金融学讲义(2)新
《金融学》完整讲义 黄达

第一章货币和货币制度第一节货币的定义一、货币的经济学定义:在商品、劳务的支付或债务的偿还中被普遍接受的任何东西。
本书的定义:货币是人们普遍接受的,可以充当价值尺度、交易媒介、价值贮藏和支付手段的物品。
二、货币与通货、财富、收入的区别(一)货币不等于现金或通货:通货通常指硬币和现钞,较货币范围小;现金(cash),亦称通货(currency):指由政府授权发行的不兑现的银行券和辅币,是一国的法偿货币。
(二)货币不等同于财富:货币和财富是存量,货币是财富的表现形式之一。
(三)货币不等同于收入:第二节货币的产生和发展一、货币的起源:(一)中国古代的货币起源学说1、先王制币说先秦时代2、交换发展说(二)西方的货币起源学说1、创造发明说古罗马法学家鲍鲁斯2、便于交换说英国的亚当.斯密3、保存财富说法国的西斯蒙第(三)马克思的货币起源学说简单、偶然的价值形式扩大的价值形式一般的价值形式货币的产生二、货币的类型(一)实物货币特征:其作为货币用途的价值与其作为非货币用途的价值相等。
缺点:(二)金属货币:铸币(coins):由国家准许铸造的合乎规定重量和成色并具有一定形状的金属货币。
金银作货币的优点和缺点(三)代用货币(大约公元10世纪):由政府和银行发行,代替金属货币流通,往往承诺可随时兑现为金属货币。
特征:其作为货币用途的价值要高于其作为非货币用途的价值,但可以兑换金银。
优点:(四)信用货币(20世纪30年代以后): 以信用活动为基础产生的,能够发挥货币作用的信用工具。
1、信用货币的特点:2、信用货币的形式(1)纸币(银行券):银行券:由银行发行、以信用和黄金作双重保证的银行票据。
银行券的产生:由银行券到纸币纸币:由国家强制发行和流通的不可兑换为金银的纸制货币符号。
(不兑现的银行券)纸币的优点和缺点:(2)存款货币(deposit money) :可用于转账结算的活期存款(五)电子货币(electronic currency )通过电子资金转帐系统储存和转移的货币资金。
金融学讲义(陈学彬主编)

按照业务性质的不同,金融机构可分为银行类金融机构和非银行类金融机构;按照是否接受公众 存款,可分为存款性金融机构和非存款性金融机构。
金融机构的作用
金融机构在现代经济中发挥着信用中介、支付中介、金融服务、风险管理等重要功能。
金融市场与金融机构的关系
相互依存关系
金融市场和金融机构是相互依存的,金融市场为金融机构提供了交易场所和交易工具,而金融机构则是金融市场的参 与者和推动者。
金融学的研究方法
01
实证研究方法
实证研究方法是通过收集和分析实际数据来验证理论假设的方法。在金
融学中,实证研究方法被广泛应用于金融市场、金融机构等领域的研究。
02
规范研究方法
规范研究方法是通过逻辑推理和演绎分析来研究金融问题的方法。这种
方法强调理论分析和逻辑推理,注重从一般到特殊的推导过程。
03
案例研究方法
货币政策工具
法定存款准备金率
再贴现政策
中央银行通过调整法定存款准备金率,影 响商业银行的信贷扩张能力,从而调节市 场中的货币供应量。
中央银行通过调整再贴现率,影响商业银 行从中央银行获得资金的成本,进而调节 市场利率和货币供应量。
公开市场操作
利率政策
中央银行在公开市场上买卖有价证券,从 而调节市场中的流动性,影响市场利率和 货币供应量。
和评估等。
金融风险与金融监管的关系
金融风险是金融监管的前 提
正是由于金融风险的存在,才需要金融监管 来防范和化解风险。
金融监管是控制金融风险的 重要手段
通过有效的监管措施,可以及时发现和处置金融风 险,维护金融市场的稳定和秩序。
金融风险与金融监管相互 促进
在应对金融风险的过程中,金融监管不断完 善和创新,同时金融风险的演变也促使金融 监管不断改进和完善。
金融学讲义(整合版)

第一章金融概论一、金融的涵义货币资金的融通或货币资金在盈余单位和亏空单位之间调剂余缺的信贷活动。
二、金融的构成、金融主体:谁参与了金融活动;、金融对象:货币和资金;、金融方式:有偿的信用方式;、金融工具:票据和各种有价证券;、金融市场:有形和无形两类;三、金融的特点、可回收性:授信人(债权人)原则上要按等值收回本金;、期限性;、收益性:利息或股息;、风险性:如债务人(受信人)的违约风险;购买力风险;市场风险。
违约风险如政府债券的偿还,其来源是税收,因而本息偿还能力高,违约风险低。
尤其是中央政府发行的债券,违约风险就更低。
而公司债券的偿还能和与经济状况大环境和公司经营的小环境都有密切关系,因而不确定性高,违约风险大。
违约风险低的债券,其利率也低;违约风险高,其债券的利率也就。
债券利率与无风险证券利率之差称为风险溢价。
而无风险证券是指信用风险相对较小的证券,如国库券、政府债券、大银行存单等。
有违约风险的公司债券的风险溢价必须为正,违约风险越大,风险溢价越高。
流动性风险是指因资产变现速度慢而可能遭受的损失。
假定公司债券与公司债券在初始时节利率是相等的,公司因经营亏损致使其公司债券不易变卖,流动性下降,债券需求下降,从而导致该债券的利率上升;而公司债券的流动性溢价。
流动性风险往往与违约风险相伴而生,因此风险溢价是两个风险共同带来的。
巴林银行的破产年月日,世界各地的新闻都以最夺目的标题报道了同一事件:巴林银行破产了。
巴林银行集团是有着年历史的老牌英国银行,在全球拥有雇员多人,总资逾亿美元,所管理的资产高达亿元,在世界家大银行中按核心资本排名位。
巴林银行经历了年伦敦金融市场解除管制的“大爆炸”,仍然屹立不倒,已成为英国金融市场体系的重要支柱。
然而,巴林银行长达两个多世纪的辉煌业绩,却在年月毁于一旦。
巴林银行破产的直接原因是其新加坡的交易员尼克·李森的违规交易。
李森,事发时刚满岁。
年,李森由摩根士丹的衍生工具部转投巴林,被派往新加坡分行。
国际金融学考研讲义 第二章 外汇与汇率

第二章外汇与汇率第一节外汇与汇率概述第二节汇率的决定与变动第三节汇率变动对经济的影响第四节汇率的决定理论第一节外汇与汇率概述一、外汇(一)外汇的概念外汇(Foreign exchanges)的概念有动态和静态之分。
1.动态的外汇是一种汇兑行为,指把一个国家货币兑换为另一个国家的货币以清偿国际间的债权债务的金融活动。
2.静态的外汇国际间为清偿债权债务关系进行的汇兑活动所凭借的手段或工具,或者说是用于国际汇兑活动的支付手段和支付工具。
(1)广义的外汇(2)狭义的外汇2008年《中华人民共和国外汇管理条例》规定我国的外汇是指下列以外币表示的可以用作国际清偿的支付手段和资产:①外币现钞,包括纸币、铸币;②外币支付凭证或者支付工具,包括票据、银行存款凭证、银行卡等;③外币有价证券,包括债券、股票等;④特别提款权(SDR);⑤其他外汇资产。
货币成为外汇应具备三个条件:普遍接受性可偿付性自由兑换性(二)外汇的种类按外汇的来源和用途,可分为贸易外汇和非贸易外汇按外汇是否可以自由兑换,可分为自由外汇和记帐外汇按外汇交割期限的不同,可分为即期外汇和远期外汇二、汇率(一)汇率的概念汇率(Exchange Rate)是指一国货币兑换成另一国货币的比率,即一个国家的货币用另一个国家的货币所表示的价格,它反映了一个国家货币的对外价值。
也称汇价、外汇行市、外汇牌价或外汇兑换率。
USD1=CNY¥6.230 0USD1=JPY¥98.00(二)汇率的标价方法直接标价法(Direct Quotation)间接标价法(Indirect Quotation)美元标价法(US Dollar Quotation)1.直接标价法直接标价法是以一定单位(1个、100个、10 000个)的外国货币作为标准,折算成一定数额的本国货币来表示汇率,即以本国货币来表示外国货币的价格。
