References Books and edited proceedings

APA format

一.Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.Krishnamurti, J.(1981). Education and the significance of life. San Francisco : Harper & Row2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963,从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from:.(注意: 网站另起一行)二, reference 的注意事项:1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management str ategy.USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字,四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴(这在国外被界定为抄袭)国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了一旦发现抄袭，客户轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔同时写手不但拿不到稿费，而且还要双倍赔款，终止合作所以在成为我们的写手之前我要把抄袭的问题先说清楚这也是我们这一行的行规你可以翻译中文也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006.Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制）the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables.制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择，（不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。

APA中关于文献引用的规定

3.2 参考文献著录的格式参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。

撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。

3.2.1 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章APA：Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意：（1）在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。

（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。

（4）按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。

两位作者写的文章APA：Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章APA：Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige andincome of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63,27-43.无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。

如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文“and others”），如：APA：Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review）APA：Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book）APA：Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S.Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY:Longman.注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。

国外大学论文写作时引用他人著作的标注格式

Referencing Guide American Psychological Association (APA)APA is an author date referencing style and is the choice for many disciplines including: Psychology Sociology Business Economics Education Nursing Social Work CriminologyUnless otherwise stated the following information and examples are based on:American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Available at CDU Library - REF 808.06615 PUBLNote : Your references should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, webpage) insufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it. Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author).How to reference booksA book with one authorIn text citationMikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions.Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj, 2005).Mikolaj states that; “environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals” (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).Reference List Mikolaj, A.A. (2005). Stress management for the emergency care provider . Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.Note : Capitalise only the first word of book title and subtitle. As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by two authorsIn text citationWhite and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context.There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone, 1997).The authors state “the doctrine of precedent is meant to ensure that radical change or differential treatment of any kind is difficult to achieve” (White & Perrone, 1997, p.89).Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence.Reference ListWhite, R. & Perrone, S. (1997). Crime and social control: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by four or more authorsIn text citationNote: cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.First citationGillis, Perkins, Roemer and Snodgrass (1987) make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones.OrThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer & Snodgrass, 1987). Subsequent citationsGillis et al. (1987) make the ….orThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, et al. 1987).Second citation within the same paragraphGillis et al. make the ….Reference ListGillis, M., Perkins, D., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1987).Economics of development (2nd ed.). New York: WW Norton &Company.As per example section page 175 and section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An edited bookIn text citationSwingland (2003, pp. 65-74) provides an excellent examination of the concept of capturing and conserving biodiversity.Reference ListSwingland, I.R. (Ed.). (2003). Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: The market approach. London: EarthscanPublications.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book or work by an association or institutionIn text citationChapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007).Reference ListPrime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading. (2007).Report of the task group on emissions trading. Canberra, ACT: Dept. ofthe Prime Minister and Cabinet.Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Citing multiple sources at one point in the textIn text citationOther studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading. (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007; Swingland, 2003).Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.As per section 6.19, page 177 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A chapter in an edited book In text citation …and according to Tulving (1997, p.151) “Few problems in science are as difficult”. Reference List Tulving, E. (1997). What is episodic memory? In T. F. Pettijohn (Ed.), Sources. Notable selections in social psychology (pp. 151-164). Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic bookIn text citationHe claims the “decisive step .... was taken in 1895 in London” (Munsterberg,1916, ¶ 2). Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers. Reference List Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study . Retrieved from /files/15383/15383-8.txtAs per examples 19 to 22, pages 203-204 of the APA manual, 6th ed. (note different types of electronic books are cited differently – check the APA manual if unsure).Print articlesIn text citationSansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He likewise is a looter of the Dreamings.Reference list Sansom, B. (2006). Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story. Oceania , 76(1), 83-104. How to reference journal articlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of article title and subtitle, and capitalise all main words of the journal title.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI ).In text citationAccording to Holland (2006) “Classroom climate and teacher credibility are critical both to low student resentment and high diversity learning” (p. 196).Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.Reference listHolland, L. (2006). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility.Journal of Political Science Education, 2(2),187-203.doi:10.1080/15512160600669122As per example 1, page 198 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article without a DOIIn text citationThe author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari, 2006, ¶ 4).Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers.Reference listKari, J. (2006). Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching. First Monday,11(1). Retrieved from/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference newspaper articlesNewspaper article with authorIn text citationDelaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and itsimplications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K.J. & Vara, V. (2007, November 28). Google to peddle free parking for your computer files. The Australian, p.40. As per example 10, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article no author providedIn text citation April the 1st was the proposed date for the big Cane Toad Day Out (Don’t be a fool, 2008).Reference list Don't be a fool, kill as many cane toads as you can: pollie. (2008, August 18). Northern Territory News, p. 6.As per example 9, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article accessed from an online source In text citation “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson. (2007).Reference list Robertson, J. (2007,October 22). Online boost for training options. The Courier Mail . Retrieved from .auAs per example 11, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.In text citationCoates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in terms of lives lost from the early 1800’s onwards.Reference list Coates, L. (1996). An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia. In R.L. Heathcote, C. Cuttler and J. Koetz (Eds.), NDR96 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction (pp. 49-54). Canberra, Australia: Institution of Engineers.How to reference published conference proceedingsNote: for conference proceedings published in book form use book citing conventions; for those published in periodical form(i.e. published regularly) use journal conventions.As per section 7.04, page 206 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference reports and governmentpublicationsDocument produced by a government agencyIn text citation“39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (Australian Public Service Commission [APSC], 2006, p.107).Note: if the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter – (APSC, 2006).Reference listAustralian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06. Canberra: Author.Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then do not repeat details. And if the issuing agency has assigned a number to the report, give the number inparentheses after the title.As per section 7.03, page 205 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference statistics from the ABSIn text citationThe Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] reported that p eople born in the United Kingdom accounted for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and Vietnam (4% each) (2007, p.9).Reference listAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06. Cat. No. 3412.0. Canberra: Author. Retrieved 15th February,2008,.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdfAs per example 4.15 page 231. Cat. No. denotes ABS Catalogue NumberIn text citationThe CCH Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993, p.164) defines the term subjudice “not yet judicially settled”.Reference list The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law (2nd ed.). (1993.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.Note : If no editor or author details use book title. As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An entry in an encyclopaediaIn text citationVesper, (2005) discusses the range of sources of heavy metal contamination of cave waters.Reference list Vesper, D. J. (2005). Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals. In D. C. Culver & W. B. White (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of caves (pp. 127-131). Burlington: Elsevier.Or Frederic, L. (1997). E-AWASE. In Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations (Vol. 2, pp. 331). Paris: Author.As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Print versionIn text citation Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training.Reference list Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of How to reference thesesHow to cite reference books (encyclopaedias and dictionaries)learning in the secondary practicum (Unpublished doctoraldissertation). Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.If the thesis is a master’s thesis, use: (Unpublished master’s thesis).As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic thesisIn text citationCampbell’s (2004, p.2) concern is “the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at a rapid rate.”Reference listCampbell, K. (2004). Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention.(Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Deakin University,Geelong, 2004). Retrieved from.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.120915/As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference WebsitesWeb documents, no date:In text citationThe guide stresses there are a lot of things you can do(Northern Territory Department of Justice [NTDJ], p.4).Note: if the organisation is recognised by abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter.Reference listNorthern Territory Department of Justice.(n.d).Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from.au/justice/documents/stepforward.pdfSee further example of citing a website at /learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspxHow to reference MultimediaPodcastsIn text citation :According to Professor Michael Kahn....... (Seega, 2008).. Seega, B. (Producer). (2008, August 4). Oral Cancer. The Health Report [Podcast]. Retrieved from .au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/As per example 50, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Television broadcastIn text citationMasters reveals .... (2006).. or The program depicts......(Masters, 2006)..Masters, C. (Writer) & Alexander, J. (Director). (2006). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), Four Corners . Ultimo, NSW: ABC Television.Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.As per example 51, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Online videoReference listMesserschmit (2006, July 23). Engineering gone wrong [Video file]. Video posted to /watch?v=7e-UHhYAzucPersonal communications – Citation within the textIn text citationPersonal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters, e-mail messages etc.…(R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2008)R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2008)…Note : As these materials are unpublished they are not included in reference lists or bibliographies.As per section 6.20, page 214Commonly Used Abbreviationssymbol ¶ paragraphapp. appendixart. articlechap. chapterdiv. divisiondoi digital object identifiered. editor, edited by, editioneds. editorset al. and others (Latin et al)daten.d. nono. nos. number(s)placen.p. nop. pp. page(s)par. paragraphpt. partrev. revisedsec. sectionser. seriessuppl. supplements.v. under the word (Latin subverso)trans. translator(s)vol. volume。

