GMAT阅读篇完整答案大全
GMAT阅读理解练习题一篇(附答案)
GMAT阅读理解练习题一篇(附答案)大家在备考gmat阅读考试的时候，需要准备的复习材料很多，对于计划参加gmat 考试的人来说，要想在gmat阅读考试中获取好的成绩，做适量的练习是必须的，下面就通过解答下面的gmat阅读练习材料来总结一些解题方法吧。
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up (team up: v.(使)结成一队, 合作, 协作) to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minoritiesbeing set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing use d to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies(B) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement(E) explore the implications of a finding2. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?(A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to find minority subcontractors?(C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972?(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended?3. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionallyhad to labor (to suffer fro m some disadvantage or distress “labor under a delusion”) is that they have(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors(C) not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations(D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers(E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts5. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should(A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding(B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation(C) try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns(E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are(A) more popular with large corporations(B) more specific(C) less controversial(D) less expensive to enforce(E) easier to comply with7. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.(D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.8. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work withminority-owned subcontractors in the near future.(B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.(E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion that used to plague small minority-owned businesses.参考答案：BECA CBEC。
GMAT考试阅读模拟试题及答案参考.doc
2017年GMAT考试阅读模拟试题及答案参考在备考GMAT阅读时，考生如果能够掌握一些基本试题及解题技巧，将非常有利于GMAT考试高分的达成。
这不，精品学习网出国频道为大家呈现了2017年GMAT考试阅读模拟试题及答案，让我们一起分享下吧~2017年GMAT考试阅读模拟试题及答案参考In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of la bor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group (ethnic group: n.同种同文化之民族). Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary” institutions based on impersonal relatio nships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories (depository: n.存放处) for dues (due: n. [复]应付款) collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks madelimited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.1. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be part of a self-help network?(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt(C) The entrepreneur’s religio us leader(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor(E) The entrepreneur’s banker2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as such networks are described in the passage?(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of itsopen-enrollment adult education program.(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to establish their own businesses.(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job (on-the-job: adj.在职的) training for its members and their friends.(E) A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification ina variety of technical trades.3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’s would have been unlikely to rely on them.(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for investment capital.4. The passage best supports which of the following statements?(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business.(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization.(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of their founders.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument.(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions.(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned business is established, self-help networks contribute which of the following to that business?(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely to do which of the following?(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples of business enterprises(C) Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan associations mentioned in the last paragraph?(A) They were started by third- or fourth-generation immigrants.(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related groups.(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with construction.(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers.(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic groups.参考答案：EDBC BDAD此外，为大家分享两种GMAT阅读技巧：一.TS的寻找方式1.套路结构法：A.现象解释型文章：文章开始给出现象，之后必定有解释，TS在解释给出处。
gmat阅读实战习题集part4
