.←/history/us/symbols/7. When people talk about the U.S. as a nation of immigrants, you may think of the nickname ___ .Answer: Melting Pot / Salad Bowl8. When people talk about going to the U.S. to pursue success, you may say they want to achieve their ___ .Answer: American dream←American DreamThe American Dream is a national ethos of the United States; a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth.←The American DreamLand of opportunity(1) individual freedom of choice in life styles(2) equal access to economic abundance(3) the pursuit of shared objectives mutually advantageous to the individual and society9. Who’s the most renowned leader of the Civil Rights Movement in the US?Answer: Martin Luther King (1929-1968)←What is culture←Varied definitions---- the art, literature, and music of a people, their architecture, history, religion, and tradition---- the way of life of a group of people, developed over time and passed down from generation to generation---- the customs and specific behavior of a people英国人类学家Edward B. Tylor提出：文化是一个复合的整体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。
1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
美国主流文化介绍
美国主流文化群体
WASP：White Anglo-Saxon Protestant 白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒，本义是指美国当权的精英群体及其 文化、习俗和道德行为标准，现在可以泛指信奉新教的欧裔美国 人。此群体拥有庞大的经济、政治势力，构成美国上流社会和中 上阶层的绝大部分。尽管美国社会日益多元化，但他们的文化、 道德观和价值取向仍在很大程度上影响着美国的发展。这个用法 其实陈腐且不严谨，因为美国新教徒拥有错综复杂的血统，分散 在很多教派中。新教徒的祖先可以来自英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、 康沃尔、爱尔兰、德国、荷兰、丹麦、斯堪的纳维亚半岛或法国 的雨格诺派；可以属于美国圣公会、长老会、信义宗（路德宗）、 卫理公会、公理会、荷兰改革派、贵格会、浸信会、福音派甚至 摩门教等等。不光是精英阶层，各个社会阶层都有他们的身影， 即使被讽刺为“白色垃圾”的下层贫困白人也可能是WASP。
Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont
Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
形成根源——历史影响
最初的四种殖民模式： 1. The settlement in Virginia：the London Company[伦敦贸易公司]；in 1619, two events took
新生社会制度和环境往往倡导公平和机会均等但随着社会机制的老化既定的社会关系和权力关系又成为新的barrierjamesadams当初如果能认识到这点也许对所谓的?美国梦?就不会那么激情澎湃了当然这也不排除政治宣传的需要历史是人写的从来就不是客观的
美国主流文化介绍
一、形成根源 二、美国主流文化模式内容 三、中美主流文化模式比较
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other elites together with skilled craftsmen, Adam Smith’s theory, individual rationally pursuing their self-interest, the entire nation would naturally benefit. Value private interests.
First permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
Jamestown, Virginia
A church in Jamestown
Agricultural people, cleared vast forests, built inter-colonial roads, set up port towns, engaged in exploring adventures making it difficult for Native Americans to maintain their tribal life
The mistress
Responsible for indoor affairs, preparing food, cleaning house, doing laundry, making clothing. Children, servants or slaves. They lived in rural areas.
2.2 Forming a national government
The Articles of Confederation: national government was a one-house legislature, in which each state has one vote. No ability to tax or no power to enforce its decisions or defend the country The Constitution: approved in 1787 – a strong federal government: division of power, checks and balances, federalism
1. Early Colonial Period
1.1 The first Americans 1.2 The coming of the English 1.3 The daily lives of European Americans 1.4 The road to independence
1.1 The first Americans: Indians
Version 3:
illiterate or barely literate, more egalitarian than the other two. Widen participation of men in the political process. Government responded directly to the needs of ordinary folk.
Agricultural Way of Life
English element – a dominant influence in shaping the political, social and cultural life of colonial America
17th century primarily English 18th century largely non-English Half of the population were continental Europeans, Africans and Native Americans
The master
Responsible for outdoor affairs, having heavy workload, occasionally serving in the militia or political posts and taking the household’s sole vote in elections, managing the finances, holding legal authority over the rest of the family.
7-10 million Native Americans lived north of present-day Mexico From Asia to Alaska some 20,000 years ago A nomadic life several hundred nations and tribes, speaking diverse languages and dialects Social groups: the family, the village, and the clan
Indians
Indians
Indians
Their culture was primarily oral, depending on telling tales and deciphering dreams Nature and things in nature important in their religious beliefs Respect all living things, rocks and water, sun and moon, ghosts and witches Human beings were only one link in the great chain of living nature.
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence
The War of Independence
The War of Independence
The War of Independence
The War of Independence
2. Forging of the republic
2.1 Creating a virtuous republic: Three Versions of Republicanism 2.2 Forming a national government 2.3 The rise of nationalism and democracy 2.4 Western expansion
The British: After the Seven Year’s War in the 1750s, British attempted to tighten its control over its colonies and asked them to share the cost of empire by collecting taxes The colonies: Long accustomed to selfcontrol, the colonies wanted more, not less, freedom and independence
American History: to 1914
Outline
1. Early Colonial Period 2. Forging of the Republic 3. The Civil War 4. Growth and Transformation 5. The Progressive Movement 6. World War I, prosperity and depression 7. World War II and its impact 8. Decades of change: 1960 – 1980 9. America at the turn of the century
In the summer of 1774, most of America’s elected political leaders tried to solve the problem within the framework of the empire. The battles of Lexington and Concord, the meeting of the Second Continental Congress, King George’s declaration of the colonies in the state of rebellion the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation.
2.1 Creating a virtuous republic
Three Versions of Republicanism:
Version 1:
chiefly by educated elites, small in size, homogenous in population, “natural aristocracy” of men whose rank would be based on merit rather than inherited wealth or status. Sacrifice private interests for the good of the whole.
Republicanism: a summary
The citizens of the US believed they were working on a new enterprise. With great pride in their new nation, they expected to replace the vices of the monarchial Europe with good virtues of republican America, adopting republican principles not only in their government, but also in their society and culindependence