proceeding 参考文献

proceeding 参考文献Proceeding 参考文献随着科技的不断发展，学术研究的进展也变得越来越迅速。

在学术研究中，参考文献是评估和证明一个研究项目的可靠性和真实性的重要依据。

本文将讨论参考文献的重要性以及如何正确引用和使用参考文献。

参考文献在学术研究中起到了至关重要的作用。

通过引用其他学者的研究成果，我们可以让读者了解到我们的研究是基于前人的工作，并且可以帮助我们建立自己的观点和论证。

参考文献还可以让读者更好地理解我们的研究背景，从而更好地理解我们的研究问题和方法。

正确引用和使用参考文献是学术研究的基本要求之一。

在引用参考文献时，我们需要注明作者的姓名、出版物的标题、出版日期等信息，以便读者可以找到原始文献并进一步查阅。

同时，我们还需要遵循学术规范，包括引用格式和引用顺序等。

这样可以确保我们的引用准确无误，并使读者能够方便地查阅相关文献。

我们还需要注意参考文献的独一性。

在写作过程中，我们应该避免重复引用相同的文献，以免给读者带来信息重复的感觉。

同时，我们还需要注意引用相关的文献，以展示我们对该研究领域的广泛了解和深入思考。

这样可以增强我们的研究的可信度和学术价值。

为了使文章结构合理，我们应该使用适当的标题和段落来组织文章。

每个段落应该有明确的主题，并通过合适的过渡词语来连接上下文。

这样可以使文章的逻辑清晰，并提高读者的阅读流畅性。

此外，我们还可以使用一些例子或案例来说明我们的观点，并加强读者对我们研究的理解。

在使用参考文献时，我们应该避免使用数学公式或计算公式。

这是因为这些公式往往需要通过图像或数值来展示，而本文要求不得插入任何形式的图片链接。

因此，我们应该使用文字来描述这些公式，并尽量使用准确的中文进行描述，以避免歧义或误导的信息。

我们还需要注意语言的流畅性和丰富性。

文章的句式应该流畅自然，不应该给读者一种机器生成的感觉。

我们可以使用丰富多样的词汇和表达方式来增强文章的表达能力，使读者感到仿佛是真人在叙述。

哈工大博士学位论文模板

1.3
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第 2 章基本使用 ..................................................................................... 3
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第 1 章绪论 ............................................................................................ 1
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LATEX TEMPLATE FOR MASTER/DOCTOR THESIS/DISSERTATION OF HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Candidate: Supervisor: Academic Degree Applied for: Specialty: Affiliation: Date of Defense: Degree-Conferring-Institution:

