Boundary layer flow of third grade nanofluid with Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation
计算流体力学中英文词汇对照
流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass 动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy 动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation 控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure 流[动] flow流线stream line 流面stream surface流管stream tube 迹线path, path line流场flow field 流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube 涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point 总压[力] total pressure总压头total head 静压头static head总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow 非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow 三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force表面张力surface tension 毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow 自由流free stream自由流线free stream line 外流external flow进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation 分布distribution传播propagation 色散dispersion弥散dispersion 附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction 镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow 势potential势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential复势complex potential 复速度complex velocity流函数stream function 源source汇sink 速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow 超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow 楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow 非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body 细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating 离解dissociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state 完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone 马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave 正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer 压缩波compression wave反射reflection 折射refraction散射scattering 衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure 超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure 爆炸explosion爆轰detonation 缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave 瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface 波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height 波列wave train波群wave group 波能wave energy表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave 潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton 水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple 消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius 水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head 水头损失head loss水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer 排水drainage排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head 过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow 孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow 有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow 异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow 掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake [flow]回流back flow 反流reverse flow射流jet 自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point 再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization 起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag 压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor 耗散dissipation滞后lag 相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number 纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer 层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition 边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness 能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness 注入injection吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry 粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank 旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser 测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube 压强计manometer微压计micromanometer 多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube 流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer 流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor 压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer时间线time line 脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response 响应频率response frequency底压base pressure 菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force 埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection 自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer 传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer 传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer 辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer 能量传递energy transfer传导conduction 热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration 扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling 蒸发evaporation气化gasification 凝结condensation成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis 相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件entropy condition 远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition 近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression 人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method 伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method 标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method 