国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译
克鲁格曼英文第七版1
International Economics
The world economy has become increasingly unstable, how to keep up with changes in the international environment has become the central issue for the States to develop business strategies and economic policies to take into account. Note: Changes in the international environment will affect the mobility of resources, such as a country's foreign policy would increase the resource flows. Degree of adaptation to the international environment will determine how big the benefits of the world economy can be shared. Strategy and policy is to enable their own long-term benefits.
Log of Equation
lnTij=lnYi+lnYj-lnDij To get the model more general, we get the more conplex form: lnTij=a0+a1lnYi+a2lnYj-a3lnDij+a4lnX1+…
End of Chapter 1
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译Key Terms of International EconomicsChapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势Absolute advantage 绝对优势Opportunity cost 机会成本Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入Relative price 相对价格Relative demand curve相对需求曲线Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线Relative wage 相对工资Relative quantity 相对产量Ricardian model 李嘉图模型Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论Nontraded goods 非贸易商品Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化Factor abundance 要素丰裕度Factor intensity 要素密集度Scarce factor 稀缺要素Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论land-intensive 土地密集型Labor-intensive劳动密集型the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比Chapter 5 The standard Trade ModelBiased growth 偏向性增长Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长Isovalue line等价值线Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向Terms of trade贸易条件Transfers of income转移支付Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and international TradeDumping 倾销External economies of scale外部规模经济Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Interindustry trade 产业间贸易Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易Internal economies of scale内在规模经济Monopolistic competion垄断竞争Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销Increasing return 报酬递增Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policyad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税Consumer surplus消费者剩余Producer surplus生产者剩余Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失Effective rate of protection有效保护率Efficiency loss效率损失Export restraint出口限制Export subsidy出口补贴Import quota进口配额Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制Local content requirement国产化程度要求nontariff barriers非关税避垒Quota rent配额租金Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment AccountsCurrent accountFinancial accountCapital accountChapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset ApproachAppreciation升值Arbitrage套汇、套利Depreciation贬值Exchange rate汇率Forward exchange rate远期汇率Interest parity condition利率平价条件Rate of appreciation升值率Rate of depreciation贬值率Real rate of return实际收益率Spot exchange rate即期汇率Vehicle currency载体货币Foreign exchange外汇Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange ratesMoney Supply 货币供给Money Demand 货币需求Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长overshooting 超调Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率Nominal interest rate 名义利率Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Real appreciation实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Real exchange rate 实际汇率Relative PPP相对购买力平价Market rigidity市场刚性Price rigidity价格刚性Price stickiness价格粘性Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求Fiscal policy 财政政策J-curve J曲线Real exchange rate 实际汇率Real appreciation 实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预Devaluation法定贬值Revaluation法定升值Clean float 清洁浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动Capital flight 资本抽逃Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas optimumcurrency areas 最优货币区Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益Economic integration 经济一体化Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率。
宏观经济学原理第七曼昆名词解释带英文
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学（microeconomics），研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
宏观经济学（macroeconomics），研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
国内生产总值GDP（gross?domestic?product），在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。
消费（consumption），家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务的支出。
投资（investment），用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
政府购买（government?purchase），地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口（net?export），外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口），减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。
名义GDP（nominal?GDP），按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
真实GDP（real?GDP），按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
（总之，名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真实GDP是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值。
）GDP平减指数（GDP,?deflator），用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。
消费物价指数CPI（consumer?price?index），普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率（inflation?rate），从前一个时期以来，物价指数变动的百分比。
生产物价指数（producer?price?index），企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。
指数化（indexation），根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响，对货币数量的自动调整。
名义利率（nominal?interest?rate），通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响，校正的利率。
真实利率（real?interest?rate），根据通货膨胀的影响校正过的利率。
国际经济学_中英名词解释