哈佛参考文献注释体系 Harvard Referencing System

STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemThis student guide presents the most commonly used aspects of the Harvard Referencing System.SourcesSnooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Australia.Sons,American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.If further information is needed, students can refer to the ‘COMPREHENSIVEGUIDE: Harvard Referencing System’ or to the above publications in the MacquarieUniversity Library. Students can also check with their departments or lecturers foron-campus Harvard referencing support.AcknowledgementA significant component of the Master of Accounting (MAcc) program is the Language for Professional Communication in Accounting Program (LPCA). The LPCA program is a collaboration of the Master of Accounting program and The Centre for Macquarie English (CME), formerly the National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research (NCELTR). The LPCA program provides tailored resources for specific units, as well as providing materials for additional generic workshops. Students are able to develop a high level of communication and professional skills and, at the same time, to develop technical skills. These resources are integrated with relevant technical content and are a significant part of the teaching and learning within individual units. Communication and professional skills are assessed, often together with technical skills, in individual units. The development of these skills is essential to students’ success, not only within the units of this program, but also in an accounting career.As part of the LPCA program, resources have been made available to provide students with an understanding of the plagiarism policies of the University and the Master of Accounting program. Also referencing materials, including this Harvard referencing guide, have been developed to address the methods and style requirements necessary to cite research sources. MAcc and CME acknowledge Eugen Klissarov in collaboration with Mary Cayley, both CME-LPCA staff members, for the design and development of this Harvard referencing guide.This project was funded by the 2006 Macquarie University Flagship Grant Scheme.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemCONTENTSFAQs: referencing & plagiarism 1 Specific guidelines: in-text citations, paraphrases & direct quotations 2 Specific guidelines: reference lists 4 Examples: in-text & reference list citations 7 Sample reference list 14 Excerpts from a paper highlighting in-text citations 15STUDENT GUIDE Harvard Referencing SystemFAQsSTUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing System• When using a referencing system for in-text citations and a reference list , you must usethe appropriate formatting elements. •Formatting refers to the use of layout and punctuation, including spacing, indenting, lower and upper case letters, period or full stops, colons, semicolons, commas, brackets and italics. These formatting elements are used to clearly and consistently present in-text citations and a reference list in your written work.• The examples throughout this guide indicate the formatting you should use.IN-TEXT CITATIONSEach time you use an author's words or ideas in your writing, you must place a citation in the text. This applies to both direct quotations and paraphrases. It is important to place the in-text citation directly in, or immediately after, the sentence or clause which uses information or ideas from a source. It is not adequate to put the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph because this indicates that only the information in the last sentence belongs to the source.The basic in-text citation is very similar for all types of sources. However, the type of source being cited cannot usually be identified until the reader looks at the reference list. In-text citations in written work may appear either: a) as part of a sentence[manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.} [in-text citation ] {paraphrase } The use of [ ] and { }, above, are for explanatory purposes only, and should NEVERbe used in written assignments.In the above example, the author is a grammatical part of the sentence and, in this instance, appears at the beginning of the sentence.The above citation can also be placed in different positions in the sentence, for example: i. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993. ii. Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers, according to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.b) or at the end of a sentencei.Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss ofdomestic market share since 1993 (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).These conventions apply to authors and authoring bodies or organizations of all types of sources.It is often useful to vary the citation styles, e.g., as part of a sentence or at the end of asentence. Varying citation styles may allow for better linking between sentences andbetween ideas. It also allows for different emphasis – either on the topic or the author. ParaphrasesParaphrases occur when you read a source and use the information in your assignment, but rephrase or write the information in your own words.i.Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) states that Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.This example is a paraphrase and it needs to be cited.The absence of double quotation marks (“ ”) informs the reader this is a paraphrase.It is expected that you will extensively research and use information found in sources.However, it is also expected that most of the information from the sources will beparaphrased, that is, written in your own words.Direct quotationsDirect quotations are used when you want to use some words exactly as they are found in the source.If you rely on a source and use the exact words in your assignment, you must indicate this by the use of double quotation marks (“ ”). These indicate a direct quotation.Direct quotations need to be as brief as possible. They should only be used occasionally and only for good reasons, for example, when:•the author’s words convey a powerful meaning that cannot be paraphrased with the same effect•you use the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing•you introduce an author’s position which you want to discuss•you need to provide supporting points or evidence for your own position.Generally, direct quotations in the text are placed within your own sentences.i.Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by morethan 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.With direct quotations only, page numbers may also be separated and placed at the end of the direct quotation:i.Innes and Warburton (1998) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).Page numbers or paragraph numbers should be provided in in-text citations for bothdirect quotations and paraphrases.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemREFERENCE LISTSThe reference list is usually the last page/s of the assignment. It should begin on a new page and be simply headed References.• A reference list consolidates all the various sources in alphabetical order using either the author’s surname or the names of authoring bodies. The titles of documents (or the titles of media such as videos, CD-ROMs and radio programs) are used if the author’s name or the name of the authoring body is not known.•Numbers, letters or bullets are not used when citing sources in a Reference List.•The 2nd and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (this is called a ‘hanging indent’). •Single spacing within an entry, but 1.5 spacing between entries is used.•Alignment for the reference list page/s is ‘Align left’. ‘Justify’ should not be used for the reference list.Following are the reference list details needed for the more common source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list aresignificantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print &electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventionsrelating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOK, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of series, if applicable•description of work, if applicable•edition number, if not first edition•editor, compiler, reviser or translator, if applicable•volume number or number of volumes, if applicable•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited,plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationReference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Pedersen, H 1937, A concise comparative Lycian grammar, monograph, Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht, Gottingen, Sweden.CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK, print(An edited book is a collection of writings by different authors; the ‘editor’ is theperson who compiles or selects the work to be included).