Analysis of differences between British English and American English in the process of translation a
如何看待性别差异英语作文
如何看待性别差异英语作文Title: Embracing Gender Differences: A Perspective of Harmony and UnderstandingIn the intricate tapestry of human existence, gender differences stand out as one of the most fascinating and complex threads. They shape our interactions, perspectives, and the way we understand the world. However, the perception of these differences often becomes clouded by societal norms, cultural biases, and personal prejudices. This essay aims to delve into the nuances of gender differences, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging, understanding, and ultimately embracing them as a path to greater harmony and mutual respect.Firstly, it is essential to recognize that gender differences are inherent and natural. They are not merely social constructs but reflect biological, psychological, and emotional distinctions that contribute to the rich diversity of human experience. For instance, men and women often exhibit different preferences in terms of communication styles, problem-solving techniques, and emotional expression. These differences are not to be seenas superior or inferior, but as complementary aspects ofthe human spectrum.However, it is also crucial to acknowledge that these inherent differences are often influenced and shaped by societal norms and cultural expectations. In many cultures, gender roles are strictly defined, limiting the potential and opportunities of both men and women. Such rigid gender norms can lead to the suppression of individuality and the stifling of creativity. Therefore, it is imperative to move away from these restrictive frameworks and embrace a more inclusive and flexible understanding of gender.Moreover, gender differences should not be used as a justification for discrimination or inequality. While acknowledging the distinctive characteristics of each gender, we must also strive for equality in all aspects of life, including education, employment, and political representation. This does not mean erasing genderdifferences but rather celebrating them while ensuring that everyone has equal opportunities to fulfill their potential. Furthermore, gender differences can serve as a bridgeto greater understanding and cooperation between the sexes.By recognizing and respecting these differences, we can learn from each other, complementing our strengths and compensating for our weaknesses. Such an approach can lead to more effective communication, deeper relationships, and ultimately, a more harmonious society.In conclusion, gender differences are a fundamental aspect of human diversity that should be celebrated and understood. By acknowledging and embracing these differences, we can move towards a society that is more inclusive, equal, and harmonious. It is only through mutual respect and understanding that we can truly appreciate the rich tapestry of human existence and create a world where everyone can thrive and flourish.In our daily lives, we should strive to be more aware of gender differences and their impact on our interactions. We should also challenge ourselves to overcome the biases and prejudices that may arise from these differences. By doing so, we can create a more open and inclusive environment where everyone feels valued and respected.Moreover, education plays a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of gender differences. It is crucial toprovide comprehensive and balanced education that covers the diverse aspects of gender, including its biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Such education should aim to foster critical thinking and an open mindset, encouraging individuals to question and challenge existing gender norms.In addition, the media and popular culture have a significant influence on our perception of gender. It is important to critically analyze the gender representations in media and popular culture, challenging the stereotypes and promoting more inclusive and realistic portrayals.Finally, it is essential to remember that gender is not a static category but a fluid and dynamic aspect of identity. As society evolves and progresses, our understanding of gender will also continue to evolve. Therefore, we must remain open to new ideas and perspectives, always seeking to deepen our understanding and appreciation of gender differences.In conclusion, gender differences are a fundamental and integral part of human diversity. By acknowledging, understanding, and embracing these differences, we cancreate a more inclusive, equal, and harmonious society where everyone can flourish and contribute to the common good. Let us strive to overcome the biases and prejudices that may arise from gender differences and embrace the rich tapestry of human existence.。
Differences of Characteristics between the British and Americans
• 4.Reticently(沉默寡言)
• English people usually not for others to see their own inner world, when their happiness are not exclaimed, when they are sad they won’t show in their faces, this characteristic in the upper society is very obvious
• 2.Conservative
• The British conservative (conservativeness) for the world to know, the British complain that their way of doing things is the best, the most reasonable. Some say, British people need 20 to 40 years to accept America's present new thing is that, although a little exaggerated, but also makes sense
• 5.Mobilized
• People who live in the United States the central plains and in the Midwest, often with a friend for dinner, driving to 120 kilometers or even 160 kilometers away, in a neighboring town.