准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method 不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method 变分法variational method涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme 交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme 守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme 克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme 单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain 物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence 依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver 守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form 强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation 数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion 数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
Boundary Layer Analysis
Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (2)
Derive momentum integral for flat plate — MYO, Equation (9.22), p 502.
Z D (x) = ρb
0
δ (x)
u(U − u)dy
(1)
The x direction momentum equation requires that Therefore
δ −1/2 ∼ ReL L
δ will be small if ReL is large. L
Generally we take ReL ≈ 1000 as the minimum ReL for a boundary layer to exist.
x = coordinate measured from the leading edge
Z −
0
Z ρU bdy +
0
ρu(y )bdy = 0 Z
h+δ ∗
−ρU bh +
0
ρu(y )bdy = 0 Z
h+δ ∗
=⇒
Uh =
0
u(y )dy
( )
Boundary Layer Analysis: February 1, 2007
2 dθ τw = ρU dx
=⇒
2µU 2 d = ρU δ dx ν dx U
„
2 δ 15
«
Rearrange
δdδ = 15
where ν = µ/ρ Integrate to get or
1 2 15νx δ = 2 U „ « δ ν 1/2 −1/2 = 5.5Rex = 5 .5 x Ux
力学名词中英对照
［推荐］［名词委审定］汉英力学名词（1993）［翻译与翻译辅助工具］［回复］［引用回复］［表格型］［跟帖］［转发到Blog］［关闭］［浏览930次］用户名：westbankBZ反应||Belousov-Zhabotinski reaction, BZ reactionFPU问题||Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem, FPU problemKBM 方法||KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii methodKS动态］熵||Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropyKdV 方程||KdV equationU 形管||U-tubeWKB 方法||WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method［彻］体力||body force［单］元||eleme nt［第二类］拉格朗日方程||Lagra nge equati on ［of the seco nd kin d］［叠栅］云纹||moir e fringe;物理学称"叠栅条纹”。
［叠栅］云纹法||moir e method［抗］剪切角||a ngle of shear resista nee［可］变形体||deformable body［钱］币状裂纹||penny-shape crack［映］象||image［圆］筒||cyli nder［圆］柱壳||cylindrical shell［转］轴||shaft［转动］瞬心||instantaneous center ［of rotation］［转动］瞬车由||instantaneous axis ［of rotation］［状］态变量||state variable［状］态空间||state space［自］适应网格||［self-］adaptive meshC 0 连续问题||C0-continuous problemC 1 连续问题||C1-continuous problemCFL条件||Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition, CFL conditionHRR场||Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren fieldJ 积分||J-integralJ 阻力曲线||J-resistance curveKAM定理||Kolgomorov-Arnol'd-Moser theorem, KAM theoremKAM环面||KAM torush收敛||h-c on verge ncep收敛||p-c on verge ncen 定理||Buckingham theorem, pi theorem阿尔曼西应变||Almansis strain阿尔文波||Alfven wave阿基米德原理||Archimedes principle阿诺德舌［头川Arnol'd tongue阿佩尔方程||Appel equation阿特伍德机||Atwood machine埃克曼边界层||Ekman boundary layer埃克曼流||Ekman flow 埃克曼数||Ekman number 埃克特数||Eckert number 埃农吸引子||Henon attractor 艾里应力函数||Airy stress function 鞍点"saddle [point] 鞍结分岔||saddle-node bifurcation 安定[性]理论||shake-down theory 安全寿命||safe life 安全系数||safety factor 安全裕度||safety margin 暗条纹||dark fringe 奥尔-索末菲方程||Orr-Sommerfeld equation 奥辛流||Oseen flow 奥伊洛特模型||Oldroyd model 八面体剪应变||octohedral shear strain 八面体剪应力||octohedral shear stress 八面体剪应力理论||octohedral shear stress theory 巴塞特力||Basset force 白光散斑法||white-light speckle method 摆||pe ndulum 摆振||shimmy 板||plate 板块法||panel method 板元||plate element 半导体应变计||semic on ductor stra in gage 半峰宽度||half-peak width 半解析法||semi-analytical method 半逆解法||semi-inverse method 半频进动||half frequency precession 半向同性张量||hemitropic tensor 半隐格式||semi-implicit scheme 薄壁杆||thin-walled bar 薄壁梁||thin-walled beam 薄壁筒||thin-walled cylinder 薄膜比拟||membrane analogy 薄翼理论||thin-airfoil theory保单调差分格式||monotonicity preserving differenee scheme 保守力||conservative force 保守系||conservative system 爆发||blow up 爆高||height of burst 爆轰||detonation; 又称"爆震”。
力学名词英文翻译
广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。
水利水文术语表中英对照
-!水圈hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements积雪snow cover终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm气团air mass锋（锋面）front气象meteorology气候区划climatic regionalization气候带climatic zone 小气候microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿specific humidity蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale霜点frost point霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream界河boundary river废河道（古河道）dead river凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach潜洲submerged bar水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow急流supercritical flow-!缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head低强水头（压能）pressure head流速水头（动能）velocity head雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio落差fall驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体total dissolved solids离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinity碱度alkalinity酸度acidity电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up 平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current-!