托福TPO19详解
TPO19托福听力词汇及背景知识解析
TPO19托福听力词汇及背景知识解析托福听力中有很多词大家明白，但是不明白具体含义，或者做TPO听力的时候听到一个“典故”却来不及查找背后的故事，老师下面来为大家梳理和解读：Conversation1博弈论(Game Theory)主要研究公式化了的激励结构(游戏或者博弈)间的相互作用，是研究具有斗争或竞争性质现象的数学理论和方法。
具有竞争或对抗性质的行为称为博弈行为。
在这类行为中，参加斗争或竞争的各方各自具有不同的目标或利益。
为了达到各自的目标和利益，各方必须考虑对手的各种可能的行动方案，并力图选取对自己最为有利或最为合理的方案。
生物学家使用博弈理论来理解和预测进化(论)的某些结果。
Lecture 1 Linguistics原始印欧语(Proto-Indo-European)是后世语言学家根据现时印欧语系诸语的特色，透过比较语言学的方法而所倒推出来的假想语言。
这种假想语言被认为是现时印欧语系诸语的共同祖先。
在1647年，荷兰语言学家Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn就曾提出过类似的概念。
直到十八世纪英国学者Sir William Jones在1786年的论文里对比拉丁语(Latin)、希腊语(Greek)、梵语(Sanskrit)和波斯语(Persian)后，重新提出原始印欧语的概念才受到后世语言学家的重视。
Lecture 2 Astronomy光污染(light pollution)是燥光对环境产生的污染。
在Lecture中提到的在城市中看不到银河系的主要原因就是光污染。
光污染问题最早于二十世纪三十年代由国际天文界提出，他们认为光污染是城市室外照明使天空发亮造成对天文观测的负面的影响。
2009年，澳大利亚《宇宙》杂志报道：据美国一份最新的调查研究显示，全球70%的人口生活在光污染中，夜晚的华灯造成的光污染已使世界上20%的人无法用肉眼看到银河系美景。
射电天文学是天文学的一个分支，通过电磁波频谱以无线电频率研究天体。
托福阅读TPO19（试题+答案+...
托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheRomanArmy'sImpactonBritain为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Roman Army's Impact on Britain，希望大家喜欢！托福阅读TPO19原文第1篇【1】In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.【2】 Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned,they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.【3】 Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.【4】The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a largeproportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.【5】 This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.托福阅读tpo19第1篇试题1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.B.The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.C.Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.D.With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.2. According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas of Britain that wereA.conquered first.B.near population centers.ed as military bases.D.rapidly incorporated into the empire.3. According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?A.It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previously undeveloped territory.B.It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.C.It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers’ an imals.D.It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.4. The word “suppress” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.respond to.B.warn against.C.avoid the impact of.D.stop by force.5. The word “friction” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.rebellion.B.conflict.C.neglect.D.crime.6. The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead”in paragrap h 2 in order toA.describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds.B.illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military campaigns.C.provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers.D.argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads.7. The ph rase “entitled to” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.given the right to.B.able to afford to.C.encouraged to.D.required to.8. According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and services?A.Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transactions took place within the fort.B.Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visit the forts.C.During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases.D.They bought what they needed from the artisans andtraders in nearby towns.9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliary regiments of the Roman army?A.Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the region of the emperor Hadrian.B.Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe.C.Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement generally stayed where they had been stationed.D.Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province.10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:A.Membership in the units passed from father to son.B.Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts.C.Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations.D.Frontier units became more effective and proficient.11. Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain”in paragraph 5 ?A.To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control.B.To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so.C.To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even after they ceased to be of any military use.D.To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of the local community over a longperiod.12. The word “circumstances” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.experiences.munities.C.conditions.ws.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.Paragraph 2: Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■【A】Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■【B】 Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. ■【C】When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■【D】 Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong to the summary because they express ideas that are no presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Roman army’s occupation of Britain influenced and changed the local population.A.Although the presence of the army in certain areas caused resentment among the local population, it provided important services such as building infrastructure.B.By recruiting unemployed young men for its auxiliary units, the army made it possible for them to stay in their home towns and provide financial support for their families.rge quantities of cash from soldiers’ pay stimulated development, but also drove up prices, making it hard for local residents to afford goods and services.D.Though the army appropriated land and some goods, it also paid for many supplies, stimulating local economic growth.E.The forts contributed to the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places who brought with them new skills and techniques.F.Roman soldiers started families with local inhabitants, and over the generations, the military community became a stable part of British society.托福阅读tpo19第1篇答案1.原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。
TPO 19 听力解析
TPO 19 解析Conversation 1（场景分类——询问论文）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.StudentHi, professor Handerson. （1）That was a really interesting lecture in class today.ProfessorThanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.StudentYeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like non-poisonous butterflies that have come to look like poisonous ones. （2）But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.ProfessorRight, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.StudentSo they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory?ProfessorRight, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well...StudentYeah, I can see how that might do the