1.Impression of Americans
A Brief Analysis on Differences between American English and British English 浅析英式英语与美式英语
浅析英式英语与美式英语的差异一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献A Brief Analysis on Differences between American Englishand British EnglishAbstractIn today’s global integration, English, as the common language in the world, plays a quite important role both in civilian communication and official communication in our daily life. Owing to the US is the overlord in this world, so American English is getting more popular. American English and British English have become the two relative important languages in English phylum. And American English has already been accepted by British people who are toplofty all the time. At the same time, the British also begin to learn and use this simplified language. Although, American English is almost the same as British English, they still have some differences. There are many different localisms of their own among many English countries and such localisms are always emerging endlessly. Sometimes, of course, misunderstandingbetween them is unavoidable. Meanwhile, the time is a treasure for people in the modern life. And the traditional British English is comparatively complicated while American English is convenient and practical, because American English seems more in accordance with the tide of history. The scholars of many big English-speaking countries such as Britain, America and Canada have been on to the trend. They have also summed up the differences between the two languages from the grammar, vocabulary and using etc.Key Words: British English; American English0. IntroductionFor the 21st century today, the world is becoming smaller and smaller as to the development of high-tech. The world transformed countries one by one into a global village from the navigation century to the high speed conveyance at present. In this huge village, there are many people with different complexion; different agnate and different tongue lived. After lengthy years, English became the primary language in this big family. And the differentiation appeared in the evolvement of English itself, it divided into British English and American English. The following article will analyze the differences of the two English phyla. 1. The history and evolvements of British English and American EnglishIt’s good to comprehend nowadays for study foretime, but the deeplyknowledge of nowadays is also the precondition of compute foretime exactly. This article will try to cast back the context of British English and American English. And in nowadays, the American English is taking the leading place of British English.1.1. The history of British EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to be dominated. The original Old English language was then influenced by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become “mixed” to some degree.Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romancelanguages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a “borrowing”language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary.1.2. The history of American EnglishAmerican English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States.English is the most common language in the United States. Though the U.S. federal government has no official language, English is considered the de facto, “in practice but not necessarily ordained by law”, language of the United States because of its widespread use. English has been given official status by 30 of the 50 state governments.The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century. During that time, there were also speakers in North America of Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Finnish, Russian (Alaska) and numerous Native American languages.1.3. The impact of American English on British EnglishWhile British English and American English belong to the same phylum, but during the three hundred years after the first group of Europeimmigrant, the two languages were going their own way. American English has developed a new method of talk, partly is due to the differences of condition of living and the other part absorbed the language of other immigrant. The chief differences between British English and American English are the intonation of talk and rhythm. And there are also many differences in vocabulary. For example, politician has a derogatory sense in American English but not in British English. In American English solicitor means salesman or beggar but it means lawyer in British English. Near the few ten years, because the development of trade, military affairs and technology has made America become more and more strong and important in the world. As to the American film is very popular, the slang in America penetrate to the Spoken English. Nowadays, people who accept the American English most quickly are the younger in British, and the tendency is improving. Obviously, the origin of American English development is the American film, TV program, media and music and so on. For example the RAP music, many young people like that and it is very popular. American English has also influenced the hidebound British English in trope. American English is more acceptable by neoteric.2. The specific differences between British English and American EnglishThe variety of English that was spoken in the USA is calledAmerican English. American English grew out of British English of the 17th century. With the further growth of the United States, American English has evolved from a “colonial branch” to a variant or national standard of English. The characteristics of American English are marked by apparent contradictions: creativeness in enriching the language versus conservativeness in preserving a number of archaic features; the use of short and poignant expressions, including slang, versus fondness of big words; homogeneity manifested by heavy borrowings from other tongues versus relative uniformity which is, in a sense, close to homogeneity; and the use of verbose style in official papers versus plain language in popular writing. These properties combine to make American English a distinctive variety of the English language.2.1. Differences in pronunciationOn a