•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body (use the author of the chapter/ article you have read, not the editor/s of the book)•year of publication•title of chapter/article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•the word ‘in’•editor(s)’ initial(s) and surname(s) (initials precede surnames)•(ed.) or (eds)•title of edited book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •edition number, if not first edition•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited, plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationIn-text:It is likely, as has been suggested, that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until inherent cross-cultural issues have been addressed (Adler, 1980).Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-cultural organizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.JOURNAL ARTICLE, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (in italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for journal articles) Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and textile clothing and footwear industries: Australia 1992/93-1996/97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12. JOURNAL ARTICLE, electronic•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for electronic journal articles,if available)•date article was viewed•name of databaseReference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factorswith a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.WEBSITE•author (person or organization responsible for the site)•year (year the site was created or last revised)•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date website was viewed•domain name enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005,<http:// .au>.WEBSITE DOCUMENT•author (may be person or organization responsible for the site)•year (the year the site was created or last revised)•title of document (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •version number, if applicable•description of document, if applicable•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date document was viewed•complete URL for the page/section, including links, needs to be shown and is enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:Macquarie University 2006, What is Plagiarism?, Macquarie University, Sydney, viewed 10April 2006, <.au/plagiarism>.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemExamples of in-text & reference list citationsExamples of in-text citations for types of sources have been provided. The first example in each case is as part of the sentence, and the second example is at the end of the sentence. Examples of reference list entries have also been provided for these source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list are significantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print & electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventions relating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOKS , printSingle authorApplies to authors of all source types. Page no. spans 22-3, not 22-23.In-text:According to Harris (2001, pp. 22-3), the possibility that ... Statistics indicate that ... (Harris 2001, pp. 22-3).Reference list:Harris, RA 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles. Single authoring body , e.g. companies, government & non-government organisations In-text:Telstra Corporation (2004) stresses the importance of ...Corporate governance is stressed due to ... (Telstra Corporation 2004). Reference list:Telstra Corporation 2004, Annual report , Telstra, Melbourne.Unknown authorUse title and italicize both in the text and in the reference list. Articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ aredisregarded when placing entry alphabetically in reference list. Page no. spans 111-2, not 111-112.In-text:The inns of court (1965, pp. 111-2) outlines ...It was thought these matters ... (The inns of court 1965, pp. 111-2).Reference list:Department of Finance and Administration 2005, Annual report 2004-05, DFA, Canberra.The inns of court 1965, Jordan & Sons, London.Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations , 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Two authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:Hatim and Munday (2004, pp. 49-50) present data indicating that ... Data has been presented that ... (Hatim & Munday 2004, pp. 49-50). Reference list:Hatim, B & Munday, J 2004, Translation: an advanced resource book, Routledge, New York.Three authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:May, May and Andrew (1999, pp. 31-2) provide ...Guidelines relating to ... (May, May & Andrew 1999, pp. 31-2).Reference list:May, CB, May, GS & Andrew, JD 1999, Effective writing: a handbook for finance people , Prentice Hall, New Jersey.BOOKS, print, continuedFour or more authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use, et al., when part of sentence and when in brackets. Details of all authors cited in reference list.In-text:Kotler et al. (2001, pp. 103-4) believe, however, that ...It is believed, however, that ... (Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 103-4). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Secondary sourceThe work of one author, Kotler et al., refers to the work of another author, Gupta. Both sources are cited in the text. Only the source that has been read, Kotler et al., is shown in the reference list.In-text:Gupta (cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12) claims that ... It is argued that ... (Gupta, cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn,Prentice Hall, Sydney.Chapter in edited book Specific chapter in edited book cited. Note use of, in, before names of editors in reference list. Editor’s initials precede surnames. Note use of (eds).In-text:As argued by Adler (1980), cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... It is argued that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... (Adler, 1980). Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-culturalorganizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.Edited bookGeneral focus or content of edited book cited. Editor in author position. Note use of (ed.) in reference list; (eds) if more than 1 editor. In-text:Kamwangamalu’s (1998) evidence that ...There is some evidence that ... (Kamwangamalu, 1998).Reference list:Kamwangamalu, NM (ed.) 1998, Aspects of multilingualism in post-apartheid South Africa, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.2nd or later edition Note use of, edn, in reference list.In-text:Moorhead and Griffin (2001) emphasise that ...It is strongly emphasised that ... (Moorhead & Griffin, 2001).Reference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Multiple works by same author published in same yearLower case letters, a,b,c, used to distinguish works. Multiple works convention applies to all source types. In-text:Nunan (1992a; 1992b; 1992c) indicates that ...A number of theories indicate that ... (Nunan 1992a; 1992b; 1992c). Reference list:Nunan D 1992a, Introducing discourse analysis, Penguin, London.Nunan D 1992b, Research methods in language learning, Cambridge University Press, New York.Nunan D 1992c, Teachers interactive decision-making, National Centre forEnglish Language Teaching and Research, Sydney.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), single authorCite author as for print book; Note translator, trans.; initial(s) precede surname, Sage.In-text:Cirlot (1971) explores the concept of alchemy by using ... The concept of alchemy is explored by using ... (Cirlot 1971).Reference list:Cirlot, JE 1971, A dictionary of symbols, 2nd edn, trans. J Sage, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), no author In-text:The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines drafting as a process by which ... Drafting is defined as a process by which ... (The Macquarie dictionary 2005). Reference list:The Macquarie dictionary 2005, 4th edn, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW.BOOKS, electronic1.For electronic books, the conventions for multiple authors and editors are the same as for print books.2.If page numbers are not available, then paragraph numbering conventions used: para., paras or ¶, ¶¶.3.Electronic books are generally accessed online through university library databases using student access codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic books, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Electronic databaseIf page nos. not available, provide paragraph nos. if they can be reasonably identified. Name of database provided, URL not required. In-text:As Hofstede, Pedersen and Hofstede (2002, para. 14) acknowledge, the ...It is acknowledged that ... (Hofstede, Pedersen & Hofstede 2002, para. 14). Reference list:Hofstede, GJ, Pedersen, P & Hofstede, GH 2002, Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Maine,viewed 16 November 2005, NetLibrary database.InternetComplete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Scott’s (1998, paras 3-4) strong support of the view that ...This view is strongly supported because ... (Scott 1998, paras 3-4). Reference list:Scott, WD 1998, Increasing human efficiency in business: a contribution to the psychology of business, viewed 17 June 2006, </ catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=38334>.