地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge 侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface 潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level 潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡water balance of mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire-!沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier 谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier 冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器remote telemetry unit固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station 基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout容许最稀站网minimum network 设站年限station required age基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section 比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section 辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数-!reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation pan E－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section 干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution 流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter 电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow-!射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter 中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter 几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve 单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method-!有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change 坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey 水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition 淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition 岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff 径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination 站年station year极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration-!真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error允许误差permissible error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood 伏汛summer flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve 坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time 洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag-!等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph 坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph 退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model 分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model 时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model 流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood 感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term-!随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis 相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship 可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control 设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水荒water famine水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount 地下水资源量groundwater resources amount 可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield 可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization-!水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling 水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone 化学水污染chemical water pollution 无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution 污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources 污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning 水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发evaporation水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration-!输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux 降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone季风monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨showery rain地形雨aerographic rain 热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone卫星云图satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强）atmospheric pressure海平面气压sea－level pressure湿球温度wet－bulb temperature水汽压vapour pressure饱和水汽压saturation vapour pressure绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity饱和差saturation deficit流域长度basin length流域平均高程basin elevation mean流域平均宽度basin width mean流域平均坡度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ratio of drainage area 流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin水系（河系）hydrographic net人工河网artificial drainage network河网密度drainage density明渠open channel河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook分支fork串沟bifurcation channel外流河exoreic river内陆河endothecia river减河relief channel控制河段control reach顺流河段straight reach弯曲河段bent reach扩散河段expanding reach收缩河段converging reach游荡河段wandering reach感潮河段tidal reach裁弯河段channel cutoff稳定河槽stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstable channel 主槽main channel单式河槽single channel复式河槽compound channel-!