trick. （3）But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.ProfessorYeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a business sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?StudentWell, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.ProfessorRight, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the company might get the sale, there is also the number and type of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.StudentOk, I get that. But how does it apply to animals?Professor（4）Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper. StudentThe literature review?ProfessorYeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a conflict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.Student（5）Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end.ProfessorWell, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge. You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? And then the conclusions they came to. Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.词汇：deception n. 欺骗selective adj. 选择性的deceive v. 欺骗invade v. 侵略territory n. 领土imitate v. 模仿bid v. 投标；出价hypothesis n. 假设题目：1. Why does the man go to see the professor?解析：主旨题，文中学生开头说教授今天课上的演讲很有趣，接着讨论了课上的内容。
托福阅读TPO19答案解析
托福阅读答案1.回到原文“accumulations of earth and loose rock …” 文中的意思是指的泥土的积累，形成叫moraines的物质，而泥土的积累其实就可以看做是沉淀，比如三角洲就是泥土的积累或者说是沉淀出来的，所以选D。
2.根据“A heterogeneous group consists of many different types of things or people.” 所以答案选B。
3.第二句“Agassiz visited many places …”第三句“In all these diverse regions, …”第四句“In flatplains country, he saw moraines…that remained him of the terminal moraines found at the endof valley glaciers in the Alps.”意思是：在平原乡村，他看到的moraines让他想起了在阿尔卑斯冰山谷末端找到的terminal moraines。
首先他去过很多地方，都发现了冰川侵蚀和沉淀的迹象，然后他在flat plains 发现的moraines让他想起了在Alps发现的moraines，这证明在不同地方发现了类似甚至同样的物质，所以只有B符合。
选项A错，地质差异比较扯；选项C错，肯定不是Alps的地质研究；选项D错，并没有什么regionaldifference,这是原文并没有提到的，所以不能选。
4.回原文“…regions that enjoy temperate climates…”直译过来应该是：享受温带气候的地区。
Resemble 肯定不对，因为确实就是温带气候，不用类似于。
Expect 期望也不对，本来就是何必期望呢？dominate支配也不对，支配温带气候实在是从语义上说不过去，最后只有experience经历是可以说的过去的，一个享受温带气候的地区当然就经历这么一个温带的气候，所以选A。
TPO-19 Reading 3解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：accumulation“沉积，聚集”，所以答案是D deposit。
Q2正确答案：B解析：heterogeneous“由很多种类组成的”，所以正确答案是B varied“多样的”。
Q3正确答案：B解析：对应到第一段第二、三句。
提到Agassiz去了很多地方，在不同的地方都发现了冰蚀和沉积痕迹，所以答案是B。
D的regional difference与原文相反；A 的geologic difference原文未提及，C答非所问。
Q4正确答案：A解析：enjoy最常见的意思是“喜欢、享受”，但这里需要通过上下文情境去判断它的意思，原文提到Agassiz和其他地质学家使大众相信极地大陆冰川从极地扩展到了现在_____温带的地方。
根据意思可以判断应该是“处于”温带的地方，所以A正确，表示“正在…状态下”。
Q5正确答案：B解析：推断题。
对应到第二段第五句：我们现在知道通过测量碳14的方法计算冰川的年代。
言下之义之前在Agassiz他们所处的年代是不知道的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以warm-climate plant fossils做关键词定位至第三段第三句，但这句没提到结论是什么。
而开头的主旨句说了在Pleistocene时期共有好几次冰川时期，而且期间有几次温暖时期。
可见后面证据的展开都是为了支持这一主旨句的，所以正确答案是B。
Q7正确答案：A解析：以modified their theory做关键词定位至第四段第一句，提到改变了idea 的原因是他们看了oceanic sediment里面的化石，所以证据是来自ocean sediment 的，答案是A。
Q8正确答案：C解析：reveal“揭示，揭开”，所以C show正确。
Q9正确答案：D解析：根据关键词foraminifera shells定位到第四段后三句，说到这个壳是什么，另外壳的普通氧(氧16)和重氧同位素(氧18)的比例不同，比例取决于生物居住的水域的温度，这种比例差异能反映出海洋气温变化。
托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本解析(精)
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析摘要:小马托福资料下载栏目为大家提供最完整的TPO资料和TPO模考软件,其中本次分享的托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析是TPO阅读中的一套,包含三篇文章每篇文章14道题目,形式与真实考试一样,考生们在练习的时候一定要将原文内容完全掌握然后再去作答。
