宏观经济学曼昆第9版教材下载及视频网课
曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版
曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版1、企业为扩大生产经营而发生的业务招待费，应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.管理费用(正确答案)B.财务费用C.销售费用D.其他业务成本2、下列各项中，不会引起无形资产账面价值发生增减变动的是（）。
[单选题] *A.对无形资产计提减值准备B.转让无形资产使用权(正确答案)C.摊销无形资产D.转让无形资产所有权3、盈余公积是企业从（）中提取的公积金。
[单选题] *A.税后净利润(正确答案)B.营业利润C.利润总额D.税前利润4、下列关于无形资产的描述中，错误的是（）。
[单选题] *A.企业内部研究开发项目研究阶段的支出应计入管理费用B.购入但尚未投入使用的无形资产的价值不应摊销(正确答案)C.不能为企业带来经济利益的无形资产的账面价值应全部转为营业外支出D.只有很可能为企业带来经济利益且其成本能够可靠计量的无形资产才能予以确认5、某企业上年末“利润分配——未分配利润”科目借方余额为50 000元（属于五年以上亏损），本年度实现利润总额为1 000 000元，所得税税率为25％，无纳税调整项目，本年按照10％提取法定盈余公积，应为（）元。
[单选题] *A.75 000B.71 250C.100 000D.70 000(正确答案)6、2018年12月31日，甲公司某项固定资产计提减值准备前的账面价值为1 000万元，公允价值为980万元，预计处置费用为80万元，预计未来现金流量的现值为1 050万元。
2018年12月31日，甲公司应对该项固定资产计提的减值准备为（）万元。
[单选题] *A.0(正确答案)B.20C.50D.1007、企业购入的生产设备达到预定可使用状态前，其发生的专业人员服务费用计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.“固定资产”B.“制造费用”C.“在建工程”(正确答案)D.“工程物资”8、．（年预测）下列属于货币资金转换为生产资金的经济活动的是（）[单选题] *A购买原材料B生产领用原材料C支付工资费用(正确答案)D销售产品9、下列交易和事项中，不应确认为营业外支出的是（）。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库-第十二章至第十四章【圣才出品】
【答案】F 【解析】非充分就业时应使用扩张性的财政政策与货币政策，增加总需求，从而扩大国
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圣才电子书
民收入。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
4．其他条件不变时，货币供给的增加将使 LM 曲线向右移动。（ ） 【答案】T 【解析】其他条件不变时，货币供给增加使 r 下降，从而使投资需求增加，使得收入增 加，于是 LM 曲线向右移动。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 12 章 总需求Ⅱ：应用 IS-LM 模型
一、判断题 1．流动性陷阱指 LM 曲线呈水平状，此时财政政策最有效。（ ） 【答案】T 【解析】在流动性陷阱中，利率处于极低水平，债券价格处于极高水平，购买债券的风 险极高，此时无论货币供给增加多少，人们都会持有现金，而不会购买债券。这意味着货币 的投机需求趋于无限大，因而 LM 曲线为水平线。这时采用扩张性的财政政策将使得 IS 曲 线向右移动，收入水平会大幅提高，而利率却不发生变化，从而挤出效应很小，财政政策最 有效。
2．假定名义货币供给量不变，价格总水平上升将导致一条向右上方倾斜的 LM 曲线上 的一点（ ）。
A．沿原 LM 曲线向上方移动
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
B．沿原 LM 曲线向下方移动 C．向右移动到另一条 LM 曲线上 D．向左移动到另一条 LM 曲线上 【答案】D 【解析】LM 曲线为 r＝ky/h－M/（Ph）。当名义货币供给量不变，而价格总水平上升 时将导致 LM 曲线的左移。
10．财政收缩政策必定将降低消费水平、产出和投资。（ ） 【答案】F 【解析】政府支出的减少会使 IS 曲线左移，则产出下降，假设收入效应大于利率效应 或在消费上无利率效应，因此消费下降，同时利率下降，收入下降导致投资减少，而利率下 降导致投资增加，因此财政紧缩政策对于投资的影响不是很明确。
曼昆《宏观经济学》教材精讲(货币供给、货币需求和银行体系)【圣才出品】
第十九章货币供给、货币需求和银行体系19.1 本章框架结构图19.2 重难点解读本章更深入地考察货币供给与货币需求，主要说明银行体系在决定货币供给中所起的关键，讨论中央银行改变货币供给的各种货币工具，分析货币需求背后的动机。
一、货币供给货币供给不仅由中央银行的政策决定，而且也由家庭和银行的行为决定。
货币供给既包括公众手中的通货，也包括家庭在银行中可用于交易需求的存款。
这就是说，令M代表货币供给，C代表通货，D代表活期存款，可以写出：货币供给＝通货＋活期存款M＝C＋D1．货币供给创造机制部分准备金银行指银行只把它们的部分存款作为准备金制度。
在这种制度下，银行将部分存款作为准备金，而将其余存款用于向企业或个人发放贷款或投资，若得到贷款的人再将贷款存入其他银行，从而使其他银行增加了发放贷款或投资的资金，这一过程持续下去，使得更多的货币被创造出来。
2．货币供给模型模型的三个外生变量：（1）基础货币（也称为高能货币）：B是公众以通货形式持有的货币C和银行以准备金形式持有的货币R的总量。
它由中央银行直接控制。
（2）存款准备金率：rr是银行准备金在其持有的存款中的比例。
它由银行的经营政策和管制银行的法律决定。
（3）通货存款比：cr是人们持有的通货量C对其活期存款持有量D的比例。
它反映了家庭对其希望持有的货币形式的偏好。
从货币供给和基础货币的定义开始：M ＝C ＋DB ＝C ＋R 第一个式子说明，货币供给是通货与活期存款之和。
第二个式子说明，基础货币是通货与银行准备金之和。
将上述两个式子整理得：+1+C M DC RB D D =其中，C/D 是通货存款比cr ，R/D 是存款准备金率rr 。
进一步整理得：+1+cr M B cr rr=⨯ （4）三个外生变量的变动对货币供给变动的影响：①货币供给与基础货币是成比例的。
因此，基础货币的增加引起货币供给按同样的百分比增加。
②存款准备金率越低，银行发放的贷款越多，银行从每1美元准备金中创造出来的货币也越多。
曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题 课后习题 章节题库
第6篇再论支撑宏观经济学的微观经济学
第17章消费 第18章投资 第19章货币供给、货币需求和银行体系 第19章经济周期理论的进展（第6版教材） 附录指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表
第1篇导言
第2篇古典理论：长 期中的经济
第3篇增长理论：超 长期中的经济
第4篇经济周期理论： 短期中的经济
第5篇宏观经济 政策争论
第6篇再论支撑 宏观经济学的 微观经济学
第1篇导言
第1章宏观经济学科学 第2章宏观经济学的数据 一一、简答题 二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方 一一、简答题 二二、计算题 第4章货币与通货膨胀 一一、简答题 二二、计算题 第5章开放的经济 一一、简答题 二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方 第4章货币与通货膨胀 第5章开放的经济 第6章失业
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济
第7章经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长 第8章经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策
第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第9章经济波动导论 第10章总需求Ⅰ：建立IS-LM模型 第11章总需求Ⅱ：应用IS-LM模型 第12章重访开放经济：蒙代尔—弗莱明模型与汇率制度 第13章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡 第14章一个总供给和总需求的动态模型
曼昆《宏观经 济学》模拟试 题及详解（一）
曼昆《宏观经 济学》模拟试 题及详解（二）
作者介绍
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这是《曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题＋课后习题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】》的读书笔记模板， 暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
读书笔记
这是《曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题＋课后习题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】》的读书笔记模板， 可以替换为自己的心得。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库单选题1.当发生通货膨胀时，（）最有可能遭受财务损失。
[对外经济贸易大学2018研]A.政府B.欠债的穷人C.放贷的富人D.贷款的企业【答案】C【解析】根据费雪定律r=i一x，保持名义利率不变，通货膨胀率增加会导致实际利率降低，有利于借款者，不利于贷款者。
通货膨胀使名义工资上升，在累进税率制度下，导致消费者进入更高的纳税区间，使政府的税收收入增加，对政府有利。
2.人口学家预言老年人的比例在未来20年中将要提高，根据生命周期假说，以下说法正确的是（）。
[上海财经大学2017研]A.未来国民储蓄将提高B.现在国民储蓄率会下降C.现在和未来的国民储蓄率都会下降D.以上都不正确【答案】D【解析】未来老年人占比增大将导致未来国民储蓄率下降。
但是根据生命周期假说，这阶段性的提高了人们现在的储蓄动机和国民储蓄率。
3.古典学派和凯恩斯学派的分歧不包括（）。
[对外经济贸易大学2017研]A.政府是否应该干预经济B.经济是否自动实现充分就业的均衡C.潜在产出是否取决于要素的投入量和技术水平D.名义价格与货币工资的调整是否具有灵活性【答案】C【解析】C项，宏观经济学家尤其是宏观经济学中的两大主要流派新凯恩斯主义经济学和新古典宏观经济学经过近二十年的争论，目前在四个问题上基本上达到了共识。
其中包括：在长期，GDP依赖于劳动、资本和技术在内的生产要素。
当生产要素增加和技术水平提高时，GDP增长。
3.在哪儿可以看到全部题库内容（）。
A. 百度达聪学习网B. 站内搜索曼昆C. 找到对应的资料即可4.如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，那么减少储蓄率导致了在向新的稳态转移过程中的消费（）。
[上海财经大学2018研]A.上升B.减少C.先上升，后减少D.先减少，后上升【答案】C【解析】如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，也即从资本过多开始，储蓄率的下降引起消费的立即增加和投资的等量减少，随着时间的推移，当资本存量减少时，产出、消费、投资同时减少。
指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表【圣才出品】
高校（包括科研机构）
对应学院
北京大学
光华管理学院、软件与微电子学院、国家发展研究院、人口研究所
财政税务学院、金融学院、经济学院、信息学院、文化与传媒学院、管
中央财经大学
理科学与工程学院、保险学院、中国经济与管理研究院、中国金融发展
研究院、中国公共财政与政策研究院、人力资本与劳动经济研究中心
中国科学院大学研究生院 经济管理学院、数学与系统科学研究院
福建师范大学
经济学院
Hale Waihona Puke 西安交通大学经济与金融学院
说明：
（1）本表虽尽量确保准确，但难免有所遗漏，请学员查看所报高校（包括科研机构）当年招
生简章及参考书目。本表仅供参考！
（2）更多相关信息请登录圣才考研网（）。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表
曼昆所著的《宏观经济学》（中国人民大学出版社）作为名列第一的中级宏观经济学畅
销书，是我国众多高校采用的宏观经济学优秀教材，也被众多高校（包括科研机构）指定为
“经济类”专业考研参考书目，具体如下表所示。
上海交通大学
安泰经济与管理学院
上海财经大学
经济学院、马克思主义学院、公共经济与管理学院、城市与区域科学学 院、商学院、会计学院
上海师范大学
商学院
上海大学
理论经济学、应用经济学、统计学
东南大学
经济管理学院
华中科技大学
经济学院
南开大学
经济学院、经济与社会发展研究院、金融发展研究院
厦门大学
经济系、统计系、财政系、金融系、国际经济与贸易系、公共政策研究 院、南洋研究院
曼昆宏观经济学第九版 课后习题答案
Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 1 The Science of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. Microeconomics is the study of how individual firms and households make decisions, andhow they interact with one another. Microeconomic models of firms and households are based on principles of optimization—firms and households do the best they can given the constraints they face. For example, households choose which goods to purchase in order to maximize their utility, whereas firms decide how much to produce in order to maximize profits. In contrast, macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole; it focuses on issues such as how total output, total employment, and the overall price level are determined. These economy-wide variables are based on the interaction of many households and many firms; therefore, microeconomics forms the basis for macroeconomics.2. Economists build models as a means of summarizing the relationships among economicvariables. Models are useful because they abstract from the many details in the economy and allow one to focus on the most important economic connections.3. A market-clearing model is one in which prices adjust to equilibrate supply and demand.Market-clearing models are useful in situations where prices are flexible. Yet in many situations, flexible prices may not be a realistic assumption. For example, labor contracts often set wages for up to three years. Or, firms such as magazine publishers change their prices only every three to four years. Most macroeconomists believe that price flexibility is a reasonable assumption for studying long-run issues. Over the long run, prices respond to changes in demand or supply, even though in the short run they may be slow to adjust.Problems and Applications1. Monetary policy in the United States and the European Union has been a big topic ofconversation in early 2015. The EU embarked upon a quantitative easing policy in March 2015 in an attempt to stimulate growth and prevent deflation. There has been some concern that the inflation rate in Europe will turn negative. In the United States, there is continued discussion and speculation concerning when the Federal Reserve might choose to increase the target federal funds rate. Also in the United States, the unemployment rate has declined to about 5.5 percent and this suggests that wages may begin to increase.The Federal Reserve will be watching for wage and price increases as they decide when to increase interest rates.2. Many philosophers of science believe that the defining characteristic of a science is theuse of the scientific method of inquiry to establish stable relationships. Scientists examine data, often provided by controlled experiments, to support or disprove a hypothesis.Economists are more limited in their use of experiments. They cannot conduct controlled experiments on the economy; they must rely on the natural course of developments in the economy to collect data. To the extent that economists use the scientific method of inquiry, that is, developing hypotheses and testing them, economics has the characteristics of a science.3. We can use a simple variant of the supply-and-demand model for pizza to answer thisquestion. Assume that the quantity of ice cream demanded depends not only on the price of ice cream and income, but also on the price of frozen yogurt:Q d = D(P IC, P FY, Y).We expect that demand for ice cream rises when the price of frozen yogurt rises, because ice cream and frozen yogurt are substitutes. That is, when the price of frozen yogurt goes up, I consume less of it and, instead, fulfill more of my frozen dessert urges through the consumption of ice cream.The next part of the model is the supply function for ice cream, Q s = S(P IC). Finally, in equilibrium, supply must equal demand, so that Q s = Q d. Y and P FY are the exogenous variables, and Q and P IC are the endogenous variables. Figure 1-1 uses this model to show that a fall in the price of frozen yogurt results in an inward shift of the demand curve for ice cream. The new equilibrium has a lower price and quantity of ice cream.4. The price of haircuts changes rather infrequently. From casual observation, hairstyliststend to charge the same price over a one- or two-year period irrespective of the demand for haircuts or the supply of cutters. A market-clearing model for analyzing the market for haircuts has the unrealistic assumption of flexible prices. Such an assumption isunrealistic in the short run when we observe that prices are inflexible. Over the long run, however, the price of haircuts does tend to adjust; a market-clearing model is therefore appropriate.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 2 The Data of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. GDP measures the total income earned from the production of the new final goods and services in theeconomy, and it measures the total expenditures on the new final goods and services produced in the economy. GDP can measure two things at once because the total expenditures on the new final goods and services by the buyers must be equal to the income earned by the sellers of the new final goods and services. As the circular flow diagram in the text illustrates, these are alternative, equivalent ways of measuring the flow of dollars in the economy.2. The four components of GDP are consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.The consumption category of GDP consists of household expenditures on new final goods and services, such as the purchase of a new television. The investment category of GDP consists of business fixed investment, residential fixed investment, and inventory investment. When a business buys new equipment this counts as investment. Government purchases consists of purchases of new final goods and services by federal, state, and local governments, such as payments for new military equipment. Net exports measures the value of goods and services sold to other countries minus the value of goods and services foreigners sell us. When the U.S. sells corn to foreign countries, it counts in the net export category of GDP.3. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the overall level of prices in the economy. Ittells us the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the same basket in the base year. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP in a given year. The GDP deflator measures the prices of all goods and services produced, whereas the CPI only measures prices of goods and services bought by consumers. The GDP deflator includes only domestically produced goods, whereas the CPI includes domestic and foreign goods bought by consumers. Finally, the CPI is a Laspeyres index that assigns fixed weights to the prices of different goods, whereas the GDP deflator is a Paasche index that assigns changing weights to the prices of different goods. In practice, the two price indices tend to move together and do not often diverge.4. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the samebasket in the base year. The PCE deflator is the ratio of nominal consumer spending to real consumer spending. The CPI and the PCE deflator are similar in that they both only include the prices of goods purchased by consumers, and they both include the price of imported goods as well as domestically produced goods. The two measures differ because the CPI measures the change in the price of a fixed basket whereas the goods measured by the PCE deflator change from year to year depending on what consumers are purchasing in that particular year.5. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies each person into one of the following threecategories: employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. The unemployment rate, which is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed, is computed as follows:Unemployment Rate = Number of UnemployedLabor Force´100.Note that the labor force is the number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed.6. Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertakes two surveys to measureemployment. First, the BLS surveys about 60,000 households and thereby obtains an estimate of the share of people who say they are working. The BLS multiplies this share by an estimate of the population to estimate the number of people working. Second, the BLS surveys about 160,000 business establishments and asks how many people they employ. Each survey is imperfect; so the two measures of employment are not identical. Problems and Applications1. From the main Web page click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP,begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.1. Real GDP grew at a rate of 2.2 percent in quarter 4 of 2014. When compared to growth rates of −2.1 percent, 4.6 percent, and 5 percent for the first three quarters of 2014, the rate of 2.2 percent was slightly below average. From the main Web page select the data tools tab, then top picks. Check the box for the unemployment rate and retrieve the data. The unemployment rate in March 2015 was 5.5 percent, which was about equal to the natural rate of unemployment, or the long run average rate. From the main page, select the economic releases tab, then inflation and prices. Access the report for the CPI. In February 2015, the inflation rate for all items was 0 percent, and if food and energy were excluded the rate was 1.7 percent. The inflation rate was below average and below the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 percent.2. Value added by each person is equal to the value of the good produced minus theamount the person paid for the materials needed to make the good. Therefore, the value added by the farmer is $1.00 ($1 – 0 = $1). The value added by the miller is $2: she sells the flour to the baker for $3 but paid $1 for the flour. The value added by the baker is $3: she sells the bread to the engineer for $6 but paid the miller $3 for the flour. GDP is the total value added, or $1 + $2 + $3 = $6. Note that GDP equals the value of the final good (the bread).3. When a woman marrie s her butler, GDP falls by the amount of the butler’s salary. Thishappens because GDP measures total income, and therefore GDP, falls by the amount of the butler’s loss i n salary. If GDP truly measures the value of all goods and services, then the marriage would not affect GDP since the total amount of economic activity is unchanged. Actual GDP, however, is an imperfect measure of economic activity because the value of some goods and services is left out. Once the butler’s work becomes part of his household chores, his services are no longer counted in GDP. As this example illustrates, GDP does not include the value of any output produced in the home.4. a. The airplane sold to the U.S. Air Force counts as government purchases because theAir Force is part of the government.b. The airplane sold to American Airlines counts as investment because it is a capitalgood sold to a private firm.c. The airplane sold to Air France counts as an export because it is sold to a foreigner.d. The airplane sold to Amelia Earhart counts as consumption because it is sold to aprivate individual.e. The airplane built to be sold next year counts as investment. In particular, the airplaneis counted as inventory investment, which is where goods that are produced in one year and sold in another year are counted.5. Data on parts (a) to (f) can be downloaded from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Go tothe Website, click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP, begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.5. Choose the “modify the data” option to select the years you in which you are interested. By dividing each component (a) to (f) by nominal GDP and multiplying by 100, we obtain the following percentages:1950 1980 2014a. Personal consumption expenditures 64.0% 61.3% 68.5%b. Gross private domestic investment 18.8% 18.5% 16.4%c. Government consumption purchases 16.9% 20.6% 18.2%d. Net exports 0.2% –0.5% 3.1%e. National defense purchases 7.6% 6.3% 4.4%f. Imports 3.9% 10.3% 16.5%(Note: The above data was downloaded April 3, 2015, from the BEA Web site.)Among other things, we observe the following trends in the economy over the period 1950–2015:a. Personal consumption expenditures have been around two-thirds of GDP between1980 and 2015.b. The share of GDP going to gross private domestic investment remained fairly steady.c. The share going to government consumption purchases rose sharply from 1950 to1980.d. Net exports, which were positive in 1950, have been negative since that time.e. The share going to national defense purchases has fallen.f. Imports have grown rapidly relative to GDP.6. a. GDP measures the value of the final goods and services produced, or $1,000,000. b. NNP is equal to GNP minus depreciation. In this example, GDP is equal to GNP because there areno foreign transactions. Therefore, NNP is equal to $875,000.c. National income is equal to NNP, or $875,000.d. Employee compensation is equal to $600,000.e. Proprietors’ income measures the income of the owner, and is equal to 150,000.f. Corporate profit is equal to corporate taxes plus dividends plus retained earnings, or $275,000.Retained earnings is calculated as sales minus wages minus dividends minus depreciation minus corporate tax, or $75,000.g. Personal income is equal to employee compensation plus dividends, or $750,000. h. Disposable personal income is personal income minus taxes, or $550,000.7. a. i. Nominal GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at current prices. Therefore,Nominal GDP 2010 = P hotdogs 2010´Q hotdogs 2010()+P burgers 2010´Q burgers 2010()= ($2 ⨯ 200) + ($3 ⨯ 200)= $400 + $600= $1,000.Nominal GDP 2015 = P hotdogs 2015´Q hotdogs 2015()+P burgers 2015´Q burgers 2015()= ($4 ⨯ 250) + ($4 ⨯ 500)= $1,000 + $2,000= $3,000.ii. Real GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at constant prices.Therefore, to calculate real GDP in 2015 (with base year 2010), multiply thequantities purchased in the year 2015 by the 2010 prices:Real GDP 2015 = P 2010hotdogs ´Q 2015hotdogs ()+P 2010burgers ´Q 2015burgers ()= ($2 ⨯ 250) + ($3 ⨯ 500)= $500 + $1,500= $2,000.Real GDP for 2010 is calculated by multiplying the quantities in 2010 by the pricesin 2010. Since the base year is 2010, real GDP 2010 equals nominal GDP 2010, which is$10,00. Hence, real GDP increased between 2010 and 2015.iii. The implicit price deflator for GDP compares the current prices of all goods and services produced to the prices of the same goods and services in a base year. It is calculated as follows:Implicit Price Deflator2015= Nominal GDP2010Real GDP2010= 1Using the values for Nominal GDP2015 and real GDP2015 calculated above:Implicit Price Deflator2015 = $3,000$2,000= 1.50.This calculation reveals that prices of the goods produced in the year 2015 increased by 50 percent compared to the prices that the goods in the economy sold for in 2010. (Because 2010 is the base year, the value for the implicit price deflator for the year 2010 is 1.0 because nominal and real GDP are the same for the base year.)iv. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the level of prices in the economy. The CPI is called a fixed-weight index because it uses a fixed basket of goods over time to weight prices. If the base year is 2010, the CPI in 2015 is measuring the cost of the basket in 2015 relative to the cost in 2010. The CPI2015 is calculated as follows:CPI 2015= (P2015hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2015burgers´Q2010burgers)(P2010hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2010burgers´Q2010burgers)= $16,000,000 $10,000,000= 1.6.This calculation shows that the price of goods purchased in 2015 increased by 60 percent compared to the prices these goods would have sold for in 2010. The CPI for 2010, the base year, equals 1.0.b. The implicit price deflator is a Paasche index because it is computed with a changingbasket of goods; the CPI is a Laspeyres index because it is computed with a fixed basket of goods. From (7.a.iii), the implicit price deflator for the year 2015 is 1.50, which indicates that prices rose by 50 percent from what they were in the year 2010.From (7.a.iv.), the CPI for the year 2015 is 1.6, which indicates that prices rose by 60percent from what they were in the year 2010.If prices of all goods rose by, for example, 50 percent, then one could say unambiguously that the price level rose by 50 percent. Yet, in our example, relative prices have changed. The price of hot dogs rose by 1020 percent; the price of hamburgers rose by 33.33 percent, making hamburgers relatively less expensive.As the discrepancy between the CPI and the implicit price deflator illustrates, the change in the price level depends on how the goods’ prices are weighted. The CPI weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2010. The implicit price deflator weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2015.Since the quantity of the two goods was the same in 2010, the CPI is placing equal weight on the two price changes. In 2015, the quantity of hamburgers was twice as large as hot dogs, so there is twice as much weight placed on the hamburger price relative to the hot dog price. For this reason, the CPI shows a larger inflation rate –more weight is placed on the good with the larger price increase.8. a. The consumer price index uses the consumption bundle in year 1 to figure out howmuch weight to put on the price of a given good:CPI2=$2´10()+$1´0() $1´10()+$2´0()=P2red´Q1red()+P2green´Q1green()P1red´Q1red()+P1green´Q1green()= 2.According to the CPI, prices have doubled.b. Nominal spending is the total value of output produced in each year. In year 1 andyear 2, Abby buys 10 apples for $1 each, so her nominal spending remains constant at $10. For example,Nominal Spending2 = P2red ´Q2red()+P2green´Q2green()= ($2 ⨯ 0) + ($1 ⨯ 10)= $10.c. Real spending is the total value of output produced in each year valued at the pricesprevailing in year 1. In year 1, the base year, her real spending equals her nominal spending of $10. In year 2, she consumes 10 green apples that are each valued at their year 1 price of $2, so her real spending is $20. That is,Real Spending2= P1red ´Q2red()+P1green´Q2green()= ($1 ⨯ 0) + ($2 ⨯ 10)= $20.Hence, Abby’s real spending rises from $10 to $20.d. The implicit price deflator is calculated by dividing Abby’s nominal spending in year2 by her real spending that year:Implicit Price Deflator2= Nominal Spending2 Real Spending2= $10 $20= 0.5.Thus, the implicit price deflator suggests that prices have fallen by half. The reason for this is that the deflator estimates how much Abby values her apples using prices prevailing in year 1. From this perspective green apples appear very valuable. In year 2, when Abby consumes 10 green apples, it appears that her consumption has increased because the deflator values green apples more highly than red apples. The only way she could still be spending $10 on a higher consumption bundle is if the price of the good she was consuming fell.e. If Abby thinks of red apples and green apples as perfect substitutes, then the cost ofliving in this economy has not changed—in either year it costs $10 to consume 10 apples. According to the CPI, however, the cost of living has doubled. This is because the CPI only takes into account the fact that the red apple price has doubled; the CPI ignores the fall in the price of green apples because they were not in the consumption bundle in year 1. In contrast to the CPI, the implicit price deflator estimates the cost of living has been cut in half. Thus, the CPI, a Laspeyres index, overstates the increase in the cost of living and the deflator, a Paasche index, understates it.9. a. The labor force includes full time workers, part time workers, those who run their ownbusiness,and those who do not have a job but are looking for a job. The labor force consists of 70 people. The working age population consists of the labor force plus those not in the labor force. The 10 discouraged workers and the 10 retired people are not in the labor force, but assuming they are capable of working, they are part of the adult population. The adult population consists of 90 people, so the labor force participation rate is equal to 70/90 or 77.8 percent.b. The number of unemployed workers is equal to 10, so the unemployment rate is10/70 or 14.3 percent.c. The household survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of householdsabout their employment status. The household survey would report 60 people employed. The establishment survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of businesses to report how many workers they are employing. In this case the establishment survey would report 55 people employed. The 5 people with 2 jobs would be counted twice, and the 10 people who run their own business would not be counted.10. As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economicperformance or well-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP also ignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking and cleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drug trade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do not necessarily reduce its usefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDP is useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDP allows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education, and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to have higher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higher levels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level of growth and development across countries.11. a. Real GDP falls because Disney World does not produce any services while it is closed.This corresponds to a decrease in economic well-being because the income of workers and shareholders of Disney World falls (the income side of the national accounts), and people’s consumption of Disney World falls (the expenditure side of the national accounts).b. Real GDP rises because the original capital and labor in farm production now producemore wheat. This corresponds to an increase in the economic well-being of society, since people can now consume more wheat. (If people do not want to consume more wheat, then farmers and farmland can be shifted to producing other goods that society values.)c. Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. Thisaccurately reflects a fall in economic well-being.d. Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreaseseconomic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the income side), and there are fewer goods for people to buy (the expenditure side).e. Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that produce fewergoods but emit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economynow produces less measured output but more clean air. Clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is nevertheless a good that people value.f. Real GDP rises because the high school students go from an activity in which they arenot producing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however, may decrease. In ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future productivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do not measure this type of investment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if the students stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g. Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goodsand services. The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen because but unmeasured production of child-rearing services rises. The well-being of the average person may very well rise if we assume the fathers and the children enjoy the extra time they are spending together.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER3 National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It GoesQuestions for Review1. The factors of production and the production technology determine the amount ofoutput an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any given amounts of these inputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or an improvement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’s output.2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production to hire or demand, it considershow this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and therefore increases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P).An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional output, which sells for P dollars per unit. Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P ⨯MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost= (P ⨯MPL) –W.If the additional revenue, P ⨯MPL, exceeds the cost (W) of hiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero. In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P ⨯MPL) = W.This condition can be rewritten as:MPL = W/P.Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. The same logic applies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire: the firm will hire capital until the marginal product of capital equals the real rental price.3. A production function has constant returns to scale if an equal percentage increase in allfactors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by 50 percent, then the production function has constant returns to scale.If the production function has constant returns to scale, then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy of competitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL ⨯L, and the return to capital, MPK ⨯K. That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) = AKαL1–α. The text showed thatthe parameter αgives capital’s share of income. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then α= 0.25. Hence, F(K,L) = AK0.25L0.75.5. Consumption depends positively on disposable income—i.e. the amount of income afterall taxes have been paid. Higher disposable income means higher consumption.The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, its return must be greater than its cost. Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds, a higher real interest rate makes it more costly to invest, so the demand for investment goods falls.6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goods and services purchaseddirectly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control. All of these activities are part of GDP. Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it. Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly, unemployment insurance, and veterans’ benefits.7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determine demand for theeconomy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the demand for the econo my’s goods equals the supply. At the equilibrium interest rate, the demand。
15437 张蕾主讲 曼昆《宏观经济学》考研考点精讲
考点 ３ 衡量生活成本的指标
１ ． 消费物价指数（ Ｃ Ｐ Ｉ ） 消费物价指数也称零售物价指数和生活费用指数， 是反映消费品（ 包括劳务） 价格水平变动状况 的一种价格指数， 一般用加权平均法来编制。它根据若干种主要日用消费品的零售价格以及服务费 用而编制， 用公式表示为： 一组固商品按当期价格计算的价值 Ｃ Ｐ Ｉ ＝ × １ ０ ０ ％ 一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值 — ５—
— １—
考试点（ ｗ ｗ ｗ ． ｋ ａ ｏ ｓ ｈ ｉ ｄ ｉ ａ ｎ ． ｃ ｏ ｍ ） 名师精品课程 电话： ４ ０ ０－ ６ ８ ８ ５－ ３ ６ ５
对时的特别说明
宏观经济学的时间结构划分
１ ） 超长期： 一般涉及几十年的时间跨度。 ◆是经济增长理论研究的范围。 ◆研究核心在于资本的历史性积累与技术进步。 ２ ） 长期：资本存量与技术水平相对固定不变的时期。 不变的资本与技术决定了经济的生产能力， 即“ 潜在产出” 不变。产出取决于总供给， ◆在长期， 价格取决于总供给与总需求。 失业问题 ◆在长期中主要研究通胀、 ３ ） 短期： 价格水平相对固定不变的时期。 产出水平只取决于总需求。 ◆在短期， 主要研究经济周期波动、 Ｉ Ｓ － Ｌ ＭＡ Ｓ － Ａ Ｄ模型
考点 ２ 宏观经济学的研究方法
经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构， 是现代经 济理论的一种主要分析方法。 １ ． 外生变量和内生变量 变量分为内生变量和外生变量。外生变量是由模型以外的因素所决定的变量， 本身不能用模型 解释； 内生变量是经济模型所要求的变量。外生变量决定内生变量， 外生变量的变化会引起内生变量 的变化。 ２ ． 市场出清模型 市场出清模型是指一种产品或服务价格能够迅速调整使得该商品或服务的供给量与需求量相等 的状态。市场出清模型的假设条件是价格具有弹性（ 伸缩性） 。但现实中工资和价格却具有粘性。 ３ ． 微观经济思考与宏观经济模型 微观经济学是关于家庭和企业如何做出决策以及这些决策者在市场上如何相互作用的研究。微 观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化选择。 在研究整个宏观经济时， 必须考虑个别经济参与者的决策， 同时在考虑单个家庭和企业的行为 时， 也要考虑家庭和企业所处的宏观环境对其行为的影响。总之， 宏观经济理论是建立在微观经济基 础之上的， 宏观经济又会对微观经济产生影响。
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宏观经济学曼昆第9版教材下载及视频网课
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）网授精讲班【教材精讲+考研真题串讲】
来源：才聪学习网
目录
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）网授精讲班【共47课时】
电子书（题库）
•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）名校考研真题详解
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宏观经济学科学
一、名词解释
宏观经济学（东南大学2005研）
答：相对于“微观经济学”而言，宏观经济学是一种现代的经济分析方法。
它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支与汇率的决定和变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称为总量经济学。
宏观经济学的中心和基础是总供给-总需求模型。
具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期与经济增长理论、开放经济理论和宏观经济政策等内容。
对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。
宏观经济学诞生的标志是凯恩斯于1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》。
宏观经济学在20世纪30年代奠定基础，二战后逐步走向成熟并得到广泛应用，20世纪60年代后的“滞胀”问题使凯恩斯主义的统治地位受到严重挑战并形成了货币主义、供给学派、理性预期学派对立争论的局面，20世纪90年代新凯恩斯主义的形成又使国家干预思想占据主流。
宏观经济学是当代发展最为迅猛，应用最为广泛，因而也是最为重要的经济学学科。
二、简答题
宏观经济学常用的分析方法是什么？（西安交大2004研）
答：相对于“微观经济学”而言，宏观经济学是一种现代的经济分析方法。
它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、
国际收支与汇率的决定和变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称为总量经济学。
具体而言，宏观经济学主要采用以下分析方法：（1）实证分析方法
实证分析方法的实质就是揭示经济现象之间的因果联系，分为经验实证和逻辑实证两种方法。
作为理论经济学，宏观经济学主要采用逻辑实证的研究方法。
逻辑实证的方法也被称为演绎的方法，或抽象分析的方法。
逻辑实证对因果联系的把握是从建立假设开始的，排除一切无关和次要的因素，保留少数有关的重要因素，从而能够在一种“纯粹”的环境中观察现象之间的因果联系。
逻辑实证的第二步是在建立假设的基础上，利用数学等手段合乎逻辑地推导出有关结论以描述宏观经济现象之间的因果联系。
（2）均衡分析方法
现代经济学对经济现象的研究着重刻画经济现象的均衡状态。
均衡概念是经济学从自然科学中借用来的。
在力学中，均衡指在大小相同方向相反两个力的作用下，物体的位置保持不变。
在经济学中，均衡的这层意思基本上保留下来了。
对均衡状态的研究实际上就是对经济现象运动趋势的研究。
这种研究对于揭示经济现象发生的前因后果是很有益的。
（3）静态、比较静态和动态分析方法
现代经济学对经济均衡的研究有静态、比较静态和动态这三个角度。
静态分析方法是一种初步的、比较简单的分析方法。
它着重刻画均衡状态的特征以及形成均衡状态的条件，假设经济变量从
非均衡到均衡的调整是在一瞬间完成的；比较静态分析是从静态分析发展而来的。
它着重研究两个均衡状态之间的联系，揭示一个均衡状态必定沿着哪个方向过渡到另一个均衡状态；动态分析把经济变量的调整放到时间这一维度中考察。
在宏观经济学中，对通货膨胀、经济周期、经济增长等经济现象的研究都是按动态的视角展开的。
随着现代宏观经济学的发展，动态的方法显得越来越重要，现代高级宏观经济学几乎完全建立在动态分析的基础之上。
（4）总量分析与结构分析
总量分析是宏观经济学特有的分析方法。
总量分析就是研究一国总需求、总产出、价格总水平等经济总量水平的决定及其变化规律。
显然，宏观经济学采用总量分析方法，是与宏观经济学对市场经济运行的认识的基本倾向分不开的。
这些总量分析能够较好地解释经济萧条、通货膨胀等一类宏观经济现象。
宏观经济学中的结构分析又称为部门分析或总量分解，这种方法把国民经济总量分解为具有不同特点的部门来进行分析。
这些部门相对于单个经济主体来说是总量，相对于整个国民经济来说又不是总量。
结构分析常常被用来分析各类市场、产业和地区经济。
（5）需求分析与供给分析
研究宏观经济离不开需求分析和供给分析。
需要注意的是，宏观经济学并不是在所有情况下都并列地使用这两种方法的。
例如对总产出的研究，在萧条经济场合，侧重于需求分析；在通货膨胀
经济场合，侧重于供给分析。
在短期，侧重于需求分析；在长期，侧重于供给分析。
（6）存量分析与流量分析
存量和流量是对经济变量的一种区分。
在一定时点上取值的经济变量称为存量，在一定时期内取值的经济变量称为流量。
宏观经济学侧重于流量分析。
例如，宏观经济学不去研究一国总财富的决定，而着重研究一国一年新增财富即国民收入的决定。
宏观经济学在研究上的这种侧重是由其基本的理论观点决定的。