也称应付标价法。
USD 1=CNY 6.2752外币是基准货币本币是报价货币在直接标价法下,数值增加,体现外汇汇率上升,数值减少,体现外汇汇率下降。
《金融学》考研博迪第2版重点讲义

《金融学》考研博迪第2版重点讲义博迪《金融学》(第2版)笔记(修订版)第1章金融学1.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一:对金融学进行界定1金融金融是货币流通、信用活动及与之相关的经济行为的总称。
简言之,就是货币资金的融通。
一般是指以银行、证券市场等为中心的货币流通和信用调节活动,包括货币的发行和流通、存款的吸收和提取、贷款的发放和收回、国内外汇兑往来、有价证券的发行和流通、保险、信托、抵押、典当以及各种金融衍生工具交易等。
按金融中介机构是否充当资金转移的媒介,金融可以分为直接金融(direct finance)和间接金融(indirect finance)。
2金融学金融学是一项针对人们怎样跨期配置稀缺资源的研究。
金融决策区别于其他资源配置决策的两项特征是:①金融决策的成本和收益是跨期分摊的;②无论是决策者还是其他人,通常都无法预先确知金融决策的成本和收益。
金融学是主要研究货币领域的理论及货币资源的配置与选择、货币与经济的关系及货币对经济的影响、现代银行体系的理论和经营活动的经济学科,是当代经济学的一个相对独立而又极为重要的分支。
金融学所涵盖的内容极为丰富,诸如货币原理、货币信用与利息原理、金融市场与银行体系、储蓄与投资、保险、信托、证券交易、货币理论、货币政策、汇率及国际金融等。
3金融体系金融体系是金融市场与金融机构的集合,这些集合被用于金融合同的订立以及资产和风险的交换。
金融体系是由连接资金盈余者和资金短缺者的一系列金融中介机构和金融市场共同构成的一个有机体,包括股票、债券和其他金融工具的市场、金融中介(如银行和保险公司)、金融服务公司(如金融咨询公司)以及监控管理所有这些单位的管理机构等。
研究金融体系如何发展演变是金融学科的重要方面。
4金融理论金融理论由一系列概念和数量化模型组成。
概念帮助人们思考如何在时间上配置资源;数量化模型用于估价替代方案、制定决策和执行决策。
各个层次的决策都采用同样的基本概念和数量化模型。
黄达《金融学》讲义:第二章利息和利率

黄达《金融学》讲义:第二章利息和利率在金融学的领域中,利息和利率是极其重要的概念,它们不仅影响着个人的财务决策,也在宏观经济层面发挥着关键作用。
接下来,让我们一同深入探讨黄达《金融学》中第二章关于利息和利率的相关内容。
首先,我们来理解一下什么是利息。
简单来说,利息就是资金所有者因出借资金而从借款者手中获得的报酬。
想象一下,你把一笔钱借给朋友,过了一段时间朋友还给你的钱比当初借的要多,多出来的那部分就是利息。
利息的产生源于资金的时间价值,因为同样的一笔钱在不同的时间点具有不同的价值。
比如,今天的100 元能买到的东西,可能一年后 100 元就买不到了,这就是资金的时间价值。
而利率则是利息与本金的比率,它反映了资金的增值速度。
利率的高低受到多种因素的影响。
从宏观角度来看,经济的增长状况是一个重要因素。
当经济繁荣时,投资机会增多,对资金的需求增加,往往会推动利率上升;反之,在经济衰退时,利率可能会下降。
通货膨胀率也会对利率产生影响。
如果通货膨胀率较高,人们为了弥补货币贬值的损失,会要求更高的利率。
此外,货币政策也是决定利率的关键因素。
中央银行通过调整货币供应量和基准利率等手段,来影响整个市场的利率水平。
在日常生活中,利率的应用无处不在。
对于储蓄者来说,利率决定了他们存款所能获得的收益。
较高的利率会吸引更多人储蓄,因为可以获得更多的利息收入。
对于借款者,如购房者申请房贷、企业为扩大生产而贷款,利率的高低直接影响到借款成本。
低利率环境下,借款成本降低,可能会刺激更多的借款和投资行为。
从金融市场的角度来看,不同类型的金融工具往往有着不同的利率。
比如,国债通常被认为是风险较低的投资,其利率相对也较低;而企业债券的利率则会根据企业的信用评级和风险状况有所不同,信用较差的企业需要支付更高的利率来吸引投资者。
再来说说利率的计算方式。
常见的有单利和复利两种。
单利是只对本金计算利息,而复利则是不仅对本金计算利息,还对利息计算利息。
黄达《金融学》讲义:第二章 利息和利率

第二章利息和利率2.1 利息2.2 利率概述2.3 利息的复利计算(货币的时间价值)2.4 利率决定2.5 利率的风险结构和期限结构第一节利息一、利息的来源(利息的来源与本质是研究利率理论的出发点)利息报酬说(威廉.配第(1633-1687)和约翰.洛克)利息是暂时放弃货币的使用权而获得的报酬(配第),利息是贷款人因承担了风险而得到的报酬(洛克)资本租金论(达德利.诺思(1641-1649))资本所有者出借它们的资金,像出租土地一样,从中得到的东西就是利息,利息是资本的租金。
节欲论(西尼尔)利息是借贷资本家节欲的结果人性不耐说(欧文.费雪)人性具有偏好现在就可提供收入的资本财富,而不耐心地等待将来提供收入的资本财富的心理。
利息是不耐的指标。
流动性偏好论(凯恩斯)是人们放弃流动性偏好的报酬利息来自剩余价值(马克思):利息是职能资本家让渡给借贷资本家的一部分剩余价值,体现资本家剥削雇佣工人的关系二、利息被看作是收益的一般形态(一)利息被看作是收益的一般形态的原因:利息被看作资金所有者理所当然的收入。
在其它条件不变时,利率的大小制约企业主收入的多少(二)利息转化为收益一般形态的作用★利息转化为收益的一般形态的主要作用在于导致了可以通过收益与利率的对比倒算出它相当于多大的资本金额或价格。
)利息收益(B)=本金(P)× 利率(r)如果知道收益和利率,就可以利用这个公式套算出本金,即:P=B/r(二)利息转化为收益一般形态的作用★收益资本化在经济生活中被广泛地应用.▲例1:土地价格=土地年收益/年利率▲例2:人力资本价格=年薪/年利率▲例3:股票价格=股票收益/市场利率▲例4:债券价格=债券利息/市场利率第二节利率概述一、利率的含义:货币资金的价格二、利率的种类(一)年利率、月利率和日利率(二)名义利率和实际利率名义利率就是以名义货币表示的利率。
实际利率为名义利率与通货膨胀率之差,它是用你所能够买到的真实物品或服务来衡量的。
《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十三章