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Succession, Climax, and EcosystemsIn the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue, shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession.Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.上述内容就是小编为大家准备的托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析的部分内容,但是仅仅只是部分内容,大家可以点击下载按钮进行免费的下载,希望本资料对大家的备考有帮助。
TPO-19 Reading 2解析
正确答案：C解析：用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，提到很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。
Q2正确答案：A解析：substantiate“成为现实，确认”，所以正确答案是A confirm。
Q3正确答案：D解析：trend“趋势”，所以D的tendency正确。
原句提到一个总体的____能看出来，但具体的细节是看不出来的，能与细节形成对照的是总体趋势，所以很容易推出DQ4正确答案：B解析：likewise“同样地”，所以B similarly是正确答案。
第二段曾提到细节不可预测，而这里又说到最后一阶段也不能预测，说明跟前面情况类似。
选B。
Q5正确答案：D解析：legitimately“正当地，合法地”，所以正确答案是D的“官方地”。
Q6正确答案：A解析：修辞目的题，先读修辞点所在句子，原句提到为了强调这种互动的松散性，很多作者更愿意使用association，所以答案是A。
B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都未提及。
Q7正确答案：A解析：以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句提到尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。
B和C原文都没提到；D的food原文也未提及，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不正确。
Q8正确答案：D解析：修辞目的题，修辞点就是一个事实陈述，所以看前一句，前句提到spruce 种群不受moose是否存在的影响，依然是前面例子的延续，所以看中心句，注意这段文字的中心句不是第五段第一句，而是第三句，说spruce-moose biome这一说法是不正确的，所以答案是D。
托福阅读笔记TPO19：罗马军队对不列颠的影响
托福阅读笔记TPO19：罗马军队对不列颠的影响TPO19 The Roman Army's Impact On Britain文章题材：社会学科——罗马军队对不列颠的影响常见词汇：social ['səuʃəl] adj. 社会的，社交的n. 社交聚会stimulating adj. 刺激的，令人兴奋的indicate ['indikeit] v. 显示，象征，指示v. 指明，表明proficient [prə'fiʃənt] adj. 熟练的，精通的participation [pɑ:.tisi'peiʃən] n. 参加，参与impact ['impækt,im'pækt] n. 冲击(力), 冲突，影响(力)transfer [træns'fə:] n. 迁移，移动，换车v. 转移，调转，调任inevitably [in'evitəbli] adv. 不可避免地discontent [diskən'tent] n. 不满adj. 不满的content n 内容;满足adj 满意的vt 使满足entitle [in'taitl] vt. 取名为，使有权利易错题解析：Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in localgovernment, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.○The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D as the local economy improved.○Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.○With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.题型：句子简化题。
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THE ROMAN ARMY’S IMPACT ON BRITAIN1. 原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。
B将原文的非重要成分awake，C将原文的非主要成分fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，都错；D的economic strength原文没说，错2. 以area和most influence做关键词定位至第四句，说军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。
B和D都明显不靠谱，A的conquer first最先占领并不一定是一直驻扎，军事基地才是3. 以local population做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说这种仇恨使军事驻扎持续，所以正确答案是B。
A和C原文没说，D与原文相反4. suppress镇压，压制，所以stop by force是正确答案。
从单词本身看，press是压，前缀表示加强，所以这个单词一定跟压这个意思相关，A与压完全无关，所以不对。
原文说仇恨的种子种下，使得军队必须留下怎样反抗，B警告和C避免反抗明显不足，D强力停止，镇压是正确答案5. friction摩擦，所以正确答案是B冲突。
原文说当没有训练或者战事的时候，部队的人必须忙起来，否则就会成为什么的源头A反抗和D犯罪都太过了，军队不可能只要没事做就反抗或者犯罪，neglect完全不靠谱6. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面这句话上题已经读过，说士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，紧接着就给出343名士兵做着做那，所以343名士兵做事是士兵必须有事做的一个例子，所以答案是B7. entitle赋予权力，授权，所以正确答案是A。
原句说当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释说直到AD 197法律才怎么样他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，也就是后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出允许之意，答案是A，B承担得起C鼓励D要求都不靠谱8. 以goods and services做关键词定位至第三句，说远方来的人满足了士兵对于商品和服务的需求，正确答案是D。
A的army和C的soldiers travel明显不对；B有一定迷惑性，但原文说一些本地人也参与其中，没说谁满足的多，所以大部分的need都是tradespeople满足的是错的afield9. 以Britain’s auxiliary regiments做关键词定位至倒数第三句，注意第一句虽然有auxiliary regiment，但不是英国的，而是罗马的，所以不是第一句。