河道横断面river cross－section河道纵断面river longitudinal profile断面特性cross－section characteristics河床形态channel morphology浅滩thoal急潭cataract河漫滩flood plain江心湖channel island有效水头effective head水头损失head loss沿程水头损失frictional head loss局部水头损失local head loss能面比降energy slope水面比降surface slope摩阻比降friction slope附加比降（加速比降）add slope河道比降（河床比降）channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface 倒比降inverse slope总水头线total head line水面线water surface profile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezy coefficient谢才公式Chezy formula曼宁公式Manning formula输水因数（输水率）conveyance factor水跃hydraulic jump水舌nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线）hackwater curve弗汝德数Froude number悬移质suspended load推移质bed load床沙bed material床沙质bed material load冲泻质wash load河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river泥沙起动incipient motion of sediment起动流速competent velocity造床流址dominant discharge泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment泥石流debris flow水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow河床演变fluvial process冲刷scar淤积sedimentation沙量平衡sediment balance泥沙输移sediment transport泥沙输移比sediment delivery ratio浆河现象clogging of river sediment flow揭河底现象tearing of river bed天然水质natural water quality水化学hydrochemistry冰清ice regime结冰河流ice－frozen stream封冻河流freeze－up stream稳定封冻河流stable freeze－up stream非稳定封冻河流unstable freeze－up stream 结冰期ice－frozen period初生冰initial ice冰针ice specula冰凇rime ice圆扁冰pan－cake ice冰花frazil slush岸冰border ice初生岸冰initial border ice固定岸冰fixed border ice冲击岸冰agglomerated border ice再生岸冰regenerative border ice残余岸冰residual border ice雪冰slush ice水内冰underwater ice冰屑shuga冰底边ice base boundary冰礁ice reef冰桥ice bridge流冰花slush ice run冰上流水water flow over ice层冰层水ice cover with intercalated water layers融冰thawing冰层塌陷ice sheet depression冰层浮起floating ice cover冰滑动dislodging of ice cover解冻（开河）break－up文开河tranquil break－up。
boundary-layer
Boundary Layer Theory
Professor Ugur GUVEN Aerospace Engineer Spacecraft Propulsion Specialist
1
Boundary Layer Definition
• Boundary Layer is the thin boundary region between the flow and the solid surface, where the flow is retarded due to friction between the solid body and the fluid flow.
15
Properties of the Boundary Layer
• Hence since Prandtl number is 0.71 for air at standard conditions, the thermal boundary layer is thicker then the velocity boundary Layer. (Remember Prandtl number is a function of temperature).
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译（B）
back flow 回流逆流 back mixing 反混 back pressure 背压⼒ back reaction 逆反应 back substitution 回代 backpressure 反向压⼒；反压⼒ backscattering technique 逆散射法 backstreaming 逆流 backward difference 后向差分 backward motion 逆向运动 backward precession 逆旋进 backward thrust 逆推⼒ backward wave 逆向⾏波 backwash 后涡流 backwater 回⽔ backwater curve 回⽔曲线 backwater distance 回⽔距离 backwater function 回⽔函数 backwater surface 回⽔⾯ backwater surge 回⽔浪 baer law 巴尔定律 baeyer strain theory 贝耶尔应变理论 balance 平衡 balance condition 平衡条件 balance equation 平衡⽅程 balance force 平衡⼒ balance weight 平衡锤 balanced load 平衡负载 balanced system of force 平衡⼒系 balancing 平衡 balancing force 补偿⼒ balancing in situ 本机平衡 balancing machine 平衡试验机 balancing method 平衡法 balancing speed 平衡速率 ball support 球⾯⽀座 ballast 压载物 ballistic 弹道的 ballistic coefficient 弹道系数 ballistic constant 弹道常数 ballistic curve 弹道曲线 ballistic deflection 弹道偏差 ballistic error 冲惑差 ballistic pendulum 冲悔 ballistic rocket 弹道⽕箭 ballistic trajectory 弹道轨迹 ballistic wave 弹道波 ballistics 弹道学 balloon ⽓球 balloon borne rocket ⽓球发射⽕箭 banded structure 带状结构 bandwidth 带宽 bank 侧向倾斜 bar 巴 bar construction 棒构造 baric topography ⽓压形势 baric wave ⽓压波 barocline 斜压 baroclinic fluid 斜压铃 baroclinity 斜压性 barodynamics 重结构⼒学 barograph ⽓压计 barometer ⽓压计 barometric altitude ⽓压⾼度 barometric column ⽓压柱 barometric gradient ⽓压梯度 barometric height ⽓压⾼度 barosphere ⽓压层 barotropic equation 正压⽅程 barotropic equilibrium 正压平衡 barotropic flow 正压流 barotropic fluid 正压铃 barotropic instability 正压不稳定 barotropy 正压性 barrel vault 圆柱壳 barrier 障碍 barycenter 重⼼ barycentric 重⼼的 barycentric coordinates 重⼼坐标 barycentric system 重⼼系 barycentric velocity 重⼼速度 base flow 底流 base pressure 底⾯压⼒ basic equation 基本⽅程 basic load 基本载荷 basin 硫 basset force 巴塞特⼒ bathyal region 半深海区 bauschinger effect 包⾟格效应 beach 海岸 beam 梁 beam axle 梁式轴 beam balance 杠杆秤 beam column 梁杆 beam structure 梁结构 beam supported of both ends 简⽀梁 beam truss 桁架梁 beam with varying section 变截⾯梁 bearing ⽅位；轴承 bearing capacity 承载⼒ bearing friction ⽀承摩擦 bearing friction loss 轴承摩擦损失 bearing line ⽅位线 bearing load 轴承荷载 bearing power 承重能⼒ bearing pressure ⽀承压⼒ bearing strain 承载应变 bearing strength 承载强度 bearing stress 承载应⼒ bearing surface ⽀承⾯ beat 差拍 beat frequency 拍频 beat period 拍频周期 bed load 推移质 beginning of curve 曲线起点 behavior ⾏为 bell pressure gage 钟型压⼒计 bell type manometer 钟型压⼒计 bellows 波纹管 belt tension ⽪带张⼒ bend test 弯曲试验 bending 弯曲 bending center 弯曲中⼼ bending fatigue limit 弯曲疲劳极限 bending line 弯曲线 bending load 弯曲载荷 bending moment 弯矩 bending moment density 弯矩密度 bending moment diagram 弯矩图 bending radius 弯曲半径 bending rigidity 抗弯刚度 bending strain 弯曲应变 bending strength 抗弯强度 bending stress 弯曲应⼒ bending test 弯曲试验 bending vibration 弯曲振动 bending wave 弯曲波 beneding stress 挠应⼒ bernoulli constant 伯努利常数 bernoulli equation 伯努利⽅程 bessel function 贝塞⽿函数 beta ratio ⽐压 biaxial stress 双轴向应⼒ bifurcated shock 分岔激波 bifurcation 分⽀ bifurcation point 分⽀点 biharmonic function 双谐函数 bilateral 双向的 bilateral constraint 双边约束 billow ⼤浪 bimoment 双⼒矩 bimotor 双发动机飞机 binary collision 双碰撞 binary diffusion coefficient ⼆元扩散系数 binder 结合剂 binding agent 结合剂 binding energy 结合能 binding force 结合⼒ bingham body 宾汉物体 bingham flow 