英语句子成分及结构
讲义：句子成分及句子结构
英语语法之句子成分及句子结构一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。
即：句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语1 . 主语（subject)主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
找出句中主语The sun rises in the east. 名词Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词The poor are now living in the shelter.名词化的形容词Seeing is believing。
动名词To see is to believe. 不定式He likes dancing. 代词What he needs is a book。
句子（主从）It is necessary to master a foreign language.2谓语：：说明主语的动作、状态和特征；动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
（1）简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans.（2）复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing3宾语:动作的对象或承受者—-及物动词或介词的宾语,即动宾&介宾,常用名词或相当于名词的词(动词不定式或动名词）、代词和数词充当Show your passport，please. 名词She didn’t say anything. 代词How many do you want? - I want two. 数词I enjoy traveling. 动名词He pretended not to see me。
英语语法之句子成分及句子结构
【语法体系】1.词法冠词、名词、代词、副词、动词、介词和介词短语、连词、数词。
2.句法句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
句子种类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句句子结构：简单句并列句a）名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句复合句：b）定语从句c）状语从句特殊句式：倒装句、强调句、省略句、there be句式主谓一致直接引语和间接引语虚拟语气【句子成分】1.主语：主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。
名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等均可作主语。
e.g. Instead,a picture should try to show the “life” of itssubject.e.g. To find a best friend is difficult.2．谓语：用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，一般位于主语之后，由动词或动词短语充当，且谓语有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
e.g. I run into the classroom.e.g. He had an apple for breakfast.3．宾语：宾语是动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词之后。
名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分次、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等均可充当宾语成分。
e.g. People love to get together.e.g. I like chatting online.宾语的种类：（1）双宾语：间接宾语+直接宾语e.g. Hand me your book, please.（2）复合宾语：宾语+宾语补足语e.g. They elected him their monitor. 4．表语：表语用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。
一般位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。
名词（短语）、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、分词、从句等均可作表语。
英语句子成分和句子结构分析
英语句子成分和句子结构分析Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法（微观遣词）；句法（宏观造句）01词法（微观遣词）1.实词：有实际意义的词。
名词n.：表事物名称动词vi./vt.：行为，动态。
vi.不及物动词，本身可以表达完整意义，后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词，本身无法表达完整意义，后面必须带宾语形容词adj.：修饰n.副词adv.：修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子代词Pron.：代替n.数词num.：表数量（基数词），表顺序（序数词）2.虚词：没有实际意义的词。
介词prep.：说明词与词之间的关系连词conj.：说明句子与句子之间的关系冠词art.：在n.前，限定n.感叹词int.：表达感叹02句法（宏观造句）1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型：简单句，并列句，复合句6.复合句：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句二、语法四大原则1.词性决定词用2.同类同用同种类型的词，用法相同，越细分，越一致3.动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语，谓语部分最重要的就是动词4.举一反三由表及里，发掘句子结构，归属；认识句子本质，由点及面，放大到句群。
语法精讲2句子的成分主体：主语，谓语，宾语，表语次体：定语，状语，补语，同位语主语：一个句子的主体，是全句述说的对象。
常由名词，代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任，一般放在句首。
The sun(名词n.) rises in the east.W e(代词pron.) are friendsT wenty years(数词num.) is a short time in history.S eeing（动名词） is believingT o be a teacher(不定式)is my dreamW hat he needs(句子)is a book 主语从句I t（形式主语）is time to go home（真正的主语）形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语：表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面W e study(实意动词)English！I can（情态动词）do it!I don’t（助动词）know!H e is（系动词）asleep.宾语：表示谓语行为的对象，常由名词，代词或相当于名词的词担任，一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。
英语句子成分及结构
英语句子成分及句子结构英语句子基本构成成分：主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如I ,we, he, she, they ), 数词、动词不定式，动名词等。
最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。
主语一般在句首。
(1)名词作主语English is very important.英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. ‘这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
(2)代词作主语They go to school by bus.他们乘公共汽车上学。
⑶动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no us e regretting it.后悔是无用的。
(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语是很必要的谓语：谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上，一般在主语之后。
(1)及物动词作谓语We should help each other.我们应该互相帮助。
All of the students like the novel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
(2)不及物动词作谓语You’re driving too fast.你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
(3)连系动词作谓语He looks worried.他看起来很担心。
The box itself is_not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。
(4)复合谓语:①由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如:You may keep the book for two weeks.②由助动词加动词原形，现在分词,过去分词构成。
英语句子成分及结构
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5状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目 的、方式、程度等意义，状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。
He did it carefully.（副词作状语） Without his help，we couldn't work it out. （介词短语作状语） （In order） to catch up with my classmates， I must study hard.（不定式
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二.简单句的基本句型介绍： 1. 句型 一：主谓结构 （谓语动词是不及物动词
vi.）
动词分及物动词和不及物动词：谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,这类动词叫 做不及物动词
不及物动词: sleep睡觉 walk步行 swim 游泳 happen发生 come来 work 工 作 laugh 笑