《⾦融学(第⼆版)》讲义⼤纲及课后习题答案详解⼗三章CHAPTER 13THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODELObjectivesExplain the theory behind the CAPM.Explain how to use the CAPM to establish benchmarks for measuring the performance of investment portfolios. Explain how to infer from the CAPM the correct risk-adjusted discount rate to use in discounted-cash-flow valuation models. Explain the APT and its relationship to the CAPM.Outline13.1 The Capital Asset Pricing Model in Brief13.2 Determinants of the Risk Premium on the Market Portfolio13.3 Beta and Risk Premiums on Individual Securities13.4 Using the CAPM in Portfolio Selection13.5 Valuation and Regulating Rates of Return13.6 Extensions, Modifications, and Alternatives to the CAPMSummaryThe CAPM has three main implications:In equilibrium, ev eryone’s relative holding of risky assets are the same as in the market portfolio.The size of the risk-premium of the market portfolio is determined by the risk-aversion of investors.The risk premium on any asset is equal to its beta times the risk premium on the market portfolio.Whether or not the CAPM is strictly true, it provides a rationale for a very simple passive portfolio strategy: Diversify your holdings of risky assets in the proportions of the market portfolio, andMix this portfolio with the risk-free asset to achieve a desired risk-reward combination.The CAPM is used in portfolio management primarily in two ways:To establish a logical and convenient starting point in asset allocation and security selectionTo establish a benchmark for evaluating portfolio management ability on a risk-adjusted basis.In corporate finance the CAPM is used to determine the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate in valuation models of the firm and in capital budgeting decisions. The CAPM is also used to establish a “fair” rate of return on invested capital for regulated firms and in cost-plus pricing.Today few financial scholars consider the CAPM in its simplest form to be an accurate model for explaining or predicting risk premiums on risky assets. However, modified versions of the model are still a central feature of the theory and practice of finance.The APT gives a rationale for the expected return-beta relationship that relies on the condition that there be no arbitrage profit opportunities; the CAPM requires that investors be portfolio optimizers. The APT and CAPM are not incompatible; rather, they complement each other.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterComposition of the Market Portfolio1. Capital markets in Flatland exhibit trade in four securities, the stocks X, Y and Z, and a risklessgovernment security. Evaluated at current prices in US dollars, the total market values of these assets are, respectively, $24 billion, $36 billion, $24 billion and $16 billion.a. Determine the relative proportions of each asset in the market portfolio.b. If one trader with a $100,000 portfolio holds $40,000 in the riskless security, $15,000 in X, $12,000 in Y, and$33,000 in Z, determine the holdings of the three risky assets of a second trader who invests $20, 000 of a $200, 000 portfolio in the riskless security.SOLUTION:The total value of all assets in the economy is 100 billion dollars. a. The proportions of each asset relative to the value of all assets are, respectively, .24 (X), .36 (Y),b. .24 (Z) and .16 (riskless bond.) The proportions of each risky asset to the total value of all risky assets are, respectively, (2/7) (X), (3/7) (Y) and (2/7) (Z).c. . Ignore the question as it appears in the First