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Online dictionary (2006) defines governance as ...Governance is defined as ... (Online dictionary 2006).Reference list:Online dictionary 2006, Merriam-Webster, USA, viewed 7 June 2006, <http:// /cgi-bin/dictionary>.PERIODICALS: JOURNALS, MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS, print & electronic1.The conventions for journal articles are the basis for magazine and newspaper article conventions.2.In relation to all print and electronic periodicals, the conventions for multiple authors are the same as forprint books.3.Electronic periodicals are generally accessed online through university library databases using studentaccess codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic periodicals, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronicJournal article, print Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 1-12, in reference list. In-text:Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) seems to dismiss the idea that ...The idea that ... (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and the textile, clothing and footwear industry: Australia 1993-97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12.Journal article, electronic databaseName of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 21-8, in reference list. Page no. spans 21-8 not 21-28. In-text:Waldmann’s (2000, p. 23) suggestion that a number of factors relating to ...A number of factors relating to ... (Waldmann 2000, p. 23).Reference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factors with a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronic, continuedJournal article, internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 167-78, in reference list. Page no. spans 171-2 not 171-172 & 167-78 not 167-178.In-text:Shirabe (2004, pp. 171-2) has noted that ...It has been noted that ... (Shirabe 2004, pp. 171-2).Reference list:Shirabe, M 2004, ‘Measures of performance of universities and their faculties in Japan’, Information-Knowledge-Systems Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.167-78, viewed 17 November 2005, </citation.cfm?id 1096329.1096334&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=63620412& CFTOKEN= 89901306>.Periodicals: Magazine articles, print & electronicMagazine article, print Note use & placement of day & month of publication in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 33-9. Publisher & place of publication not required.In-text:Le Mesurier and Tandukar (2006, pp. 34-5) clarify this viewpoint which ... This viewpoint holds that ... (Le Mesurier & Tandukar 2006, pp. 34-5). Reference list:Le Mesurier, K & Tandukar, A 2006, ‘Conflict stirs trade fears’, BRW, 1 April, pp. 33-9.Magazine article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided in reference list, pp. 5-9. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. In-text:Reason (2005, p. 7), on the other hand, believes that ...On the other hand, it is believed that ... (Reason 2005, p. 7).Reference list:Reason, T 2005, ‘The narrowing GAAP: the convergence of foreign anddomestic accounting rules could catch some U.S. companies by surprise’, CFO, vol. 21, no. 17, December, pp. 5-9, viewed 5 May 2006, Business Source Premier database.Magazine article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos. (paras 2-3) if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Wolff (2006, paras 2-3) argues that there has been a paradigm shift in ... Due to technology, one argument is that ... (Wolff 2006, paras 2-3). Reference list:Wolff, M 2006, ‘ipod, therefore, I am’, AFR Boss, 9 March, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au/edition.aspx>.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronicNewspaper article, print Day & month provided in reference list. Publisher & place of publication not required. In-text:Indeed, Baker’s (2005, p. 4) confirmation that ...Indeed, it was confirmed that ... (Baker 2005, p. 4).Reference list:Baker, J 2005, ‘No rest for credit cards’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 December, p. 4.Newspaper article, no title, no author, printTitle of newspaper in italics used in in-text citations & reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 13-14. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:As was noted recently in the Sydney Morning Herald (2006, p. 13), the ... The use of natural resources ... (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2006, p. 13). Reference list:The Sydney Morning Herald 2006, 15 May, pp. 13-14.Newspaper article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 11-16. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:Austen (2005, pp. 14-15) reports that ...It is reported that ... (Austen 2005, pp. 14-15).Reference list:Austen, I 2005, ‘A patent dispute threatens to cut executives off’, The NewYork Times, 3 December, pp. 11-16, viewed 26 December 2005, Expanded Academic ASAP database.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronic, continuedNewspaper article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos., paras 5-6, if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Gittins (2003, paras 5-6) examines a number of possible causes for ... Several possible causes for ... are examined (Gittins 2003, paras 5-6). Reference list:Gittins, R 2003, ‘The truth of the rich-poor divide’, The Age, 4 March, viewed 22 July 2005, <.au/articles/2003/10/28/10672331 B71873.html?from=storyrhs&oneclick=true>.WEBSITES & ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION FORUMSWebsite, e.g. companies, government & non-government organisationsYear 1999, year website created or last revised; Author & publisher same entity. Domain name enclosed in < > brackets. In-text:The St Vincent de Paul Society (1999) provides information which ... Available information indicates ... (St Vincent de Paul Society 1999). Reference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005, <.au>.Website document, authorConventions for author & title of document follow that of a print book. Year 2005 refers to year page created or last revised. Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:In discussing the accounting cycle, Ketz (2005, paras 11-12) indicates ... The accounting cycle seems to indicate that ... (Ketz 2005, paras 11-12). Reference list:Ketz, JE 2005, The accounting cycle, viewed 20 February 2006, <http:// /x50918.xml>.Website document, authoring bodyIf the authoring body uses paragraph numbering, these can be used in the in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. AASB, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. AASB may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:In relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, paras 29-32), outlines ... orIn relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, pp. 22-3), outlines ...Multi-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, paras 29-32). orMulti-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, pp. 22-3).Reference list:AASB—see Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006.Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, AASB 119 Employee Benefits,AASB, Canberra, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au>.Website document, no dateIf there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ in place of the date. In-text:According to the Australia China Business Council (n.d.) an FTA between Australia and China would result in increased living standards in both countries.Reference list:Australia China Business Council n.d., Australia China FTA Round-up, viewed 16 July 2008, .au/.Website, PDF document .pdf in URL indicates PDF document and page numbers should be provided in in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. NAATI, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. NAATI may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:According to the National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters (NAATI) (2005, p. 66), it seems that ...... (National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, p. 66).Reference list:NAATI 2005—see National Accreditation Authority for Translators &Interpreters 2005.National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, Manual for candidates 2004, rev. edn, NAATI, viewed 22 December 2005, <http:// .au/documents/manuals/manual_for_candidates.pdf>.。