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常用连系动词的用法： ① 变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn 口诀：好是come，坏是go; 天气、外貌慢慢grow; 流水、金钱缓 缓run; 颜色、天气大不同turn；get / become口语化，如果要说就用它. ② 保持某种状态： keep, lie, remain, stand , stay. ③ 看起来，好像：appear, look, seem. ④ 感官动词：feel, smell, sound, taste. 注意：There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与 副词 “there那里”混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示“（存在）有某事物”。 试比 较：
3. He │
英语句子成分及结构
英语句子成分及句子结构英语句子基本构成成分：主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如I ,we, he, she, they ），数词、动词不定式，动名词等。
最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。
主语一般在句首。
(1)名词作主语English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. ‘这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
(2)代词作主语They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
(3)动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。
(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语是很必要的谓语：谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上，一般在主语之后。
（1）及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
（2）不及物动词作谓语Yo u’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
（3）连系动词作谓语He looks worried.他看起来很担心。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
(4) 复合谓语：①由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.②由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。
英语句子成分和基本结构
简单句、并列句和复合句
• 〔一句子种类两种分类法 • 1、按句子的用途可分四种： • 1陈述句〔肯定、否定：He is six years old; She
didn’t hear of you before. 2疑问句〔一般、特殊、选择、反意：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4感叹句：How clever the boy is!
We will soon make our city what your city is now. 〔从句
定语<attributive>
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语.定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.〔形容词 China is a developing country; America is a developed country.〔分词 There are thirty women teachers in our school.〔名词 His rapid progress in English made us surprised.〔代词 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.〔不定式短语 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.〔动名词 He is reading an article about how to learn English.〔介词短语
英语句子成分及英语句子结构讲解
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：〔一〕句子成分1.主语〔 subject〕: 句子说明的人或事物。
主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。
The sun rises in the east〔.名词〕He likes dancing.〔代词〕Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词 )Seeing is believing.〔动名词〕To see is to believe.〔不定式〕What he needs is a book. 〔主语从句〕It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语〕找出以下句中的主语：Jane is good at playing the piano〔.名词〕She went out in a hurry.〔代词〕Four plus four is eight.〔数词〕To see is to believe〔.不定式〕Smoking is bad for health.〔动名词〕The young should respect the old.〔名词化的形容词〕What he has said is true. 〔句子〕谓语〔 predicate〕: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
简单谓语 :由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词 ;He can speak English well.She doesn ’ t seem to like dancing.找出以下句中的谓语〔注：只有动词才可作谓语。
〕：1.We love China.2.We have finished reading this book.3.He can speak English.4.She seems tired.3.表语〔 predicative〕: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
英语句子成分及句子结构
英语句⼦成分及句⼦结构英语句⼦基本构成成分：主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如I ,we, he, she, they ），数词、动词不定式，动名词等。
最常⽤的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。
主语⼀般在句⾸。
(1)名词作主语English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. 这些学⽣都爱他们的英语⽼师。
(2)代词作主语They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽⻋上学。
(3)动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是⽆⽤的。
(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语To see is to believe. 眼⻅为实。
△It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握⼀⻔外语是很必要的谓语：谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上，⼀般在主语之后。
1）及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学⽣都喜欢这本⼩说。
2）不及物动词作谓语He arrived yesterday. 他昨天到了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. ⽼师⾛进教室，⼿⾥拿着书。
3）连系动词作谓语（实际为系表结构）He looks worried.他看起来很担⼼。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱⼦本身并不重。
4）复合谓语：①由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.②由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。
英语句子成分及基本结构
1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and moreen speak English in class. （代词） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）
状语(adverbial)
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子 成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end 情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也 许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。
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英语句子成分及结构（一）句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词VL之后。
系动词大致可分为三类：1.be动词类2.感官类feel / taste / smell / sound/seem / look /appear…3.变化类become /get / grow / turn/come/go…4．状态保持类stay/ remain(保持，仍然是)/ keep /prove etc.表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语和主语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）主动语态中的宾语补足语，可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。
(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）He is the man who you saw last night. (定语从句)（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（九）同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，后者就是前者的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 。
himself和John都是单一的字作同位语。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick句子that you were sick是名词the fact 的同位语从句（二）简单句句子结构1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。