Edition of the textbook. Instead, the question should be: If aninvestor has $100,000 with $30,000 invested in the riskless asset, how much is invested in securities X, Y, and Z? The answer to this question is $20,000 in X and Z, and $30,000 in Y.Implications of CAPM2. The riskless rate of interest is .06 per year, and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is .15 per year.a. According to the CAPM , what is the efficient way for an investor to achieve an expected rate of returnof .10 per year?b. If the standard deviation of the rate of return on the market portfolio is .20, what is the standarddeviation on the above portfolio?c. Draw the CML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.d. Draw the SML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.e. Estimate the value of a stock with an expected dividend per share of $5 this coming year, an expecteddividend growth rate of 4% per year forever, and a beta of .8. If its market price is less than the value you have estimated, i.e., if it is under-priced, what is true of its mean rate of return?SOLUTION: a.So one would hold a portfolio that is 4/9 invested in the market portfolio and 5/9 in the riskless asset. b.c. The formula for the CML is9415.)1(06.10.)()1()(=+-=?+-?=x xx x r E x r r E M f 08889.)20(.94==?=M x σσσσσ45.06.)()(+=-+=MfM f r r E r r Ed. The formula for the SML ise. Use constant growth rate DDM and find r using the SML relationIf the market price of the stock is less than this, then its expected return is higher than the 13.2% required rate.()ββ09.06.)()(+=-+=f M f r r E r r E 35.54$04.132.504.510=-=-=-=r g r D P 132.8.09.06.09.06.=?+=+=βr3. If the CAPM is valid, which of the following situations is possible? Explain. Consider each situation independently. a.PortfolioExpected ReturnBeta A 0.20 1.4B 0.25 1.2b.PortfolioExpected ReturnStandard DeviationA 0.300.35B 0.400.25c.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A 0.160.12d.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A0.200.22SOLUTION:a. Impossible. Since the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive, a security with a higher beta must have ahigher expected return.b. Possible. Since portfolios A & B are not necessarily efficient, A can have a higher standard deviation and alower expected return than B.c. Impossible. Portfolio A lies above the CML, implying that the CML is not efficient. If the standard deviation ofA is .12, then according to the CML its expected return cannot be greater than .14.d. Impossible. Portfolio A has a lower standard deviation and a higher mean return than the market portfolio,implying that the market portfolio is not efficient.4. If the Treasury bill rate is currently 4% and the expected return to the market portfolio over the same period is 12%, determine the risk premium on the market. If the standard deviation of the return on the market is .20, what is the equation of the Capital Market Line?SOLUTION: The risk premium on the market portfolio is .08. The slope of the CML is .08/.2 = .4. Thus, the equation of the CML is:Determinants of the Market Risk Premium5. Consider an economy in which the expected return on the market portfolio over a particular period is .25, the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio over this same period is .25, and the averagedegree of risk aversion among traders is 3. If the government wishes to issue risk-free zero-coupon bonds with a term to maturity of one period and a face value per bond of $100,000, how much can the government expect to receive per bond? []σσσ4.04.)