国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势Law of comparative advantage: The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage), and should import the other commodity.比较优势原理Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税Specific tariff:从量税A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.Capital-intensive commodity: The commodity with the higher capital-labor ratio at all relative factor prices.资本密集型商品Labor-intensive commodity:The commodity with the higher labor-capital ratio (L/K) at all relative factor prices.劳动密集型产品Capital inflow: An increase of foreign assets in the nation or a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad.资本流入Capital outflow: A decrease of foreign assets in the nation or an increases the nation’s assets abroad.资本流出Community indifference curve: The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodities yielding equal satisfaction to the community or nation. Community indifference curves are negatively sloped, convex from the origin, and should not across.社会无差异曲线Consumer surplus: The difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a specific amount of a commodity and what they actually pay for it.消费者剩余Producer surplus: The revenue producers receive over and above the minimum amount required to induce them to supply the good.生产者剩余Current account: The account that includes all sales and purchases of currently produced goods and services, income on foreign investments, and unilateral transfers.经常项目Credit transactions:Transactions that involve the receipt of payments from foreigners. These include the export of goods and services, unilateral transfers from foreigners, and capital inflow.贷方交易Debit transactions: Transactions that involve payments to foreigners. These include the import of goods and services, unilateral transfers to foreigners, and capital outflows.借方交易Deficit in the balance of payments:The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accounts, or autonomous transactions, equal to the net credit balance in the official reserve account, or accommodating transactions.国际收支逆差Factor abundance: The factor of production available in greater proportion and at a lower relative price in one nation than in another nation.要素丰裕度General equilibrium analysis: The study of the interdependence that exists among all markets in the economy.一般均衡分析General equilibrium model: An economic model that studies the behavior of all producers, and traders simultaneously.一般均衡模型Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory: 赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.Infant-industry argument: The argument that temporary trade protection is needed to set up an industry and to protect it during its infancy against competition from more established and efficient foreign firms.幼稚工业保护税Marginal rate of substitution,MRS: The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of a second commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve. It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the second commodity.边际替代率Marginal rate of transformation,MRT:The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.边际转换率Opportunity cost theory: The theory that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one more unit of the firstcommodity.机会成本理论Dumping:The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.倾销Persistent dumping:The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically, also called international price discrimination.持久性倾销Predatory dumping: The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business, after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.掠夺性倾销Sporadic dumping:偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to sell an unforeseen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.Product cycle model:The hypothesis, advanced by Vernon, that new products introduced by industrial nations and produced with skilled labor eventually become standardized and can be produced in other nations with less skilled labor.产品周期模型Production possibility frontier:A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.生产可能性边界Purchasing-power parity(PPP) theory:The theory that postulates that the change in the exchange rate between two currencies is proportional to the change in the ratio in the two countries’ general price levels.购买力平价理论Rate of effective protection:The tariff calculated on the domestic value added in the production of a commodity.有效保护率Relative purchasing-power parity theory:Postulates that the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the relative change in the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory has some value.相对购买力平价Small-country case:The situation where trade takes place at the pretrade-relative commodity prices in the large nation so that the small nation receives all of the benefits from trade.小国情况Specific tariff:A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.特别关税Terms of trade:The ratio of the index price of a nation’s export to its import commodities.贸易条件Free-trade area:自由贸易区Remove all tariff and nontariff barriers among members and maintain its own trade restrictions against outsiders.Customs union:关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).Common market:共同市场Removes all barriers on trade among members,harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world,and also allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993. Economic union:经济同盟A supranational institution harmonize and administer national,social,taxation,and fiscal policies.Dumping:倾销The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.Direct investments:直接投资Real investments in factories,capitalgoods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the use of the invested capital.Interdependence: 相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.Increasing opportunity costs: 机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.Income terms of trade:收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.Immiserizing growth:悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.Leontief paradox:里昂惕夫之谜The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary to the H-O trade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products andexport K-intensive products.Multinational corporations(MNCs):跨国公司Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in several countries.Optimum tariff:最有关税The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade. Pattern of trade:贸易模式The commodities exported and imported by each nation.Production possibility frontier:生产可能性曲线A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.Prohibitive tariff:禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky. Preferential trade arrangements:优惠贸易安排The loosest from of economic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participating nations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.Stolper-Samuelson theorem: 施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.Terms of trade:贸易条件The ratio of the index price of a nation's export to its import commodities.Trade creation:贸易创造Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increases welfare.Trade diversion:贸易转移Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.Byitself,this reduces welfare.Transfer pricing:转移价格The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.。