（Part 4）——SWU出品目录目录 (2)PASSAGE 1（国内战后妇女研究） (3)PASSAGE 2（环境退化导致鲑鱼数量下降） (4)PASSAGE 3（妇女选举问题） (6)PASSAGE 4（专利注册） (8)答案与解析 (11)PASSAGE 1（国内战后妇女研究）The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil War) political history and women’s history use separate sources and focus on separate issues. Political historians, examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians’writings, focus on the emergence in the 1840’s of a new “American political nation,” and since women were neither discus sion. Women’s historians, mean while, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal records associations to illuminate women’s domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman’s rights movement.However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period. For example, in the presidential election campaigns of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s women by inviting them to rallies and speeches. According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the party’s rallies gathered information that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. Virginia Democrats, in response, began to make similar appeals to women as well. By the mid-1850’s the inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become common such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.1. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is toA.examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to womenB.tr ace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rightsmovementC.point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical periodD.discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political partiesE.contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquirymost underestimated extent and significance.2. According to the second paragraph of the passage, Whig propaganda included the assertion thatA.women should enjoy more political rights than they didB.women were the most important influences on political attitudes within afamilyC.women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral valueswomen’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s votingbehaviorD.women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standin g of theparty3. According to the passage, which of the following was true of VirginiaDemocrats in the mid-1850’s?A.They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.B.They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politic s hadled to the Whigs’ success in many elections.C.They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in partypolitics.D.They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’srights movement.E.They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to in clude women in the rituals of partypolitics.4. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding most historians of the antebellum period?A.They have failed to adequately contrast the differing roles that womenplayed in the Democratic and Whig parties in the 1850’s.B.They have failed to see that political propaganda advocating women’spolitical involvement did not reflect the reality of women’s actual roles.C.They have incorrectly assumed that wom en’s party loyalty played asmall role in Whig and Democratic party politics.D.They have misinterpreted descriptions of women’s involvement in partypolitics in records of female associations and women’s personal papers.E.They have overlooked the role that women’s political activities played inthe woman’s rights movement.PASSAGE 2（环境退化导致鲑鱼数量下降）Over the last 150 years, large stretches of salmon habitat have been eliminated by human activity: mining, livestock grazing, timber harvesting, and agriculture as well as recreational and urban development. The numerical effect is obvious: there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine ones; however, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. This is most evident in cases where it results in the extinction of entire salmon populations. Indeed, most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations.Although some rivers have been recolonized, the unique genes of the original populations have been lost. Large-scale disturbances in one locale also have the potentiall to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas, even if those areas have pristine habitats. Why? Although the hominginstinct of salmon to their natal stream is strong, a fraction of the fish returning from the sea (rarely more than 15 percent) stray and spawn in nearby streams. Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear. Yet high rates of straying can be problematic because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted. Straying rates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance. The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens, for example, sent mud and debris into several tributaries of the Columbia River. For the next couple of years, steelhead trout (a species included among the salmonid) returning from the sea to spawn were forced to find alternative streams. As a consequence, their rates of straying, initially 16 percent, rose to more than 40 percent overall.Although no one has quantified changes in the rate of straying as a result of the disturbances caused by humans, there is no reason to suspect that the effect would be qualitatively different than what was seen in the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption. Such a dramatic increase in straying from damaged areas to more pristine streams results in substantial gene flow, which can in turn lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations.1. The primary purpose of the passage is toA.argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certainsalmon populations and suggest an alternativeB.correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon inresponse to environmental degradation caused by human activitypare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with theeffects of natural disturbances on salmon populationsD.differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmonhabitatsE.describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmonpopulations that extend beyond a numerical reduction2. It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by whichA.pristine streams that are near polluted streams become pollutedthemselvesB.the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population canbe preserved without dilutionC.the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to thenumber in polluted streamsD.an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by newsalmon populations should the stream recover3. According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?A.An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously pollutedriversB. A decline in the number of salmon in some riversC.A decrease in the number straying salmon in some riversD.A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn inpolluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streamsE. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effectsof naturally occurring habitat destruction4. The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” most likely in order toA.provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of riverswhose indigenous salmon population has become extinctB.indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by humanactivity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmonpopulations elsewhere provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmonpopulations should be measuredC.show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severeenvironmental degradation of their natal streamsD.show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally lowexcept when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbancePASSAGE 3（妇女选举问题）Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities.However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage.Forexample, why was women’s suffrage, instituted nationally in the Unit ed States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970’s? Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization : only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920. However, urbanization cannot fully explain women’s suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage.Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did. It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacte women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons. However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.1. The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?A.These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that mayhave contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.B.These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were ruralcantons.C.These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such assimilar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.D.The populations of these cantons shared similar views becauseurbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.E.These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states inthe United States in their stance toward the implementation ofwomen’s suffrag e.2 .The primary purpose of the passage is toA.contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrageB.demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to theimplementation of women’s suffrageC.discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation ofwomen’s suffrageD.clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about theimplementation of women’s suffrageE.explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to theimplementa tion of women’s suffrage3 .The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?A.A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrialworkers lived in urban areas.B.There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland thanthere were in the United States.C.Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed inindustry than were American workers living in urban areas.D.Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in theUnited States to have strong leftist parties.E. A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swisspopulation lived in urban areas.PASSAGE 4（专利注册）The system of patent-granting, which confers temporary monopolies for the exploitation of new technologies, was originally established as an incentive to the pursuit of risky new ideas. Yet studies of the most patent-conscious business of all—the semiconductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable proxy for innovation) did not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures. Moreover, Ziedonis and Hall found that as patenting ac tivity at semiconductor firms increased in the 1980’s, the consensus among industry employees was that the average quality of their firms’ patents declined. Though patent quality is a difficult notion to measure, the number of times a patent is cited in the technical literature is a reasonable yardstick, and citations per semiconductor patent did decline during the 1980’s. This decline in quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process: rather than patenting to win exclusive rights to a valuable new technology, patents were filed more for strategic purposes, to be used as bargaining chips to ward off infringement suites or as a means to block competitors’ products.1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussingA. a study suggesting that the semiconductor industry’s approach to patenting during the period from 1982 to 1992 yielded unanticipated resultsB. a study of the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 that advocates certain changes in the industr y’s management of