()(+=++=MfMf r rE r r ESOLUTION:According to the CAPM, E(r M) - r f = Aσ2, so that r f = E(r M) - Aσ2.Substituting into this formula we find: r f = .25 – 3 x .252 = .0625Therefore the revenue raised by the government per bond issued is $100,000 = $94,117.651.06256. . Norma Swanson has invested 40% of her wealth in MGM stock and 60% in Industrial Light and Magic stock. Norma believes the returns to these stocks have a correlation of .06 and that their respective means and standard deviations are: MGM ILMExpected Return (%) 10 15Standard Deviation (%) 15 25a.Determine the expected value and standard deviation of the return on Norma’s portfolio.b.Would a risk-averse investor such as Norma prefer a portfolio composed entirely of only MGM stock? Ofonly ILM stock? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a.The expected return is .13, and the standard deviation is .1649.b. A risk averse investor will not want to hold a portfolio composed entirely of MGM or of ILM stock, becauseone can, in general, achieve the same expected return with a lower standard deviation by combining a portfolio of MGM and ILM with the risk-free asset.7. Consider a portfolio exhibiting an expected return of 20% in an economy in which the riskless interest rate is 8%, the expected return to the market portfolio is thirteen percent, and the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio is .25. Assuming this portfolio is efficient, determine:a.its beta.b.the standard deviation of its return.c.its correlation with the market return.SOLUTION:/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the security market line to infer that the beta of this portfolio is 2.4:.20 = .08 + β(.13 - .08)β = (.20 - .08)/(.13 - .08) = .12/.05 = 2.4/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the capital market line to infer that the standard deviation of the yield to this portfolio is .6:.20 = .08+ (.13 - .08) σ = .08+ .2 σ.25σ = .12/.2 = .6c.By definition the following relationships hold:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσiσMwhere ρ denotes the correlation coefficient. We know that β = 2.4, σM = .25, and σi = .6.So from the definition of β, we get that the cov is 2.4 x .252 = .15. Substituting this into the definition of ρ: ρ = cov = .15 __ = 1σiσM .6 x .25Application of CAPM to Corporate Finance8. . The Suzuki Motor Company is contemplating issuing stock to finance investment in producing a new sports-utility vehicle, the Seppuku. Financial analysts within Suzuki forecast that this investment will have precisely the same risk as the market portfolio, where the annual return to the market portfolio is expected to be 15% and the current risk-free interest rate is 5%. The analysts further believe that the expected return to the Seppuku project will be 20% annually. Derive