国际经济学名词解释双语。
1. 国际经济学：以经济学的一般理论为基础，研究国际经济活动和国际经济关系，是一般经济理论在国际经济活动范围中的应用与延伸，是经济学体系的有机组成部分。
主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支理论、汇率理论、要素的国际流动、国际投资理论、开放的宏观经济均衡等。
2. 绝对利益：由英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密提出，是指在某种商品的生产上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个经济。
若各个经济都从事自己占绝对优势的产品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
3. 比较利益：英国古典经济学家大卫·李嘉图认为，决定国际贸易的基础是比较利益而非绝对利益。
国际分工中若两个贸易参与国家生产力水平不相等,甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，处于绝对优势；而乙国则相反，其劳动生产率在任何产品上均低于甲国，处于绝对劣势。
4. 国际分工：即各国之间的劳动分工，生产的国际专业化，它是经济发展的必然，是社会分工从一国国内向国外延伸的结果。
各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化，反映了彼此之间的经济发展水平的差异以及各国经济联系的程度。
国际分工主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。
5. 贸易乘数：是指乘数理论在对外贸易研究中的运用，探讨对外贸易与国民收入与就业之间的关系。
在贸易乘数公式中，它是边际储蓄倾向的和的倒数。
贸易乘数原理主要分析在边际储蓄倾向和边际进口倾向之和小于1的条件下，增加出口有利于提高有效需求，增加国民收入和就业量。
6. 贸易创造：是指在关税同盟内部取消成员国之间的关税后，国内生产成本高的商品被成员国中生产成本低的商品所取代，来自成员国的低价进口商品替代了昂贵的国内生产的商品，成员国之间的贸易被创造出来。
7. 贸易转移：两个或两个以上国家间的关税同盟建立后，成员国的部分进口商品将从低成本供应国(非成员国)转向高成本供应国(成员国)，这就是贸易转移。
克鲁格曼英文第七版3
1. A Two-Factor Economy Model
MODEL: two countries A and B, produces two goods X and Y, with two mobile factors of production M and N. Assumes two goods are cloth (C) and food (F), two two mobile factors of land (T) and labor (L). Definition: A country's land productivity of cloth shows by αTC, labor productivity αLC; the land productivity of food by αTF, labor productivity αLF; a country's aggregate supply of labor is L, the total land supply is T.
Quantity of food, QF Isovalue lines Q
PPF Quantity of cloth, QC
Factor Input of Unit Product
Input possibilities in food production:
Land input Input combinations per unit of food
foodintensiveandclothintensive?在要素价格比一定的情况下不同的产品生产所需要的要素投入组合是不一样的此时更多地需要某种生产要素的产品称为这种要素生产地需要某种生产要素的产品称为这种要素生产密集型产品xxintensivegoods
经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照Aaccounting会计accounting cost会计成本accounting profit会计利润adverse selection逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources资源配置allocative efficiency配置效率antitrust legislation反托拉斯法arc elasticity弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理Assumption假设asymmetric information非对称性信息average平均average cost平均成本average cost pricing平均成本定价法average fixed cost平均固定成本average product of capital资本平均产量average product of labour劳动平均产量average revenue平均收益average total cost平均总成本average variable cost平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry进入壁垒base year基年bilateral monopoly双边垄断benefit收益black market黑市bliss point极乐点boundary point边界点break even point收支相抵点budget预算budget constraint预算约束budget line预算线budget set预算集Ccapital资本capital stock资本存量capital output ratio资本产出比率capitalism资本主义cardinal utility theory基数效用论cartel卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model张伯伦模型change in demand需求变化change in quantity demanded需求量变化change in quantity supplied供给量变化change in supply供给变化choice选择closed set闭集Coase theorem科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model蛛网模型collective bargaining集体协议工资collusion合谋command economy指令经济commodity商品commodity combination商品组合commodity market商品市场commodity space商品空间common property公用财产comparative static analysis比较静态分析compensated budget line补偿预算线compensated demand function补偿需求函数compensation principles补偿原则compensating variation in income收入补偿变量competition竞争competitive market竞争性市场complement goods互补品complete information完全信息completeness完备性condition for efficiency in exchange交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production生产的最优条件concave凹concave function凹函数concave preference凹偏好consistence一致性constant cost industry成本不变产业constant returns to scale规模报酬不变constraints约束consumer消费者consumer behavior消费者行为consumer choice消费者选择consumer equilibrium消费者均衡consumer optimization消费者优化consumer preference消费者偏好consumer surplus消费者剩余consumer theory消费者理论consumption消费consumption bundle消费束consumption combination消费组合consumption possibility curve消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier消费可能性前沿consumption set消费集consumption space消费空间continuity连续性continuous function连续函数contract curve契约曲线convex凸convex function凸函数convex preference凸偏好convex set凸集corporatlon公司cost成本cost benefit analysis成本收益分cost function成本函数cost minimization成本极小化Cournot equilihrium古诺均衡Cournot model古诺模型Cross—price elasticity交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss重负损失decreasing cost industry成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减deduction演绎法demand需求demand curve需求曲线demand elasticity需求弹性demand function需求函数demand price需求价格demand schedule需求表depreciation折旧derivative导数derive demand派生需求difference equation差分方程differential equation微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligopoly差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return收益递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减direct approach直接法direct taxes直接税discounting贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale规模不经济disequilibrium非均衡distribution分配division of labour劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity边际生产率分配论duopoly双头垄断、双寡duality对偶durable goods耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models动态模型EEconomic agents经济行为者economic cost经济成本economic efficiency经济效率economic goods经济物品economic man经济人economic mode经济模型economic profit经济利润economic region of production生产的经济区域economic regulation经济调节economic rent经济租金exchange交换economics经济学exchange efficiency交换效率economy经济exchange contract curve交换契约曲线economy of scale规模经济Edge worth box diagram埃奇沃思图exclusion排斥性、排他性Edge worth contract curve埃奇沃思契约线Edge worth model埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率，效益efficiency parameter效率参数elasticity弹性elasticity of substitution替代弹性endogenous variable内生变量endowment禀赋endowment of resources资源禀赋Engel curve恩格尔曲线entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家才能entry barriers进入壁垒entry/exit decision进出决策envelope curve包络线equilibrium均衡equilibrium condition均衡条件equilibrium price均衡价格equilibrium