the patenting processC. the connection between patenting and innovation in the semiconductorindustry during the period from 1982 to 1992D. reasons that investment in research and development in the semiconductorindustry did not increase significantly during the period from 1982 to 1992 E. certain factors that made the period from 1982 to 1992 a time of intense patenting activity in the semiconductor industry2. The passage suggests which of the following about patenting in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 ?A. The declining number of citations per semiconductor patent in the technical literature undermines the notion that patenting activity increased during this period.B.A decline in patent quality forced firms to change the way they managed the patenting process.C. Increased efficiencies allowed firms to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures.D. Firms’ emphasis on filing patents for strategic p urposes may have contributed to a decline in patent quality.E. Firms’ attempts to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures may have contributed to a decline in infringement suites.3. The passage makes which of the following claims about patent quality in the semiconductor industry?A. It was higher in the early 1980’s than it was a decade later.B. It is largely independent of the number of patents granted.C. It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were linked to changes in research and development expenditures.D. It is not adequately discussed in the industry’s technical literature.E. It was measured by inappropriate means during the period from 1982 to 1992.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly serve to weaken the author’s claim about what constitutes a reasonable yardstick for measuring patent quality?A. It is more difficult to have an article accepted for publication in the technical literature of the semiconductor industry than it is in the technical literature of most other industriesB. Many of the highest-quality semiconductor patents are cited numerous times in the technical literatureC. It is difficult for someone not familiar with the technical literature to recognize what constitutes an innovative semiconductor patentD. There were more citations made per semiconductor patent in the technical literature in the 1970’s than in the 1980’sE. Low-quality patents tend to be discussed in the technical literature as frequently as high-quality patents.答案与解析Passage11-4：CEEC庖丁解牛：战前政治历史和妇女历史课题采用不同资源专注不同事件。
2022年10-11月GMAT阅读真题(至117)(六)
2022年10-11月GMAT阅读真题（至11.7）（六）1.1.11 公司筹资factor△V1 【by: sc泡泡】还有一遍是说公司会把invoice 卖给特地收集什么的公司叫factor，然后说刚成立的公司常常用这种方法筹集钱，由于他们在银行借不到。
第三段就说这种方法对有些公司不适合，那些卖许多small invoice 就不适合。
V2 【by: zzfw0824】似乎有问找factor 有什么弊端。
还有就是Factor怎么来定位他们该受理什么样的公司似乎补充背景学问：amosfan(以下文字非机经，是与本篇狗狗相关的专业学问，供大家了解factor为何物)1.1.11 公司筹资。
这里的factor是国际贸易中的保理业务。
这个和我的工作有关，可以略微讲一下。
大致概念是：将国际贸易业务中的应收账款(AR)外包给第三方公司，代为催收(也就是把所invoice卖给第三方公司)。
对于出口企业来说，好处是：1.能够马上拿到cash，缩短账期(国际贸易中往往有些应收账款>90天)2.转移应收账款风险。
对于第三方公司来说，固然从中需要抽取一局部佣金的。
这种结款方式一般用在大型工程选购，或者目的地信用风险较高的国家比拟多用。
一般商品贸易中很少会用这种方式考古蒙小灰 selfay 已确认V1讲factor business的，大意就是说factor business为什么会存在，由于许多公司需要通过这些公司来躲避风险和来削减各种费用，比方说invoice转帐等，另外一些心公司也会通过这些factor business，由于最初好像他们很难向银行贷款，然后说由于他们将来会有进展前景，所以factor business也情愿贷款之类的，我就不说答案了吧，由于我真的觉得我错了，虽然我我当时很确定，不过我刚说的话里面都是有问题问的，比方说factor business为什么情愿贷款给新公司之类的。
V2 by小熊西西 (740)阅读有一篇是讲融资业务中的保付代理业务(factor)。
2022年10-11月GMAT阅读真题(至117)(二十六)(2)
2022年10-11月GMAT阅读真题（至11.7）（二十六）(2)是安静上文字的其次段的其次句话开头始终到结尾，一共两断题目(不按挨次的)：1.写法主旨题2.问对于那些会fly appart的行星下面哪个是对的只记得两个选项一个说他们小于200 一个说他们大于2003.问下面那个可以weaken其次段第三个单词的conclusion(高亮的)5个选项的格式都是这样的：发觉了一个多少多少米的小行星的转速是多少多少这个要把文章规律搞清晰再选就行了文章规律是这样的monolithic 钟型分布(无limit) 200关键是红字的地方然后选违反这个规律的就行了V7【BY winow】11.5日题目：“还有一个，绕了一大圈，问那些旋转的速度快得足以让行星fly apart的小行星肯定是以下哪一种”这个题我也遇到了，题目很绕口的，不确定问的是飞出去的还是没飞出去的。
我选的smaller than 200.(有选项是more than 200)。
考古 BY：手冢弥生 (已确认)V1记得说小行星被撞，速度会转变, 一些变大,一些变小,(一段末有题1,2题), 其次断是计算机模拟这样的试验,似乎有3,4题1)考第一段的段末, 关于small star 的速度什么的, 记得把原文的all small star 取非得Almost no small star, 似乎选E2) 想不起来了, 55555..3) 文中提到 E** velocity (似乎是急剧下降得速度)是为了说明什么? 不好定位, 我似乎选了一个比拟抽象得选项, 为了说明行星得某种变化状态4)问“transition“指什么?原文是transition at the diameter, 看到diameter, 所以我选了C, Size。
V2另一个人的这俩人都是2022年08 09月的原始啊啊啊啊。
为什么我遇到这么老的题。
其次篇就是什么那篇小行星相撞，是蛮搞的，以下是我的理解：科学家发觉asteriod在撞击后旋状速度会受到影响，讨论说明通常monolithic的小行星被撞后呈现钟形分布--也就是说大局部都集中在速度中等的这一区域，少数过快或者过慢的。
GMAT考试阅读试题（一）（4）
Passage 4 The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates， the pterosaurs， have intrigued paleontologists for morethan two centuries. How such large creatures， which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider（5） and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters， solved theproblems of powered flight， and exactly what thesecreatures were——reptiles or birds-are among the ques-tions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the（10） pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls，pelvises，and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy oftheir wings suggests that they did not evolve into theclass of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourthfinger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.