the maximal beta value that would induce Suzuki to issue the stock.SOLUTION:The project would be on the borderline if its required return were 20% per year. Since the risk-free rate is 5% and the risk premium on the market portfolio is 10%, the required return would be 20% if the beta were 1.5.9. . Roobel and Associates, a firm of financial analysts specializing in Russian financial markets, forecasts that the stock of the Yablonsky Toy Company will be worth 1,000 roubles per share one year from today. If the riskless interest rate on Russian government securities is 10% and the expected return to the market portfolio is 18% determine how much you would pay for a share of Yablonsky stock today if:a.the beta of Yablonsky is 3.b.the beta of Yablonsky is 0.5.SOLUTION:Use the security market line in each case to determine a required rate of return, then infer the current price from the forecasted price of 1,000 roubles and the required rate of return you have determined.a.If beta is 3, the required return is .10+ 3x.08 = .34. You would pay 1,000/1.34 = 746.27 roubles;b.If beta is .5, the required return is .10+ .5x.08 = .14. You would pay 1,000/1.14 = 877.19 roubles.Application of CAPM to Portfolio Management10. Suppose that the stock of the new cologne manufacturer, Eau de Rodman, Inc., has been forecast to havea return with standard deviation .30 and a correlation with the market portfolio of .9. If the standard deviation of the yield on the market is .20, determine the relative holdings of the market portfolio and Eau de Rodman stock to form a portfolio with a beta of 1.8.SOLUTION: By definition:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσrσMTherefore, β = ρσr/σM. The beta of Rodman stock is therefore .9x.3/.2 = 1.35.The beta of a portfolio is a weighted average of the betas of the component securities. Let A be a fraction of the portfolio invested in Rodman stock to produce a beta of 1.8. Then we have:1.35A + (1-A) = 1.8.35A = .8A = 2.286So the portfolio would have to have 228.6% invested in Rodman stock and a short position in the market portfolio equal to 128.6%.11. The current price of a share of stock in the Vo Giap Clothing Company of Vietnam is 50 dong and its expected yield over the year is 14%. The market risk premium in Vietnam is 8% and the riskless interest rate 6%. What would happen to the stock’s current price if its expected future payout remains co nstant while the covariance of its rate of return with the market portfolio falls by 50%?SOLUTION:Deduce that the expected future price of a share of Vo Giap is 57 dong, so that a reduction in this stock’s beta of 50% implies, by the security market relation, that the required yield on Vo Giap is now 10%, so that its current share price rises by 3.64% toa new value of 51.82 dong.12. Suppose that you believe that the price of a share of IBM stock a year from today will be equal to the sumof the price of a share of General Motors stock plus the price of a share of Exxon, and further you believethat the price of a share of IBM stock in one year will be $100 whereas the price of a share of General Motors today is $30. If the annualized yield on 91-day T-bills (the riskless