quantity均衡产量equity公平equivalent variation in income收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem过度生产能力定理excess supply过度供给exchange交换exchange contract curve交换契约曲线exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusion principle排他性原则existence存在性existence of general equilibrium总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables外生变量expansion paths扩展径expectation期望expected utility期望效用expected value期望值expenditure支出explicit cost显性成本external benefit外部收益external cost外部成本external economy外部经济external diseconomy外部不经济externalities外部性FFactor要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms’ demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品，免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车，免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数golden rule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competition不完全竞争implicit cost隐性成本income收入income compensated demand curve income constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集indirect approach间接法individual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入input—output投入—产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internalization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线，isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoquant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkinded—demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabour劳动labour demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour theory of value劳动价值论labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数，land土地law法则law of demand and supply供需法law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader—follower model领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数licenses许可证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum tax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal period市场期marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product边际产量marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal productivity边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost社会边际成本marginal utility边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market clearance市场结清，市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节market share市场份额markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misallocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monophony买方垄断NNash equilibrium纳什均衡Natural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary condition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求nonconvex preference非凸性偏好nonconvexity非凸性nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价nonrivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non--zero—sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量、产出output elasticity产出弹性output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfect complement完全互补品perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity完全无弹性perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preference relation偏好关系present value现值price价格price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price floor最低限价price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者price tax从价税private benefit私人收益principal—agent issues委托--代理问题private cost私人成本private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品product transformation curve产品转换曲线product differentiation产品差异product group产品集团production生产production contract curve生产契约曲线production efficiency生产效率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public benefits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure exchange纯交换pure monopoly纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi—rent准租金Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节，调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬rent seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和，满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition二阶条件service劳务set集shadow prices影子价格short—run短期short—run cost curve短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium短期均衡short—run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率social benefit社会收益social cost社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis静态分析stock存量stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy津贴substitutes替代品substitution effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表Sweezy model斯威齐模型symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步technology技术third—degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total effect总效应total expenditure总支出total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量total revenue总收益total utility总效用total variable cost总可变成本traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入variables变量vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgar economics庸俗经济学Wwage工资wage rate工资率Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law瓦尔拉斯法则Wants需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。
国际经济学克鲁格曼英文版
国际经济学克鲁格曼英文版Here is an essay on the topic of "International Economics by Krugman (English Version)" with a word count of over 600 words.The field of international economics has long been dominated by the influential works of renowned economist Paul Krugman. His English-language publications have had a profound impact on the understanding and analysis of global economic dynamics. Krugman's seminal contributions have challenged traditional theories and offered new perspectives that have reshaped the way we conceptualize the complexities of the international economic landscape.At the core of Krugman's work lies a deep understanding of the intricate interplay between trade, investment, and economic growth. His groundbreaking research has shed light on the role of comparative advantage, economies of scale, and imperfect competition in shaping the patterns of global trade and commerce. Krugman's insights have been instrumental in redefining the conventional wisdom regarding the benefits and drawbacks of free trade, highlighting the nuanced and multifaceted nature of international economic integration.One of Krugman's most significant contributions is his analysis of the geography of trade and the emergence of economic agglomerations. By examining the spatial distribution of economic activity, he has challenged the traditional notion of homogeneous and evenly distributed