Chap003 Differences in culture
中国与英国文化差异英语作文
中国与英国文化差异英语作文English:One major cultural difference between China and the UK is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In China, there is a strong emphasis on putting the needs of the group above individual desires, leading to a sense of unity and harmony within society. On the other hand, the UK places a higher value on personal freedom and independence, encouraging individuals to express their unique identity and opinions. This difference in cultural values can be seen in various aspects of life, such as decision-making processes, social interactions, and even work ethics. Understanding and respecting these differences can help improve cross-cultural communicationand cooperation between the two countries.中文翻译:中国和英国之间一个主要的文化差异是个人主义与集体主义的概念。
在中国，强调将群体的需要置于个人欲望之上，导致社会内部形成统一和和谐的感觉。
另一方面，英国则更加重视个人的自由和独立性，鼓励个人表达其独特的身份和观点。
Differences in Culture
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE
Agenda
1. Objectives of Chapter 3 2. What is Culture?
3. Determinants of culture
4. Business implications of cultural difference
Question: What are the economic implications of Hinduism?
Buddhism
Buddhists, found mainly in Central and Southeast Asia,
China, Korea, and Japan, stress spiritual growth and the afterlife, rather than achievement while in this world Question: What are the economic implications of Buddhism?
concerned with the realm of the sacred Religions with the greatest following are Christianity (1.7 billion adherents) Islam (1 billion adherents) Hinduism (750 million adherents) Buddhism (350 million adherents) Confucianism also influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia
Differences in Culture
American Culturally Influenced 美国文化影响
Face to Face Interactions
Eye contact, posture and a firm handshake Americans hold great value in the exchange of a handshake. A handshake must be firm and strong but not too firm. Us Americans often say we can tell the character of someone through their handshake. In America they start teaching the importance and practice of handshaking in elementary school even up to high school. 眼神接触，身体姿态和坚定的握手 - 美国人认为在握手时的交流很有价值。握手要坚定和 有力，但不是太用力。美国人经常说，我们可以从一个 人的握手方式来看他的性格。在美国，人们从小学甚至 一直到高中都要练习握手的重要性和做法。
Face to Face Interactions
Different types of Hugs: - “The Guy Hug” - Female to Male hug - Female to Female Hug - Side hug 不同类型的拥抱： - “男性拥抱” - 女性对男性的拥抱 - 女性拥抱 - 侧拥抱
Face to Face Interactions
Topics not to talk about: weight, age, salary income, politics and religion. Some Americans can be very sensitive about these topics it is best to avoid them because these subject can lead to a conflict 不可以谈论的话题是：体重，年龄，薪水，政 治和宗教。一些美国人可能对这些事很敏感， 所以最好避免谈论这些敏感的话题，因为这些 问题可能导致冲突。
投资学题库Chap003
投资学题库Chap003投资学题库Chap003Chapter 03How Securities Are Traded Multiple Choice Questions1.The trading of stock that was previously issued takes placeA. i n the secondary market.B. i n the primary market.C. u sually with the assistance of an investment banker.D. i n the secondary and primary markets.2. A purchase of a new issue of stock takes placeA. i n the secondary market.B. i n the primary market.C. u sually with the assistance of an investment banker.D. i n the secondary and primary markets.E. i n the primary market and usually with the assistance of an investment banker.3-2Copyright ? 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofMcGraw-Hill Education.3.Firms raise capital by issuing stockA. i n the secondary market.B. i n the primary market.C. t o unwary investors.D. o nly on days when the market is up.4.Which of the following statements regarding the specialist are true?A. S pecialists maintain a book listing outstandingunexecuted limit orders.B. S pecialists earn income from commissions and spreads in stock prices.C. S pecialists stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.D. S pecialists cannot trade in their own accounts.E. S pecialists maintain a book listing outstanding unexecuted limit orders, earn income fromcommissions and spreads in stock prices, and stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.5.Investment bankersA. a ct as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors.B. a ct as advisors to companies in helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers fornewly issued securities.C. a ccept deposits from savers and lend them out to companies.D. a ct as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors and act as advisors to companiesin helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers for newly issued securities.3-3Copyright ? 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofMcGraw-Hill Education.6.In a "firm commitment," the investment bankerA. b uys the stock from the company and resells the issue to the public.B. a grees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price.C. f inds the best marketing arrangement for the investment banking firm.D. a grees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price and finds the best marketingarrangement for the investment banking firm.7.The secondary market consists ofA. t ransactions on the AMEX.B. t ransactions in the OTC market.C. t ransactions through the investment banker.D. t ransactions on the AMEX and in the OTC market.E. t ransactions on the AMEX, through the investment banker, and in the OTC market.8.Initial margin requirements are determined byA. t he Securities and Exchange Commission.B. t he Federal Reserve System.C. t he New York Stock Exchange.D. t he Federal Reserve System and the New York Stock Exchange.3-4Copyright ? 