rate you use) is 5%, the expected yield on the market is 15%, the variance of the market portfolio is 1, and the beta of IBM is 2, what price would you be willing to pay for one share of Exxon stock today?SOLUTION:Expected return = .05 + 2(.15 - .05) = 25%; (100 - x)/x = .25 → x = $80Deduce that the current price of a share of IBM stock is $80, so that the upper bound on the price of a share of Exxon is ($80 -$30 = $50).13. Ascertain whether the following quotation is true or false, and state why:“When arbitrage is absent from financial markets, and investors are each concerned with only the risk and return to their portfolios, then each investor can eliminate all the riskiness of his investments through diversification, and as a consequence the expected yield on each available asset will depend only on the covariance of its yield with the covariance of the yield on the diversified portfolio of risky assets each investor holds.”SOLUTION:False. You cannot eliminate all risk through diversification, only the unsystematic risk.Application of CAPM to Measuring Portfolio Performance14. During the most recent 5-year period, the Pizzaro mutual fund earned an average annualized rate of return of 12% and had an annualized standard deviation of 30%. The average risk-free rate was 5% per year. The average rate of return in the market index over that same period was 10% per year and the standard deviation was 20%. How well did Pizzaro perform on a risk-adjusted basis?SOLUTION:Compute the ratio of average excess return to standard deviation for Pizzaro and compare it to that of the market portfolio: Pizzaro risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.12-.05)/.30 = .233Market portfolio risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.1-.05)/.2 = .250So, on a risk-adjusted basis, Pizzaro did worse than the market index.Challenge ProblemCAPM with only 2 Risky Assets15. There are only two risky assets in the economy: stocks and real estate and their relative supplies are 50% stocks and 50% real estate. Thus, the market portfolio will be half stocks and half real estate. The standard deviations are .20 for stocks, .20 for real estate, and the correlation between them is 0. The coefficient of relative risk aversion of the average market participant (A) is 3. r f is .08 per year.a.According to the CAPM what must be the equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio, on stocks,and on real estate?b.Draw the Capital Market Line. What is its slope? Where is the point representing stocks located relativeto the CML?c.Draw the SML. What is its formula? Where is the point representing stocks located relative to the SML? SOLUTION: a.The market portfolio consists of half stocks and half real estate. It has a standard deviation of .1414, computedas follows:σ2M = w2σ2s + (1-w)2σ2r+ 2 w(1-w) cov s,rσ2M = 2 x (1/2)2 .22 = .02σM = .1414The equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio is E(r M)-r f = Aσ2M = 3x.02 = .06.The market portfolio’s expected rate of return is also a weighted average of the expected rates of return on stocks and real estate, where the weights are each 1/2. Stocks and real estate must have the same risk premiumbecause they have the same standard deviation and correlation with the market. Therefore the risk premium on stocks and real estate must be .06, the same as the market portfolio’s risk premium.b.The slope of the CML is .06/.1414 = .424. The point representing stocks is M, it is to the right of the CML.equaling to 1.The formula is: E(r) = r f + (E(r M) –r f).。