（15） The other fingers were short and reptilian， with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strutof the wing， which consists primarily of feathers. If thepterosaurs walked on all fours， the three short fingersmay have been employed for grasping. When a（20） pterosaur walked or remained stationary， the fourthfinger， and with it the wing， could only turn upward inan extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal‘s body. The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in（25） their overall structure and proportions. This is not sur-prising because the design of any flying vertebrate issubject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaursand the birds have hollow bones， a feature that repre-sents a savings in weight. In the birds， however， these（30） bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts. Although scales typically cover reptiles， thepterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T.H. Huxley rea-soned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of（35） metabolism， which in turn implies a high internal tem-perature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair wouldinsulate against loss of body heat and might streamlinethe body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discoveryof a pterosaur specimen covered in long， dense，and（40） relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clearevidence that his reasoning was correct. Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became air-borne have led to suggestions that they launched them-selves by jumping from cliffs， by dropping from trees.（45） or even by rising into light winds from the crests ofwaves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The firstwrongly assumes that the pterosaurs‘ hind feet rese-mbled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which theanimal could hang in preparation for flight. The second（50） hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurscould not have landed in trees without damaging theirwings. The third calls for high waves to channelupdrafts. The wind that made such waves however，might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to（55） control their flight once airborne.1. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the （A） enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances （B） structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats （C） fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight （D） pterosaurs were reptiles （E） pterosaurs walked on all fours2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as （A） revolutionary （B） unlikely （C） unassailable （D） probable （E） outdated3. According to the passage， the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the （A） size of its wingspan （B） presence of hollow spaces in its bones （C） anatomic origin of its wing strut （D） presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet （E） location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body4. The ideas attributed to T.H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements？ （A） An animal‘s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors. （B） An animal‘s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities. （C） Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time. （D） The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation. （E） The pterosaurs should be classified as birds， not reptiles.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs？ （A） They were unable to fold their wings when not in use. （B） They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight. （C） They flew in order to capture prey. （D） They were an early stage in the evolution of the birds. （E） They lived primarily in a forestlike habitat.6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage？ （A） New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view. （B） Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented， and each is disputed by means of specific information. （C） Three hypotheses are outlined， and evidence supporting each is given. （D） Recent discoveries are described， and their implications for future study are projected （E） A summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is presented， and conclusions are drawn.7. It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists believe that pterosaurs （A） lived near large bodies of water （B） had sharp teeth for tearing food （C） were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles （D） had longer tails than many birds （E） consumed twice their weight daily to maintain their body temperature。
GMAT经典阅读-详解
阅读理解第18篇Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores--in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thoro ugh consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.文章概况：文章第一段开始说一些研究者研究了两个不同年代的动物的牙的破损程度，发现老的那种动物比新的破损程度会厉害一些！第二段提出了对于第一段这个现象的解释，说这些研究者排除了preservational的bias也排除了local bias，他们认为导致牙齿破损程度不一样的最根本原因就是这两种动物在捕食的行为上有一些不同！Question #59. 560-01 (24039-!-item-!-188;#058&000560-01)The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact(B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory(D) question the methodology used in a studydiscuss the implications of a research finding问主旨，我们直接来看选项A 提出了对于一个已知事实的解释有点像佛，留着B 提出了解决掉一个争端的另外一种方法，没说，杀C 支持了一个矛盾的理论，文章没有围绕一种矛盾的理论谈，杀D 质疑了研究中的方法学，没提，杀E 讨论了一个发现的implication，也有点像佛，留着A和E之间最大的不同在于A是围绕一个事实谈得而E是围绕一个发现谈的，文章是围绕两种不同动物牙齿破损程度不同这个发现谈得，选EQuestion #60. 560-02 (24085-!-item-!-188;#058&000560-02)The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures(C) populated the La Brea area more densely(D) consumed their prey more thoroughlyfound it harder to obtain sufficient prey细节题，我们发现这个题干中定位词有两个，一个是Pleistocene carnivores in other areas 另一个是Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area，找哪个？有第一个没有第二个行吗？显然不行，有第二个没有第一个行吗？有行的可能性，所以我们应该先找Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area，如果包含这个词汇的只有一句，即便这句话不包含Pleistocene carnivores in other areas也就是这句话了，除非包含第二个词汇的有很多句，我们才去考虑Pleistocene carnivores in other areas这个次要矛盾。