whole, the similarities between the two kinds of pronunciation are greater than the other differences. The nature of the differences in pronunciation between General American and Standard British English has been discussed by many authorities, there are many chief differences in vowel、diphthongs such as fast: |fa:st| (British English) |fest| (American English) ;want |wכnt|(British English) |want| (American English) and so on. As to consonants, in British English the letter “r”is not pronounced before a consonant; at the end of a word, r is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel such as: farm |fa:m|, door |d כ:|. The digraph “wh” ispronounced |w| in British English, but |hw| in American English. For example, when which in British English, |wen|; American English, |hwen|. Further, different phonemes may be used in the same word. This is found only with individual words. For examples: ate |et| (British English)-|eit| (American English).Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by British and American English. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. For some examples: ad'dress(British English-′address(Am erican English), advertisement (British English)-adver′tisement (Am erican English).Finally, intonation differences, As for the major differences in intonation between British English and American English, some observers report that, to their ears, Englishmen cover a wider range of tone in speaking and carry it higher than Americans, while Americans pitch their voices within a very narrow range and they are in the habit of speaking drawlingly and clearly, that is, Americans speak flatter, slower, and clearer than Englishmen. Statistics tell us that the rate of utterance for average Englishmen is 220 syllables per minute, while that for ordinary Americans is 150-175 syllables. That’s why, to most people, spoken American English seems easier to understand than spoken British English.2.2. Differences in V ocabularyThe differences between British and American English in vocabularycan be grouped into the following three types:1). Words without counterparts:When the English colonists settled in America, they made and borrowed a lot of words and expressions to name the plants, animals, features of landscape and life new to them. These words together with those coming into existence later, esp. since independence, constitute a part of the vocabulary of American English which has no counterpart in British English. Some typical examples are: foothill, gap, bayou, canyon, hickory, logroll, electoral, college, lynch, New Deal, wetback, drive-in, rock-and-roll, etc.2). A same word has different meanings:For the sake of convenience of expressions, the early settlers in America often gave an existing word a new meaning. Further, some meanings of words have become obsolete in Britain, but survived in America. Moreover, a group of words simply changed their meanings in the USA. All these combined to account for the fact that quite a number of same words have different meanings on both sides of the Atlantic. The following examples may be used to illustrate the point: The word “lumber”, which originally meant “disused goods” in Britain, was given the new sense of “timber”; the word“mad”was used in the sense of “angry”in Shakespeare time, later this sense became obsolete and acquired the meaning of “insane” in Britain, but Americans continue touse the word in the old sense; the numeral “billion” means “a million millions” in British English, but Americans have changed it to mean “a thousand million” in the United States. The Americans have also changed the meaning of “bill, enjoin, guy, pressman, veteran, table,” so these words have different meanings in the two countries.3).The same ideas or objects expressed by different words. The most noticeable difference in vocabulary is that the British and Americans use different words to express the same idea or object. This difference covers a very wide range of vocabulary. Here are only some examples: The British English words, “trousers, biscuit, flat, cupboard” are respectively equal to the American English words: “pants, cracker, apartment, closet”.2.3. Differences in spellingGenerally speaking, the differences in spelling between American and British English were brought about by two factors:1). The English which the colonists brought to the new continent allowed great variation in spelling, sometimes the variant which became standardized in America was different from that used in England;2). Noah Webster and eminent persons like Benjamin Franklin proposed numerous reforms on spelling among which some were generally accepted and became the forms peculiar to American English. The American and British systems are essentially the same, except that, as the following differences show, the American variant is simpler than itsEnglish counterpart: our-or, colour-color; ou-o, mould-mold; re-er centre-center; gue-g, dialogue-dialog and so on. There are also some special cases such as cheque-check, cigarette-cigarette and storey-story.All in all, the British and American spelling systems are essentially the same except that the American spelling has some simplified way. Nowadays hundreds of American spellings have won acceptance in British English.2.4. Differences in grammarOn the whole, American and British English use the same grammar system. There are few differences in number and trifling in nature. The following are some main divergences:(1).On the verb phrase，American English prefers to “have got” for possession (Do you have the time? Vs Have you got the time?); answers also tend to vary (I don’t Vs I haven’t); Am erican English prefers such forms and there are some special past tense forms; American English also sometimes uses a simple past tense while British English use a present perfect (I just ate Vs I’ve just eaten).(2) In the noun phrase there are some differences in word order (e.g. Hudson River Vs River Thames, a half hour Vs half an hour) and the use of article “the” (in the future Vs in future, in the hospital Vs in hospital); American English prefers collective nouns in the singular (the government is), whereas British English allows plural also (thegovernment are).