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofMcGraw-Hill Education.9.You purchased JNJ stock at $50 per share. The stock is currently selling at $65. Your gains may beprotected by placing aA. s top-buy order.B. l imit-buy order.C. m arket order.D. l imit-sell order.E. N one of the options10.You sold JCP stock short at $80 per share. Your losses could be minimized by placing aA. l imit-sell order.B. l imit-buy order.C. s top-buy order.D. d ay-order.E. N one of the options11.Which one of the following statements regarding orders is false?A. A market order is simply an order to buy or sell a stock immediately at the prevailing marketprice.B. A limit-sell order is where investors specify prices at which they are willing to sell a security.C. I f stock ABC is selling at $50, a limit-buy order may instruct the broker to buy the stock if andwhen the share price falls below $45.D. A market order is an order to buy or sell a stock on a specific exchange (market).3-5Copyright ? 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofMcGraw-Hill Education.。
Differences in Culture 文化差异
-规范norms 是规定特定环境下正确行为的社会工作和准则
❖Society refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms
1-3
Introduction 介绍
❖Successful international managers need cross-cultural literacy - an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced
关于一群人认为是好的、正确的和可期望的抽象概念是?
a) Norms 规范 b) Values 价值 c) Folkways 民俗 d) Mores 更多的人或物
1-7
Culture, Society, And The Nation-state 文化，社会和民族国家
❖There is not a strict one-to-one relationship between a society and a nation state
文化Culture 是由一组人共享的一起形成的生活设计的整套价值和规范
-Where values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable
03-Differences in Culture
Differences in CultureWe have looked at the nature of social culture and studied some implications for business practice. The following points have been made:1.Culture is a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,customs, and other capabilities acquired by people as members of society.2.Values and norms are the central components of a culture. Values are abstract idealsabout what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable. Norms are social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.3.Values and norms are influenced by political and economic philosophy, socialstructure, religion, language, and education.4.The social structure of a society refers to its basic social organization. T wo maindimensions along which social structures differ are the individual-group dimension and the stratification dimension.5.In som e societies, the individual is the basic building block of social organization.These societies emphasize individual achievements above all else. In other societies, the group is the basic building block of social organization. These societies emphasize group membership and group achievem ents above all else.6.All societies are stratified into different classes. Class-conscious societies arecharacterized by low social mobility and a high degree of stratification. Less class-conscious societies are characterized by high social mobility and a low degree of stratification.7.Religion may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that is concernedwith the realm of the sacred. Ethical systems refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior. The world's major religions are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Although not a religion, Confucianism has an impact on behavior that is as profound as that of many religions. The value systems of different religious and ethical systems have different implications for business practice.nguage is one defining characteristic of a culture. It has both a spoken and anunspoken dimension. In countries with more than one spoken language, we tend to find more than one culture.9.Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn skills and aresocialized into the values and norms of a society. Education plays an important role in the determination of national competitive advantage.10.Geert Hofstede studied how culture relates to values in the workplace. Hofstedeisolated four dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures: p ower distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity.11.Culture is not a constant; it evolves over time. Economic progress and globalizationseem to be two important engines of cultural change.12.One danger confronting a company that goes abroad for the first time is beingill-informed. To develop cross-cultural literacy, international businesses need to employ host-country nationals, build a cadre of cosmopolitan executives, and guard against the dangers of ethnocentric behavior.13.The value systems and norms of a country can affect the costs of doing business inthat country.14.Although many ethical principles are universal, some are culturally bounded. What isnot ethical in one country might be common in another. Despite this, the "when in Rome" approach to business ethics is dangerous. International businesses need to adhere to a consistent set of ethics derived from a high moral code.。
Chapter 3 Differences in Culture
There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state. Cultures that embrace several nations. Culture at different levels in one country.