GMAT阅读理解
Essay #1. 019 (21201-!-item-!-188;#058&00019-00)During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women that was prov ided by the United States census--a population count conducted each decade--beca me more detailed and precise in response to social changes. Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarc hical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was speci fied by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total n umber of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. L ike farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women's rights movements, i nitiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superi ntendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in "gainful and re putable occupations." In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman "keeping house." Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising fr om industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians to pre ss for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.Question #1. 019-01 (21247-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-01)The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians(B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one(C) describe and explain a historical change(D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution(E) trace the origin of a contemporary controversyQuestion #2. 019-02 (21293-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-02)Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is menti oned in the passage EXCEPT the(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender(B) year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in additio n to the head of the household(C) year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping house was first calculated(D) way in which the 1890 census measured women's income levels and educationa l backgrounds(E) way in which household members were counted in the 1840 censusQuestion #3. 019-04 (21339-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-04)The passage suggests which of the following about the "women's advocates and wo men statisticians" mentioned in the highlighted text?(A) They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who worked in the home.(B) They believed that previous census information was inadequate and did not refl ect certain economic changes in the United States.(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of their participation in the antislavery movement.(D) They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if mo re women were employed as census officials.(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provi ded by previous United States censuses.文章概况:文章开头讲了一个机构做了一些调查,后面就一直在说这个调查的具体内容.文章第二段开头就说这个机构在1850年又对household的个人干了一个新的事情(这个新的事情是什么我实在是读不懂),后面又给了一大堆细节来详述这个新的内容是什么!1 A 不太好,文章从来没有出现过critique这种态度,杀B 对比了历史的情况和现在的情况(不好说,有点像佛,先留着)C 描述并解释了一个历史变化(也不好说,有点像佛,先留着)D 不太好,原文没有出现过opposition这种态度,杀E 不太好,没有提到过controversy,杀B和C都像佛,这个时候读原文已经没有什么意义,这两个选项都可以虚无到和原文没有关系.那就比比哪个是佛祖升级版吧!显然是C2 此题没有什么技术含量,根据题干我们会很容易定位到文章第二段内容,但是由于问的是e xcept,我们要做好多读几句的准备,因为except答案的设置方法有两种可能:1 正确答案和原文内容冲突,如果是这种可能,也许只读一句就可以搞定这个题.2 正确答案原文没有提,如果是这种设置方式,我们只能多读几句,读一句杀一个错误答案.不过这几个错误答案设置的难度不大,改写方式特别傻x,选出D应该不难,除非你眼神不好!3 此题显然要根据题干中的某些词汇进行定位,我们可以看到文章的最后一句,由于问题问的就是这帮人,所以最后一句是可以回答问题的,看完这句话我们就可以看选项.这句话的大致内容是“一个趋势让这帮家伙要更加精确和彻底的了解女的的工作及薪酬待遇”我们来看看选项A 关注女性在家工作工资较低的状况,原文没提,杀B 认为以前的信息不够全面,并没有反映出美国的经济变化(和我读的有点关系,而且有点像佛,先留着)Ｃ他们开始要求在sensus-taking上有一些变化,原文没有涉及,干掉Ｄ他们认为如果女的当了官就会使得统计更精确,原文没有涉及到,杀Ｅ他们做了一些独立的研究驳斥了官方的统计,原文没有涉及,杀.Ｂ和原文那句话也并不是完全对应,好像也的想一下才能出来,不重要,我从来没说Ｂ和原文对应,我只说Ｂ是最好的!至于Ｂ是否对,不用关心!The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of sp ecialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and compet itive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves fro m being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At lo w density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is lo w relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effect s outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the co mpetitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive f or new firms to enter the field.While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patte rns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is t hat legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis ca n understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or ar e becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national bord ers, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other co untries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the den sity dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and n ational levels than at city levels.Question #4. 066-02 (21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)According to the passage, which of the following may account for the inconsistency between the general density dependence model and the evidence provided by certai n studies of foundings?(A) Such studies have overemphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establi shment of new firms.(B) Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the role of competition amon g newly established firms operating at the city and state levels.(C) Such studies fail to differentiate among specialist firms with regard to the degre e to which they deviate from familiar forms of organization.(D) Such studies have not taken into account the fact that many industries are inte rnationally integrated.