(3).Clausal patterns sometimes differ, as in American English (come take a look Vs come and take); American English also makes more use of the subjective, as in (I asked that he go Vs I asked him to go) and prefers were to was in such sentences as I wish she were here.(4).Several differences are existed in prepositions and adverbs for example, American English (It’s twenty of four Vs it’s twenty to four). 3. There are also some differences between American English and British English in practical application.3.1. Differences in letterThere are some differences in letter communication between the two languages. It is a comma after the form of address and underwrote yours faithfully in British English, but it is a semicolon and ended by truly yours in American English.3.2. Divergence in intercommunionThe difference of intercommunion is usually found in the international travel. The traveler and businessmen always make many mistakes and jokes because of the differences of vocabulary and usage. In addition, there is also little difference when people make phones.3.3. Differences in lingoEvery vocation has a different universal term for communication such as the type of equipment, and people must abide by the bylaw,method, terms. It will make lots of mistakes if people don’t know about the differences.4. The status and future of the English languageEnglish language is one of the most widespread languages in the world. The count of English speaker is just less than the Chinese mandarin speaker. In 1970s, there were 280,000,000 person used English as the native language. In addition, there were 120,000,000 person used English as the second language. Nowadays the count is getting to exceed the actual count. The count of people use English as a foreign language is increasing day by day, so we still have no statistic. People regard English as a second language means English is an official language for the government deal with daily civil service. At the same time it is also a language for studying and teaching every day. People regard English as a foreign language in order to communicate well in politics interlocution, commerce, economic cooperation and culture communication people regard English as a foreign language. And regard English as foreign language to deal with scientific research, trade, tour, enjoy literature and invention and so on. At the same time, owing to the state of America is getting stronger and stronger than Great Britain in the world, and together with the American English use conveniently and the grammar is easy to understand. For the popular trend at the present, American English has the possibility to replace the British English. For example, Germany,France, Switzerland, Japan and other countries use English as a foreign language. Teaching in schools mainly use American English, but in China, in order to achieve socialist modernization and to accelerate the integration of the advanced western countries, China also regard English as a foreign language to use and learn. We Chinese still use British English in school, but in the wave of study abroad as well as the e-commerce development, American English has a noticeable development situation in China. Meanwhile, there are Britain, America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand etc. regard English as the first language, most of these countries (except UK) started to learn and use the simpler American English. According to the statistics, there are 1/2 of newspapers, 3/4 of mails and 3/5 of newscasts that take use of English. In which part of the e-mail messages of mails, the usage of American English increased gradually and it possesses the dominant position. It shows that the uselessness value of American English is constantly increasing.5. ConclusionFrom above mentioned we know the differences between British and American English are noticeable in regard to pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, grammar and so on. But we can not take the differences too far, as to the two varieties of English share the basic structure, the basic word stock, grammar and phonetic system. For a non-native learner, it is betterto be receptive to both varieties, know the differences, and be able to communicate with either American or the British. It is good for us to know and command the points and rules of British and American English differences. It will help us to study English and communicate well in English.Bibliography:[1]Albert C Baugh and Thomas Cable, a History of the English Language, Rutledge, 1993.[2]崔更国，英国英语和美国英语语言用法上的不同，石家庄铁路工程职业技术学院，2004.6，第3期。
Differences Between British English and American English
Differences Between British English andAmerican EnglishABSTRACTNowadays English has been developing into a global language. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique cultures possessed by the British and American countries. This paper mainly focuses on analyzing the differences between British English and American English in sound, shape and meaning and analyses the reasons that cause these differences. All in all, since English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language. Some suggestions are also given in the paper.[Key Words]British English; American English; Differences; Development tendency.摘要英语现在已经发展成一个在全球范围内使用最广泛的语言。
英语作为英美文化信息的载体和表现形式，深深地烙上了英美独有的文化印记.本文着重分析英式英语和美式英语在音、形、意三个方面的差异及它们存在这些差异的原因。
英美差异浅析
The other on the American continent American has just started as a complete stranger came to a new continent. They need to take risks. If there is no spirit of adventure, they will not be able to survive, let alone development.
Culture:life style—diet
British foodAmerican food
Thanks For Your Appreciation !
American food does not pay attention to fine but convenient, and also not costly, more popular. Three meals a day are more casual. For the fast pace of life,Americans love most is junk food.
Differences between Britain and America
Britain and America is the two powers in the world today in society.The two countries have extremely similar in many places So similar to the two countries, but also with those obvious differences? I will discuss from the following points with you
差异分析 的英文作文