Values form the bedrock of a culture. They provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified. Norms are the social rules that govern people’s actions toward one another. 3.1.1 Folkways（社会习俗）: rituals（仪式、礼 仪） and symbolic behavior（标志性行为） Example: time 3.1.2 Mores 社会准则
The nature of a language also structures the way we perceive the world. Countries with more than one language often have more than one culture. Chinese is the mother tongue of the largest number of people. The most widely spoken language in the world is English, followed by French, Spanish, and Chinese.
Differences in Cultures
Differences in Cultures Increasingly, managers must deal with multiple ethnic groups with very different cultures. Thanks to globalization, you are likely to work with Japanese, French, Chinese, German and all sorts of other nationalities. It is important to recognize that people from different cultures have are different in a variety of ways, including∙different ways of looking at things∙different ways of dressing∙different ways of expressing personality/goodnessThese differences can cause problems interpreting what the other person is doing. Some simple examples:∙In the US, a firm, short handshake indicates self-confidence and (heterosexual) masculinity. A limp handshake by a man can be interpreted (usually wrongly) as a sign of homosexuality or wimpiness. But in most parts of Africa, a limphandshake is the correct way to do it. Furthermore, it is common in Africa forthe handshake to last several minutes, while in the US a handshake that is evena few seconds too long is interpreted as familiarity, warmth and possiblysexual attraction.∙In Britain, men do not look at women on the streets. The French do. Recently,a French public figure mentioned in a speech that the Brits are all gay -- theevidence was their lack of overt interest in women.Some dimensions along which cultures vary:High Context vs Low ContextA low context culture is one in which things are fully (though concisely) spelled out. Things are made explicit, and there is considerable dependence on what is actually said or written. A high context culture is one in which the communicators assume a great deal of commonality of knowledge and views, so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is implicit or communicated in indirect ways. In a low context culture, more responsibility is placed on the listener to keep up their knowledge base and remain plugged into informal networks.Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians. High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French.Implications∙Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic.o Japanese can find Westerners to be offensively blunt. Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcomingwith informationo French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide nodirection∙Low context cultures are vulnerable to communication breakdowns when they assume more shared understanding than there really is. This is especially truein an age of diversity. Low context cultures are not known for their ability totolerate or understand diversity, and tend to be more insular. Monochronic vs PolychronicMonochronic cultures like to do just one thing at a time. They value a certain orderliness and sense of there being an appropriate time and place for everything. They do not value interruptions. Polychronic cultures like to do multiple things at the same time. A manager's office in a polychronic culture typically has an open door, a ringing phone and a meeting all going on at the same time.Polychronic cultures include the French and the Americans. The Germans tend to be monochronic.Implications∙Interactions between types can be problematic. German businessman cannot understand why the person he is meeting is so interruptible by phone calls and people stopping by. Is it meant to insult him? When do they get down tobusiness?∙Similarly, the American employee of a German company is disturbed by all the closed doors -- it seems cold and unfriendly.Future vs Present vs Past OrientationPast-oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They tend to be conservative in management and slow to change those things that are tied to the past. Past-oriented societies include China, Britain, Japan and most spanish-speaking Latin American countries.Present-oriented societies include the rest of the spanish-speaking Latin American countries. They see the past as passed and the future as uncertain. They prefershort-term benefits.Future-oriented societies have a great deal of optimism about the future. They think they understand it and can shape it through their actions. They view management as a matter of planning, doing and controlling (as opposed to going with the flow, letting things happen). The United States and, increasingly, Brazil, are examples offuture-oriented societies.Quantity of TimeIn some cultures, time is seen as being a limited resource which is constantly being used up. It's like having a bathtub full of water which can never be replaced, and which is running down the drain. You have to use it as it runs down the drain or it's wasted. In other cultures, time is more plentiful, if not infinite. In old agricultural societies, time was often seen as circular, renewing itself each year.Implications∙In societies where time is limited, punctuality becomes a virtue. It is insulting to waste someone's time, and the ability to do that and get away with it is anindication of superiority/status. Time is money. In cultures where time isplentiful, like India or Latin American, there is no problem with makingpeople wait all day, and then tell them to come back the next day.