(E) Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a n arrow target market.Question #5. 066-04 (21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-04)In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with(A) noting various exceptions to a certain general finding(B) examining the impact of one type of industry on another(C) proposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency(D) providing specific examples of a particular phenomenon(E) defending the validity of a particular study's conclusionsQuestion #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high den sity level, which of the following is likely to occur?(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be enco uraged.(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative fir ms enter the market.(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive a dvantage.Question #7. 066-08 (21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-08)The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) question the validity of an economic model(B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic model(C) outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it(D) describe an economic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use(E) explain why an economic model remains valid despite inconsistent research resul ts文章概况:第一段说有一个density model能解释公司的一些事情.后面一直给细节,low den sity的时候这个公司能怎么样,high density的时候这个公司能怎么样.第二段文章上来就说虽然这种model能解释一些东西,但是还是和公司的一些东西不一致.后面解释了为什么不一致,并在结尾给出了一个例子!4 细节题,问的是这个model和founding不一致的原因.根据文章脉络我们很容易知道此题考察第二段内容,文章第二段首局就开始说这个model和founding不一致,但是我问的是原因,原因在哪?显然是第二句,我们把第二句读一下: “egitimation and competitive forces跨越了国家边界,而研究只能限于本国.”我们来看看选项A 过度预计影响,没提过,杀B 没有关注竞争起的作用,没提过,杀C 使不同的公司有所区分,没提过,杀D 没有考虑到是国际的,和原文国家边界有点关系,留着E 忽略了某些公司,没提过,杀.5 问第二段文章的观点,第二段说的是什么?就是这个model和founding不一致,并且给出了原因,只要知道第二段是这个脉络关系,选哪个?你选不出C都对不起我!6 问一个公司如果到了high density会怎么样,根据脉络显然应该定位到文章第一段后面那个high density那个地方,就是第一段however那句,我们来读一下: “竞争超过了legitimati on effects,从而是founding少了”.我们来看一下选项A 说了founding将会下降,和文章的founding将会discourage有点关系,先留着B 竞争使公司扩大市场,和我读的没关系,杀C founding将encourage,不可能,反了,原文说的是discourage,杀D 很多以前的忠实客户将离开当一些创新性的公司进入市场的时候,没说过,杀E 公司开始跨边界获得竞争优势,没说过,杀.7 文章主旨,我们已经把文章脉络说过了,我们直接来看选项A 质疑了一个model,和第二段那个不一致方向上有关系,先留着.B 指出了一些和model不一致的东西,反了,文章说的是model和founding不一致,不是和m odel本身不一致,杀C 列出了一个model并提出了修改方案,文章没有提出修改方案,杀D 说了一个model并提出了了一个例子,文章确实在后面说了例子,但这个例子好像不是说这个model的,是说这个例子和founding不一致的,杀E 一个model虽然有一些不一致,但还是挺有用的.说了不一致,有点关系,先留着A和E进行比较,最大的不同就是方向不一样,A 说这个model不怎么样,E说这个model虽然有点毛病但整体还是不错的,文章在第二段开头确实说了这个model有点不对劲,到底选哪个取决于文章结尾是否一直保持这个方向,如果一直保持,那就是A,如果方向又变了那就是E.而文章最后一句所说内容好像还是说整体这个model还是挺有用的,选E(by the way,我看到最后一局话有个even就知道方向变了,我最后一句根本没有读就选了,我怕吓着你们,所以你们如果是读懂了最后一句再判断方向变了也可以理解,记住,不是懂最后一句的内容,而是最后一句的方向,方向显然比内容容易把握.因为这两个选项最大的差异并不是内容而是方向,都内容对于做题是无用功!)In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supre me Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the openin g of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of th e Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Sena te) over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the decision's more far-reachi ng impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negot iation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisit e for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when--following a dispute between the H ouse and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs--Co ngress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality t he federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the tur n of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations re quiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both hou ses of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and f inally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.Question #8. 075-03 (21581-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-03)According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the followi ng effects?(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as legislation that had to be pa ssed by both houses of Congress.(B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between the federal government a nd Native American tribes decreased.(C) The procedures for congressional approval and implementation of federal Indian policy were made more precise.(D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise unilateral authority over Native American affairs.(E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with sovereign nations was e ventually undermined.Question #9. 075-06 (21627-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-06)According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decisi on?(A) The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.(B) Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dea lings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirme d.(C) The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the trib e.(D) The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non -Indian settlers.(E) Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions b y appealing to the Supreme Court.Question #10. 075-07 (21673-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-07)The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) identifying similarities in two different theories(B) evaluating a work of scholarship(C) analyzing the significance of a historical event(D) debunking a revisionist interpretation(E) exploring the relationship between law and social reality文章概况：当地人想阻止把一些土地向外地人开放，但是政府禁止这么干，后面给了一些细节，说就是否开放这个政府一会和你谈一会又不和你谈。