production. Krugman's work has shown how the clustering of industries and the concentration of economic resources can lead to the development of regional hubs and centers of innovation, with profound implications for policymakers and business leaders alike.Moreover, Krugman's work has addressed the complex dynamics of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on international competitiveness. His models and theories have provided a deeper understanding of the factors that drive exchange rate movements, the consequences of currency misalignments, and the implications for trade balances and global financial stability. This knowledge has been instrumental in informing policy decisions and guiding the efforts of central banks and governments in managing exchange rate regimes.Krugman's contributions extend beyond the realm of trade and finance. His work on the relationship between economic growth and development has shed light on the challenges faced by developing countries in their pursuit of prosperity. By exploring the role oftechnology, human capital, and institutional frameworks, Krugman has offered insights into the drivers of economic development and the policy interventions that can foster inclusive and sustainable growth.Furthermore, Krugman's influence has reached beyond the academic sphere, as his writings have sought to bridge the gap between economic theory and public policy. His accessible and engaging style has made complex economic concepts more comprehensible to a wider audience, empowering policymakers, business leaders, and the general public to engage in informed discussions and debates on the pressing issues of the global economy.In conclusion, the work of Paul Krugman, as articulated in his English-language publications, has been pivotal in shaping the field of international economics. His groundbreaking research, innovative theories, and thought-provoking analyses have challenged conventional wisdom and pushed the boundaries of our understanding of the intricate web of global economic interactions. Krugman's contributions have not only advanced academic discourse but have also informed policy decisions and public discourse, ultimately contributing to a more informed and nuanced understanding of the dynamics of the international economy.。
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Key Terms of International Economics
Chapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势
Absolute advantage 绝对优势
Opportunity cost 机会成本
Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界
Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入
Relative price 相对价格
Relative demand curve相对需求曲线
Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线
Relative wage 相对工资
Relative quantity 相对产量
Ricardian model 李嘉图模型
Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论
Nontraded goods 非贸易商品
Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素
Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张
Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化
Factor abundance 要素丰裕度
Factor intensity 要素密集度
Scarce factor 稀缺要素
Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论
land-intensive 土地密集型
Labor-intensive劳动密集型
the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比
Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比
Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比
Chapter 5 The standard Trade Model
Biased growth 偏向性增长
Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长
Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长
Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长
Isovalue line等价值线
Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向
Terms of trade贸易条件
Transfers of income转移支付
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and international Trade
Dumping 倾销
External economies of scale外部规模经济
Imperfect competition 不完全竞争
Interindustry trade 产业间贸易
Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易
Internal economies of scale内在规模经济
Monopolistic competion垄断竞争
Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销
Increasing return 报酬递增
Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policy
ad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税
Consumer surplus消费者剩余
Producer surplus生产者剩余
Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失
Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失
Effective rate of protection有效保护率
Efficiency loss效率损失
Export restraint出口限制
Export subsidy出口补贴
Import quota进口配额
Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制
Local content requirement国产化程度要求
nontariff barriers非关税避垒
Quota rent配额租金
Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment Accounts
Current account
Financial account
Capital account
Chapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset Approach
Appreciation升值
Arbitrage套汇、套利
Depreciation贬值
Exchange rate汇率
Forward exchange rate远期汇率
Interest parity condition利率平价条件
Rate of appreciation升值率
Rate of depreciation贬值率
Real rate of return实际收益率
Spot exchange rate即期汇率
Vehicle currency载体货币
Foreign exchange外汇
Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange rates
Money Supply 货币供给
Money Demand 货币需求
Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性
Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格
permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长
overshooting 超调
Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律
Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率
Nominal interest rate 名义利率
Purchasing power parity 购买力平价
Real appreciation实际升值
Real depreciation 实际贬值
Real exchange rate 实际汇率
Relative PPP相对购买力平价
Market rigidity市场刚性
Price rigidity价格刚性
Price stickiness价格粘性
Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求
Fiscal policy 财政政策
J-curve J曲线
Real exchange rate 实际汇率
Real appreciation 实际升值
Real depreciation 实际贬值
Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销
Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预
Devaluation法定贬值
Revaluation法定升值
Clean float 清洁浮动
Dirty float 肮脏浮动
Capital flight 资本抽逃
Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas optimum currency areas 最优货币区
Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益
Economic integration 经济一体化
Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率
Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率。