原句说英国的部队都去了欧洲其他国家，有一个分队在摩洛哥，其他国家的部队来到英国，很多人服役了20到25年之后留在英国，所以答案是C。
A的Hardrian和D的neighboring province 原文没说；B的most与原文相反，因为原文说只有一个分队被送到摩洛哥10. EXCEPT题，排除法，A的from father to son做关键词定位至最后一句的hereditary，正确，不选；B的fort 做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；C的transfer to different location做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；D原文完全没说，所以错，选11. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子单纯说了一个例子，而且it also explain也说明英国往前看，前一句说定居在一个地方需要经过若干代人，这种行为能够解释英国北部边界的稳定性，所以答案是D，其他的都没说12. circumstance环境，所以答案是C的condition。
原文说本地人变成罗马人的什么也使得自给自足的前线变的非常british，B本地人变成罗马人的社会是说不通的；原文完全没说到法律的事儿，所以D的law也不对；A经历指的是已经经过的事情，但本地人变成罗马人不是一个事实，所以不对13. 三个过渡点，名词source of labour，名词solution和词组keep them busy，keep them busy与occupied同义替换，所以C或者D正确；D之后的343 men与source of labour是同义替换，所以D是答案14. Although选项对应第二段最后一句，正确By recruiting选项中的unemployed men原文没说，不选Large quantity选项前半句正确，但后半句的drive up price原文没说，不选Though选项对应原文第二段，正确The forts选项原文没说，不选Roman选项对应原文第五段第一句，正确SUCCESSION, CLIMAX AND ECOSYSTEMS1. 本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。
D提到了many factors，但change是原文没说的，错；A的比较原文没说，错；B是最具有迷惑性的选项，因为原文说没有被证实，也就是已经建立了只是没证实，但B说需要更多证据来建立Clemens的预测，也就是没建立，而且预测也不对，所以A错2. substantiate成为现实，确认，所以正确答案是confirm。
原文说他们看到了几乎像法条一样的规律性，但没得到什么，B的notice与原文相反；C的定义还有D的公布和看见都不能构成转折，所以都不对3. trend趋势，所以D的tendency正确。
原句说一个总体的什么能看出来，但具体的细节是看不出来的，能与细节形成对照的是总体趋势，所以很容易推出D。
A可能性B图景C规律性明显不靠谱4. likewise同样地，此外，所以similarly是正确答案。
这段第一句说最后一阶段是怎么样不能预测的，第二段已经说了具体的细节不能预测，所以这段又来了一个不能预测，所以应该是同样不能预测，答案B，A有时C明显D结果5. legitimately正当地，合法地，所以正确答案是D的官方。
从单词本身看leg词根表示法律，想到legal。
A普通B广泛C恰当都跟法没关。
原句说蚂蚁群落的沟通方式如此有序，它们总是根据环境的变化整体出动，因此群落被怎么样称为超级有机体，commonly和broadly意思上有重合点，所以都不选，是否适当原文没说6. 修辞目的题，先读修辞点所在句子，原句说为了强调这种互动的松散性，很多作者更愿意使用association，原文都说了是为了强调松散性，所以答案是A，不存在紧的network。
B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都没说7. 以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句说尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。
B和C原文都没讲；D的food原文也没说，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不对8. 修辞目的题，修辞点就是一个句子，所以看前一句，前句说spruce种群不受moose是否存在的影响，依然还是一个例子，所以看中心句，注意这段文字的中心句不是第一句，而是上一题中提到的第二句，说spruce-moose biome 是不对的，所以答案是D9. initiate开始，首创，所以正确答案是started。
原文说反对这个概念是由HG这个人怎么样的，后来又有人加入了他的阵营，既然是后来有人加入，当然是HG首创的，所以答案是C。
B识别不靠谱；A赞同需要有个赞同的东西，和后文的加入没法关联；D只有预见是不行的，必须有实际行动10. 以Christian和species做关键词定位至最后两句，倒数第二句说反对，最后一句说反对的原因，物种的分布取决于环境，只是自身生态学的结果。
也就是跟其他物种无关，所以答案是B。
既然说跟其他物种无关，A和D就不对，C也说了大量物种，与原文不同11. 原句当中的with结构是非主要成分，主要成分是采用了ecosystem形容生物和环境的associated system，正确答案D。
A的后半句错，eco不是单只physical factor，而是系统；B和C都错在将原句的主干和非主干混合，不选12. 以ecologist做关键词定位至最后一句，说生态学家最关注的是特定生态系统里物质与能量的传递及其速率，所以答案是D。
A和B都没说，C的rate原文有说，但原文说的是物质和能量传递的速率，不是答案说的ecosystem 改变的速率，所以C错13. 两个过渡点，代词they和名词adaption，从名词adaption可以得出B或者C正确；代词they指的是倒数第二句中的younger ecologists，所以they应该放在名词之后，所以B错C对14. Areas选项MS是第一段中的一个细节，但提供研究机会原文完全没讲，不选Whether选项与第五段的最后一句相反，不选Computer选项与第七段第三句说反，而且即使说对也是个细节，不选According选项对应原文第二和第三段的首句，正确The idea选项对应原文第四段第二句，正确The once选项对应原文第七段第一句，正确DISCOVERING THE ICE AGES1.accumulation沉积，聚集，所以答案是D的deposit。
从单词本身看，cumul表示沉积，ac无实际意义，仅表示加强，ate动词词尾，所以整个词就是沉积之意。
原句说在平原国家，他看到了moraine，后面的括号是用来解释什么是morain的，morain是冰积石，所以自然答案是D，不知道的话原文也说形成于冰川边缘的松散的石头和土的什么，下句说沉积在那儿的沙石和粘土，解释了morain，A标记，信号B片，张和C类型都不靠谱2.heterogeneous异质的，所以正确答案是varied多变的。
原文说什么样的物质使他相信这些东西是冰川起源的，括号内说了沙、石和粘土，因为括号是解释前文的，猜出前面应该是有多种物质，A剩下C 熟悉D分层都不对3.人名多次出现，所以单纯使用人名作为关键词不好，配合glacial冰川做关键词。
总共出现两次次，第一次是第一句介绍这个人，与答案无关；第二次是说这个人在不同的地方都发现了冰蚀和沉积痕迹，所以答案是B。
D的regional difference说反；A的geologic difference原文没说，C答非所问4.enjoy享受，经历，所以experience正确。