井工开采煤矿区土地破坏程度分析_以陕西某矿为例

资源与环境
井工开采煤矿区土地破坏程度分析
———以陕西某矿为例
赵艳玲,黄琴焕,苏未曰,蒋丽佳,纪　研
(中国矿业大学(北京)土地复垦与生态重建研究所,北京　100083)
摘要:随着我国人地矛盾的日益加剧,土地复垦越来越重要,而土地破坏程度分析是土地复垦规划的依据之一。

对于新建矿山来说,破坏程度分析的对象是未来破坏土地,选择的分析因子必须能够通过预测得到。

文中以陕西某矿为例给出了土地破坏程度分析的方法。

关键字:井工开采;破坏程度;因子中图分类号:TD88 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1001-358X (2009)02-0069-03 本文以陕西某矿为例,给出了新建矿山土地破坏程度分析的方法,为其他类似矿山的土地复垦方案编制提供参考。

1　研究区概况
研究区位于陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙漠的接壤地带,地形总的趋势为西南、西北高,中东部低,海拔高程最高1319170m ,最低海拔高程1088100m ,一般在1150～1260m 。

地表大部分为第四系风成沙及黄土所覆盖,构造相对简单,未见断层,属构造相对稳定区域。

依据岩性特征自下而上划分为五个中级旋迴,含5
个煤组。

可采和局部可采煤层仅有7层,煤层总体倾角在1～2°左右,平均采深250m ,长壁综采,全部垮落法管理顶板。

2　拟破坏土地预测
由于研究区煤层为近水平煤层,因此采用开采沉陷学[1]
的概率积分法进行沉陷预计,预计结果分
别见表1和表2。

表1　地表下沉、移动与变形的预计最大值变形类型最大值(+)
最大值(-)
下沉(mm )3763158倾斜(mm /m )30138-34139曲率(10
-3
/m 2
)
0164-0140水平移动(mm )1077101-1295162水平变形(mm /m )
24102
-14194
从表1可以看出,研究区最大下沉值为
3763158mm ,最大倾斜值为30138mm /m ,最大水平
表2　地表下沉深度及下沉面积下沉深度
下沉面积(h m 2)
10mm -015m
54169
015m -1m 171541m -2m 261842m -3m 271613m 以上
180109总计
306177
变形值为24102mm /m 。

从表2可以看出,以下沉10mm 为破坏边界,预计总下沉面积为306177h m 2。

将下沉值、水平变形值和倾斜值作图见图1、图
2、图3。

图1　下沉等值线
9
6第2期2009年4月 矿　山　测　量M I N E S URVEYI N G
No 12
Ap r 12009
图
2　水平变形等值线
图3　倾斜变形等值线
4　拟破坏土地破坏程度分析411　因子选择及等级划分
研究区位于陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙漠的接壤
地带,地表起伏不大,属微丘陵地区,但水土流失严重,因此,土地破坏程度分析指标选择下沉、地表裂缝和附加坡度,将评价结果划分为轻度、中度、重度三个等级。

下沉:在开采影响波及到地表以后,受采动影响的地表从原有标高向下沉降,从而在采空区上方地表形成一个比采空区大的多的沉陷区域。

这种地表沉陷区域称为地表移动盆地,或称下沉盆地。

在地表移动盆地形成的过程中,改变了地表原有的形态,引起了高低、坡度及水平位置的变化。

因此,对位于影响内的土地、道路、管路、河渠、建筑物、生态环境等等,都带来了不同程度的影响。

根据研究区的具体情况,将下沉对土地的影响分为三级,具体见表3。

裂缝:地表下沉时引起拉伸变形,当拉伸达到一定值时引起地表的张裂。

裂缝对土地的破坏程度由裂缝宽度和深度情况所表示,由于裂缝宽度与深度存在一定的关系[2]
以只选择裂缝的宽度即可。

根据
相关研究
[3,4]
,一般水平变形值在3～10mm /m 时,
裂缝宽度小于10c m ,出现轻度破坏;水平变形值在
10～20mm /m 时,裂缝宽度在10～30c m 之间,出现
中度破坏;水平变形值大于20mm /m 时,裂缝宽度大于300mm ,出现重度破坏。