差异分析的英文作文英文：Differential analysis is a statistical method used to compare the differences between two or more groups. It is widely used in various fields, such as medicine, biology, and social sciences. The purpose of differential analysisis to identify the factors that cause the differences between groups and to determine whether these differences are significant.To perform differential analysis, one needs to collect data from each group and then compare the data using statistical methods. The most commonly used statistical methods for differential analysis are t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis. These methods can help identify the factors that contribute to the differences between groups and determine whether the differences are significant.For example, suppose we want to compare the test scoresof two groups of students, one group who received tutoring and one group who did not. We can collect data on the test scores of each group and then perform a t-test to determine whether the difference in scores between the two groups is significant. If the t-test shows that the difference is significant, we can conclude that tutoring has asignificant effect on test scores.In conclusion, differential analysis is a powerful tool for identifying the factors that contribute to differences between groups. By using statistical methods to compare data, we can determine whether these differences are significant and draw conclusions about the factors that contribute to them.中文：差异分析是一种统计方法，用于比较两个或更多组之间的差异。
AnalysisofBritishandAmericanEnglish
AnalysisofBritishandAmericanEnglishBritish and American English1. English as a Language of Worldwide Use2. British and American English2.1 Why British English differs from American English2.2 Historical Background of American English3. Differences between British English and American English3.1 Differences in Individual Sounds3.2 Differences in Stress3.3 Differences in Spelling3.4 Differences in V ocabulary3.5 Differences in Grammar4. British and American English in the Future1. English as a Language of Worldwide UseEnglish is one of the most important languages in the world. It is very important because of its worldwide use. Users of English today include three major groups of people. An estimate by J. Donald Bowen suggests that about 400 million people speak English as their native language in the United States, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the West Indies and South Africa. Large numbers of people in the world speak and write English as a foreign language for the purpose of science, technology, and international communication. In fact, no language is more widely studied or used as a foreign language than English. The desire to learn English is immense now and apparently insatiable not only in other countries, but also in China.English is also one of the ‘working’ languages of the United Nations. It has become a universal language ofinternational communication. Of course, English is not the only important international language. Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Portuguese, German, French, Italian and Japanese have assumed greater international importance than ever before.2. British and American EnglishEnglish has a history of about six hundred years, developing from a local language spoken by a small number of people in English (in the year about 1400) to its present position as a very important language spoken by large numbers of people in the world. Since the seventeenth century, the time of American colonization, English has been the language of the United States. Under the influence of geography, history, culture and social customs, English has had a tendency to be divided into two varieties: one is called British English, which is used in the British Isles, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and West Indies; the other is called American English, which is used mainly in the United States and Canada. It is evident; therefore, that there is no superiority or inferiority as regards British and American English.There are two reasons why American English differs from British English. Firstly, British English itself changed in the course of time. That is why Chaucer’sEnglish is different from Shakespeare’s English, and why Shakespeare’s English is different from contemporary English. Take the following English words borrowed from Latin and Greek for example. Such words as apparatus, complex, focus, maximum, etc. appeared in English only after the year 1600. In the past fifty years British English has adopted a great number of words that originated in American English. Words like cafeteria, highlight, hotrod, etc. are examples.Secondly, American English has acquired a character of itsown. It reflects the growth, development and history of American society. In the earliest period a number of words denoting places, plants, animals, tools, and customs which existed in America were added to the English language. Such as hickory, moose tomahawk, etc. These words belong to American English and were borrowed from American languages.After the American independence a number of words related to institutions appeared, such as assembly, congress, president, etc. There are also great numbers of terms coined through invention, innovation, and originality. The term harmonica is a good example. Other examples are: advocate, reliable, telegram, etc.2.2 Historical Background of American EnglishAmerican English began in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century the English language was brought to North America by colonists from England. The development of the English language in America can be separated into three periods.