∙Time-plentiful cultures tend to rely on trust to do business. Time-limited cultures don't have time to develop trust and so create other mechanisms toreplace trust (such as strong rule-by-law).Power DistanceThe extent to which people accept differences in power and allow this to shape many aspects of life. Is the boss always right because he is the boss, or only when he gets it right?Implications∙In high power distance countries (most agrarian countries), bypassing a superior is unsubordination. In low power distance countries (US, northerneuropeans, Israel), bypassing is not usually a big deal.∙In the US, superiors and subordinates often interact socially as equals. An outsider watching a party of professors and graduate students typically cannottell them apart.Individualism vs CollectivismIn individualist cultures, individual uniqueness, self-determination is valued. A person is all the more admirable if they are a "self-made man" or "makes up their own mind" or show initiative or work well independently. Collectivist cultures expect people to identify with and work well in groups which protect them in exchange for loyalty and compliance.Paradoxically, individualist cultures tend to believe that there are universal values that should be shared by all, while collectivist cultures tend to accept that different groups have different values.Many of the asian cultures are collectivist, while anglo cultures tend to be individualist.Implications∙ A market research firm conducted a survey of tourist agencies around the world. The questionnaires came back from most countries in less than a month.But the agencies in the asian countries took months to do it. After manytelexes, it was finally done. The reason was that, for example, Americantourist agencies assigned the work to one person, while the Filipinos delegated the work to the entire department, which took longer. The researchers alsonoticed that the telexes from the Philippines always came from a differentperson.Problems Caused by Cultural Differences∙You greet your Austrian client. This is the sixth time you have met over the last 4 months. He calls you Herr Smith. You think of him as a standoffish sort of guy who doesn't want to get really friendly. That might be true in America, where calling someone Mr. Smith after the 6th meeting would probably mean something -- it is marked usage of language -- like "we're not hitting it off".But in Austria, it is normal.∙ A Canadian conducting business in Kuwait is surprised when his meeting witha high-ranking official is not held in a closed office and is constantlyinterrupted. He starts wondering if the official is as important as he had beenled to believe, and he starts to doubt how seriously his business is being taken ∙ A British boss asked a new, young American employee if he would like to have an early lunch at 11 am each day. The employee said 'Yeah, that wouldbe great!' The boss immediately said "With that kind of attitude, you may aswell forget about lunch!" The employee and the boss were both baffled bywhat went wrong. [In England, saying "yeah" in that context is seen as rudeand disrespectful.]∙ A Japanese businessman wants to tell his Norwegian client that he is uninterested in a particular sale. So he says "That will be very difficult." TheNorwegian eagerly asks how he can help. The Japanese is mystified. To him,saying that something is difficult is a polite way of saying "No way in hell!".Dave Barry tells the story of being on a trip to Japan and working with aJapanese airline clerk on taking a flight from one city to another. On beingasked about it, the clerk said "Perhaps you would prefer to take the train." Sohe said "NO, I want to fly." So she said "There are many other ways to go."He said "yes, but I think it would be best to fly." She said "It would verydifficult". Eventually, it came out that there were no flights between thosecities.Three basic kinds of problems: interpreting others comments and actions, predicting behavior, and conflicting behavior.Some Perceptions of AmericansEurope & especially England. "Americans are stupid and unsubtle. And they are fat and bad dressers."Finland. "Americans always want to say your name: 'That's a nice tie, Mikko. Hi Mikko, how are you Mikko'Indian. "Americans are always in a hurry. Just watch the way they walk down the street."Kenyan. "Americans are distant. They are not really close to other people -- even other Americans."Turkey. "Once we were out in a rural area in the middle of nowhere and saw an American come to a stop sign. Though he could see in both directions for miles, and there was no traffic, he still stopped!"Colombia. "In the United States, they think that life is only work."Indonesia. "In the United States everything has to be talked about and analyzed. Even the littlest thing has to be 'Why, why why?'