宾汉怜 bingham fluid 宾汉铃 bingham model 宾汉模型 binodal seiche 双节点驻波振荡 biological similarity ⽣物学相似性 biomechanics ⽣物⼒学 biomechanics of bone ⾻⼒学 biomechanics of sports 运动⽣物⼒学 biorheology ⽣物龄学 biot savart law 毕奥萨伐尔定律 biplane 双翼飞机 bipolar coordinates 双极坐标 birefringence 双折射 bivector 双⽮ black body 绝对⿊体；⿊体 black body radiation ⿊体辐射 blade 叶⽚ blade efficiency 叶⽚效率 blade exit angle 叶⽚出⼝⾓ blade grid 叶栅 blade inlet angle 叶⽚⼊⼝⾓ blade loss 叶⽚损失 blade outlet angle 叶⽚出⼝⾓ blade pitch 叶⽚距 blading 叶⽚装置 blast 送风 blast nozzle 喷⽓嘴 blast of wind 阵风 blast pressure 风压 blast tuyere 风⼝ blast volume 风量 blasting 爆破 blasting chamber 起爆室 blasting efficiency 爆破效率 blimp 软式飞艇 blocking phenomenon 堵塞现象 blood flow ⾎流 blood visco elasticity ⾎液粘弹性 blood viscosity ⾎液粘度 blower 吹风器 blown flap 吹⽓襟翼 bluff body 钝体 blunt body 钝头体 body centroide 本体极迹 body fixed system 物体固定坐标系 body force 体⼒ body of revolution 旋转体 boger fluid 保格铃 boiling 沸腾 boiling point 沸点 boiling temperature 沸点温度 boltzmann constant 玻⽿兹曼常数 boltzmann distribution 玻⽿兹曼分布 boltzmann factor 玻⽿兹曼因⼦ boltzmann h theorem 玻⽿兹曼 h 定理 boltzmann law 玻⽿兹曼定律 boltzmann transport equation 玻⽿兹曼输运⽅程 bolus flow 团流 bond energy 结合能 bond strength 附着强度 bonding force 耦合⼒ boost 升压 booster 加速器 bootstrap dynamics 靴袢动⼒学 border 边缘 borderline 边线 bore 内径 borehole 钻孔 born green equation 玻陡窳址匠眺 born von kormon boundary condition 玻⽃肟 呓缣跫 bottom chord 底弦 bottom current 底流 bottom standing wave 底层驻波 bottom velocity 底层速度 bouguer wave number 布格波数 bounce 回跳 bound energy 束缚能 bound state 束缚态 bound vector 束缚⽮量 bound vortex 约束涡 boundary 边界 boundary collocation 边界配置 boundary condition 边界条件 boundary effect 边界效应 boundary element method 边界元法 boundary friction 边界摩擦 boundary layer 边界层 boundary layer control 边界层控制 boundary layer equation 边界层⽅程 boundary layer flow 边界层怜 boundary layer method 边界层法 boundary layer region 边界层区域 boundary layer separation 边界层分离 boundary layer thickness 边界层厚度 boundary layer transition 边界层转捩 boundary method 边界解法 boundary of the air mass ⽓团的边界 boundary part 边界部分 boundary point 边界点 boundary surface 边界⾯ boundary value 边界值 boundary value problem 边界值问题 boundary wave 界⾯波 bourdon gage 布尔登压⼒计 boussinesq approximation 布⾟涅斯克近似 boussinesq equation of motion 布⾟涅斯克运动⽅程 bow 船⾸ bow shock wave 头波 bow wave 头波 brachistochrone 最速降线 bracket 悬臂梁 brake 制动器 brake horsepower 制动马⼒ brake parachute 制动伞 brake power 制动功率 brake pressure 闸压⼒ brake test 闸试验 braking 制动 braking distance 制动距离 braking force 制动功率 braking moment 制动⼒矩 braking rocket 制动⽕箭 break through 穿透 breakaway 分离 breakdown test 断裂试验 breaker 破浪 breaking angle 断裂⾓ breaking elongation 断裂伸长 breaking load 断裂负截 breaking of wave 海浪断裂 breaking point 断点 breaking strain 断裂应变 breaking strength 裂断强度 breaking stress 破坏应⼒ breaking test 致断试验 breaking waves 碎波 breaking weight 断裂负截 bridge truss 桥桁架 brinell hardness 布⽒硬度 brinell hardness test 布⾥涅⽿硬度试验 brittle 脆的 brittle behavior 脆性⾏为 brittle coating 脆性涂层 brittle creep 脆性蠕变 brittle fracture 脆裂 brittle material 脆性材料 brittle strength 抗脆裂强度 brittleness 脆性 broken line 折线 brownian motion 布朗运动 brunt vaisala frequency 布伦特韦伊塞拉频率 bubble ⽓泡 bubble center ⽓泡中⼼ bubble cloud ⽓泡云 bubble density ⽓泡密度 bubble domain 泡畴 bubble flow 泡状流 bubble formation ⽓泡形成 bubble of turbulence 湍联 bubble pressure 泡压 bubbling ⽓泡形成 bubbling fluidized bed ⿎泡怜床 bucket 叶⽚ buckingham potential 伯⾦汉姆势 buckling 屈曲 buckling behavior 翘曲⾏为 buckling coefficient 屈曲系数 buckling load 屈曲负载 buckling of plate 板的翘曲 buckling of shell 壳的皱损 buckling strength 抗屈曲强度 buckling stress 屈曲应⼒ buckling test 纵弯试验 buffer 缓冲器减震器 buffer action 缓冲酌 buffer beam 缓冲梁 buffer solution 缓冲溶液 buffer spring 缓冲弹簧 buffeting 扰炼震 built in arch 固定拱 bulge 隆起 bulk acceleration 牵连加速度 bulk forces 体积⼒ bulk modulus 体积弹性横量 bulk modulus of elasticity 体积弹性横量 bulk motion 牵连运动 bulk potential 体积势 bulk resonance 体积共振 bulk scattering 体积散射 bulk strain 体积应变 bulk temperature 总体温度 bulk velocity 牵连速度 bulk viscosity 体积粘度 buoyancy 浮⼒ buoyant frequency 浮⼒频率 burgers material 伯格斯材料 burning 燃烧 burning load 燃烧负荷 burning point 燃点 burning temperature 燃点 burning velocity 燃烧速度 bursting 爆裂 bursting pressure 爆炸压⼒ bursting strength 破裂强度 bursting stress 破裂应⼒ bursting test 爆破试验 busemann relation 布泽曼关系式。
流体力学专业英语词汇
流体力学专业词汇(V ocabulary of Fluid Mechanics )CHAPTER-1acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点，方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型（谱）fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform （非）均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对（表，真空）压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标（系）centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学，流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平（曲）面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布（梯度）reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进、出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线（角）动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量（能量）流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管V olume(mass) flow 体积（质量）流量V olume(mass) rate of flow体积（质量）流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数（Re）Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength 残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation。