Lecture 5
《高级职业英语》--Lecture 5 推荐信、解职函与证明
Sample analysis
Sample1 _Employment To Whom It May Concern: recommendations This letter is from Mr. Douglas. Until just recently, I have been Cathy's
performance
Why a letter of recommendation is needed?
It is critical to obtain strong letters of recommendation for any application process since they…… --offer concrete, credible, and readily available evidence of past accomplishments and abilities --create an unchanging assessment --save future employers the effort of interviewing your former supervisor
Guidelines for writing recommendations.
A sense that your credentials are meaningful and therefore what you say in your letter is worth listening to
A sense that you know the candidate well enough to form sound judgments
Give basic Information about the applicant and describe the relationship with the applicant.
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
Lecture 5 Peking opera
Many foreign friends first learn about Chinese culture through the numerous Chinese restaurants found all over the world, and soon discern that China is a country with delicious cuisine (菜肴).The second impression of Chinese culture is often Peking Opera, whose masks are now almost emblematic (标志性的) of China. Many countries design posters using Peking Opera masks to signal a “Year of Chinese Culture”. To understand Chinese culture, therefore, some knowledge about Peking Opera is indeed indispensable. Peking Opera contains the soul of Chinese national culture. Its unique charm inspires deep feeling in Chinese people.History:Peking Opera has been an integral part of Chinese culture for over 200 years. Originating from humble beginning in east China's Anhui and Hubei provinces, it was brought to Beijing by the Qing Emperor Qianlong who, during his periodic inspections of the southern regions, discovered and fell in love with the vibrancy and life in the performances he witnessed there. As an 80th birthday gift to himself, he ordered local troupes to perform for him and had the Anhui and Hubei groups incorporated into the palace opera. In this way Peking Opera was born.parison: Eastern and Western DramaThe actors of Ballet just dance; the actors of modern drama just speak; the actors of opera just sing songs; while only Peking Opera actors perform all four elements as “sing, speak, act and fight(the last two are also considered as dance) on the stage.芭蕾，只舞不说；话剧，只说不唱；歌剧，只唱不舞，京剧逢动必舞，有声必歌II. Main Features of Peking OperaIII. BEAUTY in Peking Opera3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera Masks3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightIV. Mei Lanfang, Great Peking Opera ArtistV. How to appreciate Peking OperaI. Comparison: Eastern and Western DramaII. Main Features of Peking Opera1) Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art that aesthetically combines music, singing, dialogue, pantomime, acrobatics and martial arts. Hence an actor or actress in Beijing Opera has to meet more requirements than that in other forms of performing art. All of these skills are expected to be performed effortlessly, in keeping with the spirit of the art form.2）Symbolism prevails in Peking Opera. The stage of Peking Opera knows no limit in space or time. The set can accommodate anything. For example, an actor can practice the scene of galloping the horse simply by using a horsewhip without riding a real horse on stage. A bridge is made up of two chairs standing on each side of a table. Storms are realized by performers dancing with umbrellas.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. Thefollowing pictures can help us understand the virtual world on the stage.3）A highly stylized art.Peking Opera follows other traditional Chinese arts in emphasizing meaning, rather than accuracy. The highest aim of performers is to inject beauty into every motion. The most common stylization method in Peking Opera is roundness. Every motion and pose is carefully manipulated to avoid sharp angles and straight lines. A character looking upon an object above them will sweep his eyes in a circular motion from low to high before landing on the object. Similarly, a character will sweep his hand in an arc from left to right in order to indicate an object on the right.The performers primarily use pantomime to express feelings and tell stories. Stylized footwork, gestures, and various kinds of body movements portray and symbolize actions such as opening a door, climbing a hill, going upstairs, or rowing a boat.The elaborate and gorgeous facial make-up and costumes are two distinguished characteristics of Beijing Opera. The audience can know what kind of character the role is from the colors and patterns.Generally speaking, red faces have the positive meaning symbolizing the brave, upright and wise men. Another positive color is purple. Black faces usually have neutral meaning, representative the just men and uprightness. Blue and green also have neutral meanings that symbolize the hero from the bushes. Meanwhile, the yellow and white represent the crafty men with negative meaning. Performers have gold or silver facial make-up standing for the monsters or Gods. Good-nature people are usually painted with relatively simple colors while make-up of hostile and doubtful characters, such as bandits, robbers, rebels and alike, bear complex marks 3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera MasksFace painting: Vivid face makeup fascinates foreigners watching Peking Opera. Actually this face painting is not done for the sake of beauty but rather it portrays different characters. Red stands for loyalty and bravery, black represents powerful and wise people, yellow and white depict fierce and cunning characters, blue and green indicate very virile Robin Hood type of outlaws, while gold and silver indicates mysterious or super-natural presences.•The Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing” or “painted-face role” and the “chou” or “clown”, serve two pur poses.•One is to indicate identity and character of the role.•The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, or ridiculous, etc.3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and Fight。
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实验区（过渡区）：在缓冲区的周围划出一定 地段的保护区。可根据自然资源条件，开展科 学试验、教学实习、参观考察、驯养繁殖和多 种经济活动。
七、自然保护区的发展历史
世界的第一个自然保护区为1864年美国为保 护红杉树而在约西迈特山谷建立的自然保护区。 1872年美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园， 即黄石国家公园。 1879年，澳大利亚在悉尼附近建立了世界上 第二个国家公园。自此以后，尤其是本世纪三 十年代以后，世界各国都陆续开展建立自然保 护区的工作。
6 多种经营管理区（Multiple-use 多种经营管理区（Multiplemanagement areas）与自然资源保护区 areas）与自然资源保护区 （Resource reserve） reserve） 单项自然资源的保护地或储备地、禁猎 区等。目的是为资源持续利用创造条件。 具有相当大面积的区域，可以进行木材 生产、水资源利用、放牧、养殖等活动。 要计划经营，并进行一定的保护管理， 划分为多个小区，分别经营和管理。
我国自然保护区的发展历史 ---创建时期（1956-1965） ---创建时期（1956-1965）
1957年在福建建立了以保护中亚热带常绿阔 叶林为主的万木林自然保护区。 1958年在云南西双版纳建立了小勐养、勐后、 勐腊三个保护区，对热带雨林及珍稀动物亚 洲象、野牛、犀鸟等进行保护。 1961年，全国各地规划的自然保护区和禁猎 区有70多处，其中自然保护区级20处，面积 814万ha，约占我国国土面积的0.1％。 到1965年为止，我国正式建立的自然保护区 19处，面积为64.8874ha。
2 国家公园（National Parks） 国家公园（ Parks）
国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： 国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： （1）面积较大。 （2）区内具有一种或几种未被人类开发利用 的生态系及一些可供观赏的自然景观。 （3）在区域内严禁开发自然资源的大规模生 产性活动。 （4）可以参观访问。
Lecture--5--Word-Formation-《英语词汇学》第五章教案
Lecture 5讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ❖所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章❖计划学时：4 periods❖教学方法：传统讲授法❖参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》❖教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。
❖教学重点：1) Affixation;2) Compounding;3) Conversion.❖教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping andacronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。
科技英语交流(第2版)Lecture 5 How to write Methods
Basic components
Generalization or introduction Materials or subjects Methods or procedures Data analysis
The experimental apparatus for...is shown in Fig.2.
5.4.3 Typical expressions of equipment and apparatus
The experimental system was based on a ... A fine wire screen is installed at the ... Example: The experimental system was composed of
vehicles 3. Decoupling PF dynamic model
… 4. Case study
…
3. Organization-related data selection
3.1 Fixed and dynamic keywords sources
3.2 Known accounts sources 3.3 Org keyusers sources 3.4 Two-class SUM
5.3 Specific analyses: generalization and introduction
This part is a general introduction of the principal activity, sometimes presenting the purpose of the research. For example, “In this letter we present the first systematic study on the electrical and magnetic effects of hole compensation.” It also introduces some background information related to the methods or the author’s hypothesis to the research. Study the example on page 87-89.
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第五讲 载流子产生与复合（续）9月12，2001内容：1.热平衡之外的G&R率2.表面产生与复合阅读作业del Alamo Ch. 3，§§3.4 ,3.6主要问题●当载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值时，对产生和复合之间的平衡发生了什么影响？●对每个G&R机制是如何打乱的？●决定G&R率平衡的主要因素是什么？●如何能表征表面G&R？⒈ 平衡之外的G&R率●在热平衡时：●在热平衡之外（载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值）：如果,G R 载流子浓度随时间变化。
定义净复合率U 是十分有用的：U R G=−反映内部G&R 机制的平衡：如果0R G U >，净复合占优势如果0R G U <，净产生占优势如果几个机制同时作用，定义：i i iU R G =−而iU U =在热平衡之外的不同机制对G&R 率会发生什么影响？a ）能带到能带光学G&R●光产生率没有变化，因为键合数目没有变化：00rad rad rad G g r n p ==●如果电子和空穴浓度发生变化时，光复合率受到影响：rad rad R r np=●定义净复合率：()00rad rad rad rad U R G r np n p =−=− －如果00np n p >，0rad U >，净复合占优势－如果00np n p <，0rad U <，净产生占优势●注意：我们假定rad g 和rad r 与平衡时无变化b ） 俄歇G&R●包括热电子 ：eeh eeh G g n= 2eeh eeh R r n p=如果eeh g 和eeh r 间关系和TE 时无差别：()00eeh eeh eeh eeh U R G r n np n p =−=−●同样，包括热电子：()00ehh ehh U r p np n p =−●总的 俄歇 ：()()00Auger eeh ehh U r n r p np n p =+−c ） 与陷阱有关的热G&R在平衡之外，如果产生复合率常数不受影响：复合：捕获一个电子＋一个空穴净复合率＝净电子捕获率＝净空穴捕获率tr ec ee hc heU r r r r =−=−从这，推导出t n ，并最终得到tr U ：()()00tr ho i o inp n p U n n p n ττ−=+++d ） 所有过程组合起来□ 特殊情况：低水平掺杂定义过剩载流子浓度：'0n n n =+ '0p p p=+LLI ：平衡的少数载流子浓度占主导但对多数载流子浓度扰动可以忽略－对n 型：－对p型：在LLI中：U的所以表达式仿效下面形式：τ为过程i的载流子寿命，每个G&R过程的一个特征常数：i在LLI 情况下，净复合率作为材料和温度的一个常数，线性的取决于过剩载流子浓度。
lecture5[1]PPT课件
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Engels: The Great Time
这是一次人类从来没有经历过的 最伟大的，进步的变革，是一个 需要巨人而且产生了巨人－－在 思维能力，热情和性格方面，在 多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人 的时代．给现代资产阶级统治打 下基础的人物，决不受资产阶级 的局限．相反地，成为时代特征 的冒险精神，或多或少地推动了 这些人物．
Hamlet’s puzzle
人是怎么一回事：理想多么 崇高！能力多么无限！在形 状同行动上多么敏捷而可羡！ 在举动上多么像天使！在体 会上多么像个神！是世界上 的奇迹！是万物的精英！但 是，对于我，这烂泥捏成的 究竟是个什么？我看见人简 直不能喜欢．“一个被毁掉 了的高贵心胸”
Respond to Hamlet from a Humanist
Luther’s Reform: Free Theology from Politics
路德的改革和体现这种改革的德意志各公国的革命，通过清除教会的 权能打破了教会法和世俗法这种罗马天主教的二元制。在路德主义获 得成功的地方，教会逐渐地被作为无形的、无政治意义的和无法律意 义的东西；仅有的主权和法律（政治意义上的）是世俗王国或公国的 主权和法律。事实上，刚好在此前，马基雅维里曾以一种新的方式使 用“国家”一词，用来表示纯粹的世俗社会秩序。路德教的改革者们 在一种意义上是马基雅维里派：他们对人能够创造反映永久法的人法 的权力这一点持怀疑态度，他们明确否认发展人法是教会的任务。这 种路德派的怀疑论使法律实证主义的法律理论的出现成为可能，它把 国家的法律视为在道德上中立的，是一种手段而不是目的，是一种表 现主权政策和确保服从它的办法。但法律的世俗化和实证主义法律理 论的出现只是路德宗教改革对西方法律传统贡献的一个方面。另一个 方面是同等重要的：通过使法律摆脱神学教条和基督教教会的直接影 响，这种宗教改革能够使法律经历一种新的和有前途的发展。用德国 伟大的法学家鲁道夫·索姆的话讲：“路德的改革不仅使对信仰的革新 而且也是对世界--宗教生活世界和法律世界--的革新”。 Berman
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Warming up胶水glue water → glue当心碰头Mind your head./Lower you head.黄金地段golden area(金色地区) → prime / central / ideal location此卡仅限北京使用Beijing Only → ( just used in Beijing) → inactive out of Beijing area 一看二慢三通过First, slow down, Secondly, look around and thirdly cross → Slowdown, look around and cross请出示您的身份证Please help us to speed up your check-in by presenting your ID以便办理住宿A Letter to AmericaPassage 1-1A Letter to AmericaYou are the 21st century Romans. Your admiring friends used to know your well; land of the brave, home of the free. Now, as you obsesses over the omens of war, we wonder if you know yourself, muses Margaret Atwood.你是21世纪的罗马帝国。
仰慕你的朋友们曾对你了若指掌：勇士之邦，自由之乡。
可是，现在战争的预兆萦系你心，我们真不知道你是否还了解你自己。
玛格丽特·阿特伍德Dear America,This is a difficult letter to write, because I’m no longer sure who you are. Some of you may be having the same trouble. I thought I knew you: we’d become well acquainted over the past 55 years.亲爱的美国：这封信难以下笔，因为我再也无法确定你是谁。
也许，你们中的一些人同样感到困惑。
我曾自认为了解你：我们已相识相知55年之久。
Passage 1-2-2You were the Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck comic books I read in the late 1940s. You were the radio shows—Jack Benny, Our miss Brooks. You were the music I sang and danced to: the Andrews Sisters, Ella Fitzgerald, the Platters, Elvis. You were a ton of fun.你曾是我在20世纪40年代末读过的连环画册米老鼠和唐老鸭；你曾是我看过的广播喜剧: 杰克·班尼[1]、《我们的布鲁克斯小姐》[2]；你曾是我唱过的歌，跳过的舞曲：安德鲁斯姐妺[3]，埃拉·菲次杰拉德[4]，派克斯乐队[5]，猫王艾尔维斯。
你是无穷的乐趣。
【1】杰克·班尼（1894-1974）喜剧演员，以每周广播喜剧节目（1932-1955）和演出电视喜剧节目（1950-1965）著称。
【2】《我们的布鲁克斯小姐》：50年代，美国很受欢迎的一部情景剧，由伊芙·艾登主演。
【3】安德鲁斯姐妺：大乐队时代即40年代，美国最出风头的女声组合，由三姐妺Lavaine, Maxene和Patty组成。
【4】埃拉·菲次杰拉德（1918-1996），爵士乐黑人女歌手，因拟声唱法和芭蕾舞表演而闻名。
【5】派克斯乐队：著名的流行乐队，成立于60年代，是第一支在流行榜上拥有冠军歌曲的黑人合唱团体。
Passage 1-3You put God on the money. You had a way of thinking that the things of Caesar were the same as the things of God: that gave you self-confidence. You have always wanted to be a city upon a hill, a light to poor, you sang, and for a while you meant it.可是，即便在当时，你就已经把上帝放在钱币上[1]。
你把凯撒的东西看作是上帝的东西[2]，这种思维方式给予你自信。
你总是想成为山顶之城[3]，万国之灯。
曾经一度，你还真的是。
你吟唱道：送给我那些疲惫的人，贫困的人[4]，而且，曾经一度，你还真是说到做做。
【1】美国所有的钱币上都有这句话“In God we trust”(我们信仰上帝！)。
【2】典出《马太福音》中的耶稣智答问难的故事。
耶稣说：“凯撒的当交给凯撒，上帝的当交给上帝。
”即凡事各有所归。
【3】典出《马太福音》，喻理想的或卓越的榜样，美德或成功的典范。
【4】摘自女诗人爱玛·拉扎勒的十四行诗《新巨象》，该诗被镌刻于自由女神像基座铜牌上。