."Ethiopia. "The American is very explicit. He wants a 'yes' or 'no'. If someone tries to speak figuratively, the American is confused."Iran. "The first time my American professor told me 'I don't know, I will have to look it up', I was shocked. I asked myself 'Why is he teaching me?'"Try this experiment:Start by reading this:FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARSOF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THEEXPERIENCE OF YEARSNow, quickly count the number of "F"s in that sentence. On average, anglos find fewer F's than do others. Why?。
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3-7
Culture, Society, and the Nation-State
Society - a group of people who share a common set of values and norms There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state nation- states are political creations that can contain a single culture or several cultures some cultures embrace several nations
Chapter 3
Differences in Culture
3-1
An outline of chapter 3本章概要
a system of values and norms shared among people 一群人所共享的价值观与社会规范价格体系 What is culture? 什么是文化？ Values & norms Culture, society & the nation-state 价值观与社会规范 文化，社会与单一民族国家
3-13
Social Stratification
All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories, or social strata usually defined by characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income Societies differ in terms of the degree of mobility between social strata the significance attached to social strata in a business context
Masculinity & femininity 男性主义与女性主义
3-4
Introduction
Cross-cultural literacy - an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced important to success in international business There may be a relationship between culture and the costs of doing business in a country or region Culture is not static the actions of MNEs can contribute to cultural change
3-14
Social Stratification
Social mobility- the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born The most rigid system is the caste system - a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position are unlikely A less rigid system is the class system - a form of open social stratification in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through achievement or luck
Freedom，democracy, truth, justice,honesty,social obligations etc Folkways社会习俗；mores社会准则
Religion宗教
Social structure 社会结构
Language语言
Culture norms &value systems
Political philosophy 政治哲学 economic philosophy 经济哲学
Education教育
3-2
An outline of chapter 3本章概要
Social structure 社会结构
Individuals & groups 个人与群体 Social stratification 社会分层
3-3
An outline of chapter 3本章概要
How does culture affect the values in the workplace? Power distance 权力距离 Culture and the workplace 文化与工作场所 Individualism & collectivism Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避
Caste system Class system 种群制度 阶级制度
Social mobility Class consciousness 阶级意识
社会流动性
significance
Language 语言
Spoken language 口头语言
unspoken language 非口头语言
Smile; raising of eyebrows; thumbsup; distance etc
3-6
Values and Norms
Values - provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified Norms - the social rules that govern the actions of people toward one another and can be further subdivided into folkways - the routine conventions of everyday life mores - norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life
3-12
Individuals and Groups
In societies where the individual is emphasized individual achievement and entrepreneurship are promoted but, this can encourage job switching, competition between individuals in a company rather than team building, and a lack of loyalty to the firm In societies where the group is emphasized cooperation and team work are encouraged and life time employment is common but, individual initiative and creativity may be suppressed
3-15
Social Stratification
Question: What is the significance of social stratification for business? Answer: In cultures where class consciousness (a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their relationships with others) is high, the way individuals from different classes work together may be prescribed antagonism between labor and management can raise the costs of doing business
3-5
What is Culture?
Question: What is culture? Answer: Culture is a system of values (abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable) and norms (the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations) that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living