CA著录格式

3．特定标志
report(斜体字)
报告号
4．著录格式
1107：16427h 2Study of materials having significance for high energy magnet production and for hydrogen storage. 3Wallace,W.E. 4 (Dep.Chem.,Univ. Pittsburgh, PA USA). 5Report 61983, 7ARO-17165.42-MS
五、新书和视听资料的文摘标题(New Book and AudioVisual Material Announcement Heading)
1．特定标志 pp. 货币代号：
2．著录格式
1129：332550h2Texture and Anisotropy Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and Their Effect on Materials Properties. 3Kocks, U. F.；Tome, C. N.; Wenk, H. R. 4 (Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, UK). 51998. 6700pp. 7 (Eng)
二、会议录和资料汇编的文摘标题(Proceeding and Edited-Collections Abstracts Heading)
1．特定标志 proc.(proceeding)：会刊、会议录、学报 inst.(institute)：学会、学院、协会 symp.(symposium)：论文集、论丛、讨论会、座谈会 conf.(conference)：会议、讨论会
三、技术报告的文摘标题(Technical Report Abstract Heading)

国外大学论文写作时引用他人著作的标注格式

Referencing Guide American Psychological Association (APA)APA is an author date referencing style and is the choice for many disciplines including: Psychology Sociology Business Economics Education Nursing Social Work CriminologyUnless otherwise stated the following information and examples are based on:American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Available at CDU Library - REF 808.06615 PUBLNote : Your references should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, webpage) insufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it. Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author).How to reference booksA book with one authorIn text citationMikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions.Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj, 2005).Mikolaj states that; “environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals” (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).Reference List Mikolaj, A.A. (2005). Stress management for the emergency care provider . Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.Note : Capitalise only the first word of book title and subtitle. As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by two authorsIn text citationWhite and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context.There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone, 1997).The authors state “the doctrine of precedent is meant to ensure that radical change or differential treatment of any kind is difficult to achieve” (White & Perrone, 1997, p.89).Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence.Reference ListWhite, R. & Perrone, S. (1997). Crime and social control: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by four or more authorsIn text citationNote: cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.First citationGillis, Perkins, Roemer and Snodgrass (1987) make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones.OrThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer & Snodgrass, 1987). Subsequent citationsGillis et al. (1987) make the ….orThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, et al. 1987).Second citation within the same paragraphGillis et al. make the ….Reference ListGillis, M., Perkins, D., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1987).Economics of development (2nd ed.). New York: WW Norton &Company.As per example section page 175 and section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An edited bookIn text citationSwingland (2003, pp. 65-74) provides an excellent examination of the concept of capturing and conserving biodiversity.Reference ListSwingland, I.R. (Ed.). (2003). Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: The market approach. London: EarthscanPublications.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book or work by an association or institutionIn text citationChapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007).Reference ListPrime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading. (2007).Report of the task group on emissions trading. Canberra, ACT: Dept. ofthe Prime Minister and Cabinet.Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Citing multiple sources at one point in the textIn text citationOther studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading. (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007; Swingland, 2003).Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.As per section 6.19, page 177 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A chapter in an edited book In text citation …and according to Tulving (1997, p.151) “Few problems in science are as difficult”. Reference List Tulving, E. (1997). What is episodic memory? In T. F. Pettijohn (Ed.), Sources. Notable selections in social psychology (pp. 151-164). Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic bookIn text citationHe claims the “decisive step .... was taken in 1895 in London” (Munsterberg,1916, ¶ 2). Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers. Reference List Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study . Retrieved from /files/15383/15383-8.txtAs per examples 19 to 22, pages 203-204 of the APA manual, 6th ed. (note different types of electronic books are cited differently – check the APA manual if unsure).Print articlesIn text citationSansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He likewise is a looter of the Dreamings.Reference list Sansom, B. (2006). Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story. Oceania , 76(1), 83-104. How to reference journal articlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of article title and subtitle, and capitalise all main words of the journal title.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI ).In text citationAccording to Holland (2006) “Classroom climate and teacher credibility are critical both to low student resentment and high diversity learning” (p. 196).Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.Reference listHolland, L. (2006). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility.Journal of Political Science Education, 2(2),187-203.doi:10.1080/15512160600669122As per example 1, page 198 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article without a DOIIn text citationThe author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari, 2006, ¶ 4).Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers.Reference listKari, J. (2006). Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching. First Monday,11(1). Retrieved from/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference newspaper articlesNewspaper article with authorIn text citationDelaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and itsimplications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K.J. & Vara, V. (2007, November 28). Google to peddle free parking for your computer files. The Australian, p.40. As per example 10, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article no author providedIn text citation April the 1st was the proposed date for the big Cane Toad Day Out (Don’t be a fool, 2008).Reference list Don't be a fool, kill as many cane toads as you can: pollie. (2008, August 18). Northern Territory News, p. 6.As per example 9, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article accessed from an online source In text citation “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson. (2007).Reference list Robertson, J. (2007,October 22). Online boost for training options. The Courier Mail . Retrieved from .auAs per example 11, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.In text citationCoates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in terms of lives lost from the early 1800’s onwards.Reference list Coates, L. (1996). An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia. In R.L. Heathcote, C. Cuttler and J. Koetz (Eds.), NDR96 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction (pp. 49-54). Canberra, Australia: Institution of Engineers.How to reference published conference proceedingsNote: for conference proceedings published in book form use book citing conventions; for those published in periodical form(i.e. published regularly) use journal conventions.As per section 7.04, page 206 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference reports and governmentpublicationsDocument produced by a government agencyIn text citation“39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (Australian Public Service Commission [APSC], 2006, p.107).Note: if the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter – (APSC, 2006).Reference listAustralian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06. Canberra: Author.Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then do not repeat details. And if the issuing agency has assigned a number to the report, give the number inparentheses after the title.As per section 7.03, page 205 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference statistics from the ABSIn text citationThe Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] reported that p eople born in the United Kingdom accounted for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and Vietnam (4% each) (2007, p.9).Reference listAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06. Cat. No. 3412.0. Canberra: Author. Retrieved 15th February,2008,.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdfAs per example 4.15 page 231. Cat. No. denotes ABS Catalogue NumberIn text citationThe CCH Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993, p.164) defines the term subjudice “not yet judicially settled”.Reference list The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law (2nd ed.). (1993.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.Note : If no editor or author details use book title. As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An entry in an encyclopaediaIn text citationVesper, (2005) discusses the range of sources of heavy metal contamination of cave waters.Reference list Vesper, D. J. (2005). Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals. In D. C. Culver & W. B. White (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of caves (pp. 127-131). Burlington: Elsevier.Or Frederic, L. (1997). E-AWASE. In Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations (Vol. 2, pp. 331). Paris: Author.As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Print versionIn text citation Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training.Reference list Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of How to reference thesesHow to cite reference books (encyclopaedias and dictionaries)learning in the secondary practicum (Unpublished doctoraldissertation). Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.If the thesis is a master’s thesis, use: (Unpublished master’s thesis).As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic thesisIn text citationCampbell’s (2004, p.2) concern is “the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at a rapid rate.”Reference listCampbell, K. (2004). Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention.(Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Deakin University,Geelong, 2004). Retrieved from.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.120915/As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference WebsitesWeb documents, no date:In text citationThe guide stresses there are a lot of things you can do(Northern Territory Department of Justice [NTDJ], p.4).Note: if the organisation is recognised by abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter.Reference listNorthern Territory Department of Justice.(n.d).Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from.au/justice/documents/stepforward.pdfSee further example of citing a website at /learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspxHow to reference MultimediaPodcastsIn text citation :According to Professor Michael Kahn....... (Seega, 2008).. Seega, B. (Producer). (2008, August 4). Oral Cancer. The Health Report [Podcast]. Retrieved from .au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/As per example 50, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Television broadcastIn text citationMasters reveals .... (2006).. or The program depicts......(Masters, 2006)..Masters, C. (Writer) & Alexander, J. (Director). (2006). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), Four Corners . Ultimo, NSW: ABC Television.Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.As per example 51, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Online videoReference listMesserschmit (2006, July 23). Engineering gone wrong [Video file]. Video posted to /watch?v=7e-UHhYAzucPersonal communications – Citation within the textIn text citationPersonal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters, e-mail messages etc.…(R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2008)R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2008)…Note : As these materials are unpublished they are not included in reference lists or bibliographies.As per section 6.20, page 214Commonly Used Abbreviationssymbol ¶ paragraphapp. appendixart. articlechap. chapterdiv. divisiondoi digital object identifiered. editor, edited by, editioneds. editorset al. and others (Latin et al)daten.d. nono. nos. number(s)placen.p. nop. pp. page(s)par. paragraphpt. partrev. revisedsec. sectionser. seriessuppl. supplements.v. under the word (Latin subverso)trans. translator(s)vol. volume。