We’ve always been close, you and us history, that old entangler, has twisted us together since the early 17th century. Some of us used to be you; some of us want to be you; some of you used to be us.你们和我们一直息息相关。
自17世纪初叶，历史这根古藤就把我们紧紧缠绕在一起。
我们中一些人曾是你们，我们中有些人想成为你们，你们中一些人也曾是我们。
Passage 1-4-2You are not only our neighbors: In many cases—mine, for instance—you are also our blood relations, our colleagues, and our personal friends. But although we’ve had a ringside seat, we’ve never understood you completely, up here north of the 49th parallel.你不仅是我们的邻居：在许多情况下—以我自己为例—你还是我们的血亲、同事和私交。
但是，我们虽然坐在靠近拳击台的观察席[1]上，就在北纬49度[2]这里，却从未看清你。
【1】喻指美国即台上的“表演者”而“他们”是靠得最近的观众。
【2】北纬49度线，也即美国与加拿大的边界线。
【3】Passage 1-5Perhaps that’s been my difficulty in writing you this letter: I am not sure I know what’s really going on. Anyway, you have a huge possess of experienced entrails-sifters who do nothing but analyze your every vein and lobe. What can I tell you about yourself that you don’t already know?或许这正是我难以下笔之处。
我不能肯定究竟发生了什么事。
不管怎样，你有一大群富有经验的内脏审查者，他们专门分析你的每一根血管，每一根筋。
因此，关于你自己，我还能告诉你什么你不知道的情况呢?Passage 1-6This might be the reason of my hesitation: embarrassment, brought on by a becoming modesty. But it is more likely to be embarrassment of another sort. When my grandmother-from a New England background-was confronted with an unsavory topic, she would change the subject and gaze out the window. And that is my own inclination: Mind your own business.这也许就是我犹豫不决的原因：尴尬，这是由一种适当的谦虚造成的。
但这更有可能是另一种窘迫。
当我的新英格兰裔的祖母遇到不愉快的话题时，她就会转移话题，凝望窗外。
这也正是我的处事之道：别管闲事。
C-EPassage 1（2012温总理答记者问）Passage 1-1持续提升科技创新能力。
加强基础研究和前沿技术研究。
实施国家科技重大专项，突破一些关键核心技术，填补了多项重大产品和装备的空白。
天宫一号目标飞行器与神舟八号飞船先后成功发射并顺利交会对接，成为我国载人航天发展史上新的里程碑。
（2012温总理答记者问）We continued to enhance China’s scientific and technological innovation capabilities.We strengthened basic research and research in cutting-edge technologies. We carried out major national research and development projects, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in many gaps in important products and technologies. The Tiangong-1 space module and the Shenshou-8 spacecraft were launched, and Shenzhou-8 successfully docked with Tiangong-1, marking a new milestone in China’s development of manned spaceflights.Passage 1-2各位代表！回顾过去，我们拼搏奋进，取得显著成就；展望未来，我们任重道远，仍须不懈努力。