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3.2005年7月21日人民币汇率改革
2005年7月21日,中国开始实行以市场供求为基础、 参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制 度。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元,形成更富弹 性的人民币汇率机制
人民银行宣布人民币从原本紧盯美元的汇率制度, 改为参考一篮子货币。所谓参考一篮子货币,是 指某一个国家根据贸易与投资密切程度,选择数 种主要货币,不同货币设定不同权重后组成一篮 子货币,设定浮动范围,该国货币就根据这一篮 子货币并在范围内浮动。
买力的对比关系。 E =美元/人民币=购买力(美)/购买力(中)
=价格(美) / 价格(中)
2004年联合国按照购买力平价计算中国人均 GDP4580美元。
IMF计算1$:2.8¥
)
巨无霸价格与汇率(2002年4月)
国家
美国 阿根廷 瑞士 中国
当地货币 价格
2.49美元
美元价
2.49美元
(1994-2005年) (五)人民币汇率改革(2005年7月21日—现在)
(四)人民币汇率的并轨及走向市场
化时期 (1994-现在)
1.1993年,因为国内出现严重的通货膨胀, 对内价值用零售物价指数表示,上升了250%, 对外价值即汇率用美元所表示的人民币的价格
贬值了550%。 人民币急高估 或低估
2.49比索 0.78美元 3.13
-68%
6.30瑞士 3.81美元 1.66
法郎
10.50元 1.27美元 8.28
+53% -49%
(二)购买力评价理论
同一质量、同一单位的一米布在美国是 1美元,在中国购买需4元人民币,如果中 国政府在外汇市场规定 1美元=8元,操作 程序:
4¥——1$——8¥——4¥
(六) 换汇成本学说
1.人民币币值的决定是以国际贸易为基础的,决定 于出口换汇成本。 7¥——1$——8¥——1¥
2.1980年:1$=1.5¥ 2.53 ¥——1$——1.5¥——-1.03¥
3.1981年1月1日:1$=2.8¥
四、人民币汇率制度及其改革
(一)人民币汇率的恢复时期(1949-1952年) (二)人民币汇率的稳定期(1953-1980年) (三)人民币双重汇率时期(1980-1994年) (四)人民币汇率的并轨及走向市场化时期
一、信用及产生
(一)信用本质 1.含义:信用是一个经济范畴,是以偿还和付息为条件的价
值单方面的运动,是价值运动的一种特殊形式 2.理解 (1)信用不是一般的借贷行为,一种债权债务关系 (2)是以偿还和支付利息为条件 (3)只是价值单方面的转移 (4)让渡是货币资金的使用权
一、信用及产生
(二) 信用产生的前提条件
1990-2009年中国外汇储备
1990-2008年中国外汇储备
外汇储备
20000
19460.3
18000 16000
15282 10600 8189
14000
6099
12000
4032
2864
亿美元 10000
2122
1656
8000
1565
1450
6000
1399
4000
736 1050 212 516
2005年7月21日后人民币的操作
1.放弃与美元挂钩,引入参考一篮子货币 2.由1美元兑8.2765元人民币改为1美元兑
8.11元人民币,升值2% 3.银行间一篮子货币兑人民币的每日收市价,
作为翌日买卖中间价,上下波幅0.3%
温家宝总理的主张
主动性 可控性 渐进性
汇率调整新思路
以稳定国内经济为主,外贸为国内经济服 务
2.标价方法
3.分类
二、汇率的决定及影响因素 (一)汇率的决定
纸币流通条件下汇率的决定因素
(三)中国面临人民币升值的压力
1.人民币升值利益
2.人民币升值弊端
三、汇率决定理论
(二)购买力评价理论
时间:20世纪20年代 人物:瑞典经济学家卡塞尔率先提出 含义:指两国的货币比价取决于两国货币国内购
私有制、 贫富不均、 剩余产品
(三)形式:
1. 实物借贷: 以实物为标准进行的借贷活动 (局限性剩余出借,还数量质量要求)
汇率的风险由企业承担 汇率决定于外汇市场的供求 国际收支项目中只能是一个项目顺差 追求国内外经济双平衡
金融学讲义
第四章 信用的演进 第五章 信用形式
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目录
1
一、信用及产生
2
二、现代信用的形式
3
三、现代信用体系的构成
4
表现
吴敬琏总结了当前国内信用恶劣的七种表 现:
履约率低;债务人逃废债务;假冒伪劣充 斥市场,毒米毒酒事件不断;企业虚假披 露,上市圈钱行为屡见不鲜;有偿新闻、 虚假广告、虚假财务报告和“黑嘴股市分 析”满天飞;大量的银行不良贷款和盗窃 知识产权。
1$=8.7¥贬值到 1$=12¥, 中国政府向外汇市场抛7亿$,升值到1
$=8.4¥,又开始收购20亿$,稳定在1$ =8.7¥。
2.1994年1月1日人民币汇率改革
1994年1月1日,实行以市场供求为基础的,单一 的,有管理的人民币浮动汇率制度。
银行间外汇市场共有353家,按前一日外汇市场形 成的加权平均汇率,公布人民币对美元、日元、 港元、欧元的基准汇率,允许银行对美元、欧元 的买卖上下浮动0.3%,对日元和港币浮动在1%, 但外汇管制严,交易品种少,2005年5月18日起, 交易品种包括美元、日元、港币、欧元、加拿大 元、澳大利亚元、瑞士法郎、英镑
2000 111 217 194
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
年份
目前人民币汇率
2005年7月21日改革
一、外汇与汇率 (一) 外汇的含义及分类
(二)汇率的含义及分类
1.含义 汇率是外汇市场上一国货币与他国货
币之间相互交换的比率,或者说是以一国 货币表示的另一国货币的价格。又称汇价, 外汇牌价,外汇行市等。
金融学讲义(2)
李春英 副教授 北京广播电视大学财经教学部 E-Mail: Licy@ Tel: 82192061
公司
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金融学讲义
第三章 国际交往 中的货币与汇率
公司
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目录
1
一、外汇与汇率概述
2
二、汇率的决定与影响因素
3
三、汇率决定理论
4
四、人民币汇率制度及其改革
4