：The first period extends from the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 to the end of colonial times. In this period the population in America numbered about four million, 90 percent of whom came from Britain. The second period covers the expansion of the original thirteen colonies. This period was marked by the arrival of the new immigrants from Ireland and Germany. The third period, the period since the civil war, is marked by an important change in the source from which the European immigrants came. In this period the immigrants from northern and southern Europe and the Slavic countries that is, from Norway, Sweden, Italy, etc. came to America in large numbers.Since the rise of the United States to a position of worldimportance, AmericanEnglish has been developing and changing. There is no doubt that American English will enrich the English language greatly. With the rapid development of modern mass media and the common needs of economic, cultural and political exchanges, American English will be more widely used in the world than British English.3. Differences between British English and American EnglishGrammatical differences between British and American English are few. The more noticeable differences are phonetic and especially lexical. It doesn’t seem likely that distinctions between British English and American English will become more extensive. On the contrary, as the modes of communication have improved, the tendency is towards uniformity and better understanding between the people of the two countries.3.1 Differences in Individual Sounds(1) Americans prefer to use fiat \a\, similar to /?/, in words path, grass, answer, etc. against the broad a currently used by Englishmen.(2) Americans retain the \r\ at the end of words car, etc. or before consonants as in hard, etc. ; in British English the \r\ is not pronounced, as in teacher /’ti:t??/.(3) Words in a stressed syllable spelled with a letter o followed by a single explosive consonant, such as dog, not, stop are pronounced by British speakers with a rounded and short vowel /?/, whereas in America, people use\a\ with no rounding of lips.(4) Words beginning with wh in which, when, why, etc. are pronounced differently in British and American English, e.g.[BrE] [AmE]which /w?t?/ \’which, ‘wich\when /wen/ \’hwen, ‘wen\why /wa?/ \’hwi, ‘wi\(5) the letter a in consonant combinations aft, ask, ass, ath, alf and ance is pronounced as/ɑ:/ in Bri tish English, whereas a is pronounced as \a\ in American English.[BrE] [AmE]dance /dɑ:ns / \‘dan(t)s\fast /fɑ:st / \‘fast\ask /ɑ:sk/ \?sk\(6) Diphthongs in British English are replaced by long vowels in AmericanEnglish./e?/ by \e\ /??/ by \i\[BrE] [AmE]gave /ɡe?v/ \’ɡav\parent /’pe?r?nt/ \’per-?nt\hero /’h??r?u/ \’hir-(,)o\(7) In British English four-syllabled words ending in –ary or –ery are pronounced as three syllables.[BrE] [AmE]cemetery /sem?tr?/ \’se-m?,ter-e\ordinary /’ ?:d?nr?/ \’or-d?,ner-e\secretary /'sekr?tr?/ \?se-kr?-?t?ri-e(8) /?/ in British English is pronounced as \?\ in American English.[BrE] [AmE]cup /k?p / \’k?p\dull /d?l/ \’d?l\one /w?n / \’w?n\(9) note the striking differences in pronunciation of certain words as lieutenant, schedule, etc.[BrE] [AmE]clerk /klɑ:k/ \’kl?rk\tomato /t??mɑ:t?u/ \t??meto\vase /vɑ:z/ \’vɑz\3.2 Differences in Stress(1) Pronunciation of longer words:British English tends to stress strongly one syllable, usually the first and hurries over the rest of the word. American English tends to put the stress on the first syllable but also to put a secondary stress on the latter syllable and pronounces the remaining syllables more distinctly.[BrE] [AmE]decorative /’dek?r?t?v/ \’de-k(?-) r?tiv\dictionary /?d?k??nri/ \?d?kn?ri\factory /’f?kt?r?/ \’fak-t(?-)ri\(2) Different stresses on the same words:[BrE] [AmE]adult /’?d?lt,?’d?lt / \?-‘d?lt, ‘a-,d?lt\necessarily /?nes??ser?li/ \?n?s??s?r?li, -?s?r-\ordinary /'?:dnr?/ \??rdn??ri\3.3 Differences in SpellingAmerican spelling differs in small sides from British spelling. Let us make a comparison between them.[BrE] [AmE](1)-our, colour color-or; honour honor(2) -ize(-ise), centralize(-se) centralize-ize; civilize(-se) civilize(3) -re, calibre caliber-er; centre center(4) –ae(-oe), anaemia anemia-e; manoeuvre maneuver(5) –ou, smoulder smolder-o;–au, staunch stanch-a;(6) –ce, defence defense-se; licence license(7) –xion, connexion connection-ction; reflexion reflection(8) –c, sceptic skeptic-k;(9) –ll, councillor councilor-l; traveler traveler(10) –y, pyjamas pajamas-i(-a); tyre tire(11) –en, endorse indorse-in; enquire inquire(12) the treatment of the endings of the foreign words: [BrE] [AmE]catalogue catalog, cataloguedialogue dialogue,dialog(13) Other differences in spelling:[BrE] [AmE]gaol graygrey gray3.4 Differences in VocabularyDue to the differences in the population structure, physicalenvironment, social and economic conditions, American English has diverged somewhat from British English. In American English there are three types of vocabulary.[1] The general vocabulary:The general vocabulary comprises the great majority of word stock which is exactly the same in both British and American English: cold, fish, hot, man, moon,sky, and many others.[2] Survivals (Vestiges) of British EnglishIt can be found that there are some archaic features in the American vocabulary.Eg: To collide, which was archaic in British English, is used in American English, and then returns to British usage.Mad for angry, mad is a survival of the thirteen century English.[3] The American word stock:Conservation and innovation are two major features of American English. On the one hand, American English has preserved certain older features of the language which have disappeared from British English. A number of survivals of British English mentioned above represent conservation of the American vocabulary. On the other hand, American English is imbued with the frontier spirit, ingenuity, vividness and casualness. American English demonstrates a fondness for compound and derivative formations.According to its structures American word stock covers the following respects:(1)Words formed by compounding:copperheadcottonwoodThere are many new words formed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes tosingle word.1)prefixes:anti- anti-secessionsuper- superstarde- debugsemi- semi-manual2)suffixes:-ette usherette-ee selectee-ster or –eer rocketeer-ite socialite-itis radioitis-er bra-burner-ist, -ician, -or beautician-ize Americanize(3) Words formed by conversion:1) Noun into verbs: interview-----to interview2) Verbs into nouns: to ride------ride3) adj. into verbs: warm(warm milk) --------to warm (to warm the milk)4) Verbs/Adverbs combinations into nouns: to check up-------checkup(4) Words formed by clipping: auto (automobile)(5) Words formed by blending: citrange (citron orange)(6) Acronyms: ASCAP(7) Words created by back-formation: communication---------communicaterockathon(rock marathon)----------on the analogy marathon(9) Words created by reduplication: helter-skelter(10) Mouth-filling words or big words: gobbledygook(11) Borrowings from American Indians: hooch(12) borrowed words from foreign languages: bonanza (from Spanish)(13) The same word with the different meanings:billion---------1,000, 000,000,000[BrE]----------1,000,000,000[AmE](14) Different words with the same meaning:flat [BrE],apartment [AmE](15) American idioms: to come to blows (to begin to fight)to go to it (to go to ahead; to proceed)(16) American slang: to make it (to succeed)A few examples are listed below so as to explain different uses of words inBritish and American English.1) airplane crash[AmE]----------air crash[BrE]2) call [AmE]----------phone [BrE]3) mail [AmE]--------letter [BrE]3.5 Differences in GrammarGrammatical differences between British and American English are few and trivial.In British English the verb get has its past participle got, while American English speakers always use gotten as its past participle, e.g.I wish I could have gotten here sooner.[AmE]I wish I could have got here sooner.[BrE]How many brothers do you have?[AmE]How many brothers have you?[BrE]4. British and American English in the FutureWhat will be the future tendency in the development of British English and American English?Our reply is that British English and American English will be two major varieties of the English language in the future, that is to say, British English and American English will be one language, not two different languages. British English and American English will be two major varieties of one language because of the similarities of the basic word stock, the basic grammar and the basic phonetic system, and because of the rapid development of modern science, technology, mass media, and constant cultural and economic exchanges between these two nations.。
对中西方婚礼文化差异的看法英语作文
对中西方婚礼文化差异的看法英语作文English:In terms of differences between Chinese and Western wedding cultures, there are several notable distinctions. A key aspect is the concept of the wedding ceremony itself - in Western culture, the focus is often on the couple exchanging vows and rings in a church setting, whereas in Chinese culture, the emphasis is on elaborate traditions and rituals that symbolize family values and respect for ancestors. Additionally, the role of family and guests differs significantly between the two cultures. In Western weddings, the emphasis is on the couple and their love, with an emphasis on personal expression and individuality. On the other hand, Chinese weddings are often seen as a union not just between two individuals, but between two families, with an emphasis on honoring and respecting one's elders. The attire worn by the bride and groom also differs - Western brides typically wear white gowns symbolizing purity and innocence, while Chinese brides often opt for vibrant red dresses symbolizing luck and happiness. Furthermore, the overall atmosphere of the two types of weddings can also vary greatly - Western weddings tend to be more intimate and emotional, whileChinese weddings are often grand and festive celebrations involving many guests and elaborate banquets. Despite these differences, both Chinese and Western wedding cultures share a common goal of celebrating love and commitment between two people.中文翻译：就中西方婚礼文化差异而言，有几个显著的不同之处。
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Analysis of differences between British English and American English in the process of translation andinterpretationAbstract： As an official language in almost 60 sovereign states， English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom， the United States， Canada， Australia， Ireland， New Zealand as well as some districts of the Caribbean， Africa and South Asia. With the speeding up in the process of globalization， English plays an increasingly essential role in Economics and Politics. As a consequence， the occupation of interpreting and translating springs up in the modern society， especially in thosenon-English-speaking countries. It is critical for both interpreters and translators to accurately distinguish differences between British and American English to avoid hybrid English which may lead to unnecessary misunderstanding. This paper attempts to analyze differences in two aspects： pronunciations and vocabulary that interpreters are supposed to focus while they are converting source language into target one.Introduction： American English originates from English of Elizabeth time with its history closely linked with American migrant history. Settlers who speak English firstly arrived in North America in the period of 17th century. Gradually， American English has beenintegrated with the languages of West Africa， the Native American population， German， Dutch， Irish， Spanish and the other languages belonging to immigrants in America. Since then American English forms its own characteristics which can be vividly distinguished from British English both in vocabulary and pronunciations. At present， integration of culture， economy and politics saturate the world， bringing English to the international platform. In this way， English interpreters and translators shoulder more obligations to transform the language accurately when confronted with different target audience in different countries， avoiding ambiguity as well as hybrid English.1.Differences in Meaning1.1Homonyms.