修辞手法&fallacy

修辞手法：Amplification详述（进一步解释说明）AMPLIFICATION is an important device; more than mere repetition, it‟s an actual expansion of the information already given.In amplification, writers repeat something they‟ve just said, while adding additional detail and information.The main purpose of amplification is not to inform, but to emphasize:E.G. It was a cold day, a wicked day, a day of biting winds and bitter frost.Analogy类比The analogy is the somewhat more down-to-earth version of the simile and metaphor. They all compare two ideas for the sake of clarity or effect.Perhaps the most useful form of the analogy is one in which a simple object or idea is substituted for a more complex one to help your readers understand the underlying premise.An analogy might also be used to further elaborate on a point that is already understood. Rather than substituting, the analogy furthers the initial point, letting the reader see aspects of it that may have been missed.E.G. The desire for wealth, when unchecked, can lead only to great evil. For though a man may begin with but a sip of wine, without restraint, the urge will grow until one day he is a drunkard, blinded to all but his need, taking whatever steps are needed to find his fix.transferred epithet移就（修饰人的词语去修饰物）In a well-constructed transferred epithet, the writer is actually helping the reader to see the noun in a new light.E.G. The redemptive clouds hovered close to the parched horizon.救赎的焦干的，焦枯的Hyperbole夸张HYPERBOLE is the most popular and commonly used rhetorical device.Hyperbole consists of exaggerating some part of your statement in order to give it emphasis or focus. It is never meant to be taken literally.E.G. There are more reasons for NASA to fund a trip to Jupiter than there are miles in the journey.Litotes曲言法（间接肯定法）The occasional use of LITOTES certainly won‟t be bad for your writing.Similar to understatement, litotes emphasizes its point by expressing the opposite of the condition. For example, rather than say, “The trip across the mountain was a hard journey,” we may say, “The trip was no easy journey.”Due to its surprise element, litotes can have more force and power than the literal truth. Litotes is often combined with understatement to emphasize its point.Litotes allows the writer to say what is n’t false, without committing as strongly to what is true. E.G. A cup of coffee would not be unwelcome.Metaphor隐喻The METAPHOR is the window to the poet‟s soul.The metaphor is a close relative of the simile. It is a powerful comparison, an equation of two dissimilar objects or concepts.Like the simile, the metaphor can help the writer introduce and clarify an unfamiliar idea to the reader or to show a familiar idea in a new light:Metaphor does not convey only the literal truths of a thing, but its emotional or psychological truths as well.E.G. Life is a banquet, and most poor suckers are starving to death.— Patrick Dennis, from "Auntie Mame“傻瓜…笨蛋Parallelism排比Parallelism is one of the most important organizational devices at a writer‟s or speaker‟s disposal. It is so important, that many writers and teachers consider it a convention or rule, instead of a device.It is the use of the same general structure and syntax for multiple parts of a sentence, or for multiple sentences:Parallelism gives your writing a sense of cohesion, keeping it balanced and intentional throughout.A good parallel structure is stylistically pleasing, structurally supportive, and intellectually satisfying.E.G. Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, and some havegreatness thrust upon them.Personification拟人The paper that contains PERSONIFICATION dances while other essays sleep. Personification is the giving of human attributes to something that is non-human. The device might involve an animal, an inanimate object, or an abstract concept.E.G. When hope knocks on the door, despair sneaks out the window.Rhetorical Question设问Don‟t you want to know how to use RHETORICAL QUESTIONS well?The rhetorical question is one in which the answer is merely implied.Beware: Too often, a rhetorical question is used as an easy replacement for a strong introductionto a thought.The writer also runs the risk that the reader will answer the question in a way not intended by the writer.Simile明喻A simile is a device in which the writer compares one object or concept with another. Usually, the first term is something with which the reader is presumably unfamiliar, and the second term is something the reader should recognize.The simile always uses the words “like” or “as” in the comparison.Synecdoche/Metonymy提喻、转喻（以部分代表全部或以全部代表部分)Synecdoche and metonymy are two very closely related devices. They deal with using a part of something, or an object closely related to something, to refer to the larger whole.The rancher boasted about how many head of cattle he owned. [synecdoche]The pen is mightier than the sword. [metonymy]The White House answered its critics. [metonymy]The captain shouted, “All hands on deck.” [synecdoche]Synecdoche is the use of a part of something to represent the whole.The rancher certainly owned the whole cow, not just the head, and the captain wanted the entire crewmember on deck, not just the hands.Metonymy allows you to refer to something closely related to the actual object, and use that as a way of referring to the object itself.The White House, the residence of the President, can be used to represent the President and his or her staff. Neither the pen nor the sword have any “might,” but they can represent the persons who wield them, and what those people do.Understatement低调陈述（有保留的陈述，含有潜台词）You might find UNDERSTATEMENT somewhat helpful in your writing.Understatement is more or less the opposite of hyperbole; in understatement,the force of a description is less than one would normally expect.Understatement can be used either to emphasize the extreme nature of the thing being described or for ironic effect:Understatement can also be used for humorous effect.E.G. Leonardo da Vinci had an occasional good idea.antithesis对照ANTITHESIS is a simple way to show a complex thought.Antithesis makes use of a contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas. It is one of the most attractive and powerful tools in speech and writing. Some of the most famous lines in modern history are built on the antithesis:Antithesis can help to point out fine distinctions between ideas by presenting them together:E.G. That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind...Fallacy：1.Dicto Simpliciter 绝对判断2.Hasty Generalization 草率下结论3.Post Hoc牵强附会4.Contradictory Premise矛盾前提5.Misericordiam 文不对题6.Hypothesis Contrary相反假设7.False Analogy 错误类比8.Poisoning the Well井底投毒。