附加坡度:煤炭开采后,地表下沉、倾斜,形成塌陷盆地,在盆地周围将产生一定的附加坡度,改变了地形地貌,对农作物及植被生产都将产生一定的影响,并加强水土流失。

附加坡度=倾斜/18,单位度。

根据附加坡度对耕地的影响,可将其分为三级,具体见表3。

表3　土地破坏程度分析指标及等级划分标准破坏等级
下沉深度(m )裂缝宽度(c m )附加坡度(°
)轻度<015<10<1
中度015～310～301～3重度
>3
>30
>3
412　分析方法
分析方法采用极限条件法,即:
D =m ax {D 裂缝,D 下沉,D 坡度}
(1)
其中:D 为土地破坏程度等级;m ax {}是求{}内各项的最大程度;D 裂缝为裂缝破坏程度等级;D 下沉为下沉破坏程度等级;D 坡度为附加坡度破坏程度等级。

413　分析单元划分
上述分析因子按照等级划分后每个因子均得到3个大的分析单元,然后利用MapGI S 软件进行叠置
分析,共得34个分析单元。

414　破坏程度分析结果
由于每一个分析单元均对应唯一的因子值,因此根据式1所示计算方法对分析单元的分析因子取
7第2期 矿　山　测　量 2009年4月
最值,可得土地破坏程度分布图(图4),分等级破坏土地面积统计见表4。

表4　研究区土地破坏程度分等级面积破坏程度面积(h m 2)比例(%)轻度破坏51180
16189
中度破坏7413524124重度破坏180********合计
306177
1001
00
图4　破坏程度分布图
其中:
轻度破坏:主要分布在盆地最边缘区。

地面有轻微的变形,出现较缓坡度;同时出现裂缝,但宽度、深度和分布密度均较小,总体不明显,不影响农田耕种、林地、草地等植被生长;水土流失略有增加。

中度破坏:主要分布在煤柱或盘区的边缘地带,
即下沉盆地的边缘部分。

地面塌陷破坏比较严重,出现方向明显的缝、坡、坎等,影响农田耕种、灌溉,导致减产,也影响灌木林地与植被生长;水土流失有所加剧。

重度破坏:主要分布在煤层浅部及地表较陡的土坡边缘地带和下沉盆底区域。

地面严重塌陷破坏,下沉很大,或区域内出现较大裂缝,农田、灌木林地与牧草地等破坏严重;水土流失严重,生态环境恶化。

5　结　论
土地破坏程度分析是土地复垦规划的重要依据之一,对于新建矿山来说,土地破坏还没有发生,因此在进行土地破坏程度分析时针对的是未来状态,分析因子的选择往往受限,要求必须能够通过预测得到。

本文以陕西某矿为例给出了新建矿山土地破坏程度分析的方法,以期为类似矿山土地复垦规划提供参考。

参考文献:[1]　何国清,杨伦,凌赓娣等1矿山开采沉陷学[M ]1徐州:
中国矿业大学出版社,19941
[2]　吴侃,周鸣,胡振琪1开采引起的地表裂缝宽度和深度
预计[J ]1阜新矿业学院学报,1997(12):649-6521
[3]　胡海峰,何万龙,康建荣1煤塌陷区土地破坏面积和破
坏程度的预测[J ]1矿山测量,2001(3):21-251
[4]　甘兵勇1采煤塌陷对生态环境的影响及对策[J ]1能
源环境保护,2003,17(3):45-471
作者简介:赵艳玲(1976-),女,河北献县人,讲师。

研究方向:土地复垦与生态重建、土地规划、G I S 在土地中的应用。

(收稿日期:2008-12-01)
(上接第19页)
[19]　HUANG W ei -bin 1Advanced Adjust m ent Theory and
App licati ons [M ]1Beijing:Publish House of P LA,19941(in Chinese )
[20]　K OCH K R 1Least Squares Adjust m ent and Coll ocati on
[J ]1Bull Geodesique,1977(51):127-135
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1Karlsruhe:HerbetW ich mann Verlag,1980
[22]　ZHOU J iang -wen 1Coll ocati on by T wo Variant Methods
[J ]1ActaGeodet CartSinica,1981,10(1):9-121(inChi 2nese )
作者简介:王琦(1956-),男,高级工程师,陕西泾阳县人,主要从事工程测量和大地测量方面的研究。

主持完成2006甘肃省似大地水准面精化研究,并获得2007年度甘肃省测绘科技进步奖一等奖。

(收稿日期:2008-10-26)
1
7第2期 赵艳玲等:井工开采煤矿区土地破坏程度分析 2009年4月
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