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling， they are complete homonyms. It is common between American English and British English being endowed with different meanings in one word.Taking the phrase 'public school' for instance， it stands for the school founded by governments in America. Whereas， in Britain，individuals view it as a private school sponsored by entrepreneurs，private organizations etc. It is crucial for interpreters to search more background information of the speaker or the writer. After identifying， interpreter is supposed to distinguish accuratelybetween American and British English. Otherwise，interpretation would become devastating. Yet another， the phrase 'wash up' means washing some tableware like plates， forks， bowls and so on in Britain. By contrast， Americans always use this phrase with the meaning of taking a shower. In this way， it would be awkward if the interpreter translates this phrase as washing one's body while doing the interpreting for a British individual.In American and British English， many words and phrases can be understood in the same way. While， they still have some additional meanings in the same word apart from the common explanation. It is widely acknowledged in America and the UK that the word 'ship' represents a vessel that carries passengers or freight， hiring for work on a ship. Apart from these meanings，it can stand for sea transportation in Britain instead of transportation in any forms in the US.1.2Synonymy.Synonymy refers to different words in American and British English being used to designate the same meaning. Interpreters should enlarge their vocabulary to store more words with the same meaning used in different countries. For instance，in the UK 'taxi' is widely used to describe one sort of public transport， a car driven by a person whose job is to take people where they want to go in return for money； whereas， in the US 'cab'is used for the same meaning. As to the major road， 'motorway' is used in Britain； however American prefer to use 'expressway' and 'freeway' while describing the major road. Here are some more examples in this table below.MeaningAmerican EnglishBritish Englisha person who has received a degree from a school alumnusgraduatea loose of piece of clothing made of the same material as towels bathrobedressing gowna mark indicating that something has been noted or completedcheckticka very small room for storing thingsclosetcupboarda tall plant which produces long vegetables covered with yellow seedscornmaizeA dish served as the last course of a mealdessertsweetThe main meal of a day， usually served in the early part of the eveningdinnerteaA method of buying an article by making regular payments for it over several months or yearsInstallment planHire purchase The street where most of stores are Main streetHigh street Transportation of people by means of buses， trains， or other vehicles running on fixed routesMass transitPublic transport 2.Differences in spellingSimplification in spelling is one of the characteristics of American English， which can reflect Americans' modernized lifestyle and ways of work with great convenience and efficiency. While， as to the spelling in British English， it would be more complicated. Translators should pay more attention to the spelling differences targeting to readers with different nationalities. In America， individuals normally use 'catalog' instead of 'catalogue'. This shows that the last two letters 'u' and 'e' are emitted in American English. In British English， words ended up with '-ogue' is normally transformed into 'og' in American English. A large number of words with double letters 'l' or double 't' in British English can be found in American English with one letter emitted，such as， wollen and woolen， jewellery and jewelery， omelette and omelet， cigarette and cigarete， toilette and toilete etc. Nevertheless， the word installation is the exception， instalment is common in the UK； whereas installment is used in America. Words ended up with 'our' in Britain occur to be 'or' in the end in America，such as， colour and color， labour and labor， flavour and flavor etc.Another differences in spelling can be seen in several letters differences in one word， for example some words end up with 'er' in Britain； whereas they end up with 're' in America， like， centreand center， metre and meter， theatre and theater. Those words start with 'en' occur to have 'in' at the beginning in American English，such as， enquire and inquire， endorse and indorse， enclose and inclose. Some words normally end up with 'xion' in the UK； whereas，'ction' can be found in America， such as complexion and complection，reflexion and reflection etc.3.Differences in pronunciationIt is critical for interpreters to differentiate the phonic differences between American English and British English to avoid any incomprehensible mistakes while interpreting for a speaker with accent. Compared with British English， American English sounds more mellow and clearer for the reason that some ellipses can be heard in British English； whereas Americans pronounce every syllable clearly. For example， the word 'dictionary' has the vowel 'd'，British usually weaken the sound of this vowel. By contrast，Americans prefer to pronounce it clearly. As to the letter 'r'，it is pronounced by Americans rather than in Britain， such as 'car'，'girl'， 'flower'， 'floor' etc. British only pronounce 'r' when it is used as a vowel. In America， the letters 't' and 'd' will be pronounced as the voiced consonant [d] if either of the two is between vowels. Thus， 'writer' pronounced as [raider] sounds the same as 'rider'[raider]. In contrast， British always pronounce'write' as [rait]. Under this circumstance， interpreters should pay more attention to these phonic ambiguities within the context to ensure the quality of interpretation.Conclusion： Mark Twain once said， 'English and American are separate languages，… when I speak my native tongue in its utmost purity an Englishman can't understand me at all.' Although American English shares the same root with British English， differences in meaning， spelling， as well as pronunciation exist between the two language. Interpreters， as the bridge between different languages，play a significant role in transmitting culture and thoughts. So，it is beneficial for interpreters enhancing their basic knowledge to differentiate American and English accurately in all aspects. With the evolvement of the global community， more differences will occur between the two languages， which motivates all English learners especially English translators and interpreters to explore more in the unknown field in the future.References：[1]James Calvert Scott. 2004. American and British Business - related Spelling Differences[2]张鑫友. 新编简明英语语言学教程.2004. 武汉：华中师范大学出版社[3]彭明英. 英式英语与美式英语的区别.2007. 湖南农业大学学报[4]陆国强. 现代英语词汇学.1996. 上海：外语教育出版社[5]吴丁敏. 议美式英语于英式英语发音区别.2014. 语文学刊（外语教育教学）希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：1、生气，就是拿别人的过错来惩罚自己。