跨文化交际第1讲
跨文化交际口语教程1答案
跨文化交际口语教程1答案
1、本题主要考察don't have和haven't（等词）的区别，根据以上几题，可知答案在B、C、D项，因为doesn't是助动词，后面加动词原型，排除D项。
接下来就是讨论B、C项，B项hasn't是没有的意思，而C项doesn't have是没有吃的意思，根据句意，可知应该是没有吃早饭，所以选C。
2、本题主要考察时态和第三人称单数形式，由every day可知该题是一般现在时，排除D，D是现在进行时。
Marry是单数，开头的助动词应该用Does，所以选C。
扩展资料：
(1)I have finished my homework. (我已经完成我的家庭作业)在这个例句中，用虚词“已经”来表示动作的完成，而在英语中，则是将句中的谓语动词finish转变成现在完成时结构have finished来表现finish这个动作已经发生过了。
(2)She is reading a book carefully. (她正在认真看书)在汉语中，用虚词“正“来表示“读书”这个动作正在进行，而英语中，则需要将“read”转变成现在进行时结构”is reading”
(3)He will be back in ten minutes. (十分钟后他将回来)在汉语中，用虚词“将”来表示将来的动作，而英语中则需要用一般将来时的结构“will +动词原形”来表现。
备课教案第一章跨文化交际
备课教案第一章跨文化交际一、引言跨文化交际是指不同文化下的个体之间进行沟通和交流的过程。
在全球化的下，跨文化交际的重要性越来越被人们所重视。
在教育领域，培养学生的跨文化交际能力已成为一项重要任务。
本教案的第一章将介绍跨文化交际的概念、原则和意义，并提供一些教学方法和策略。
二、跨文化交际的概念跨文化交际是指在不同文化下，个体之间进行交流和互动的过程。
跨文化交际涉及到语言、文化、社会习俗和价值观等方面的差异。
在跨文化交际中，个体需要理解和尊重对方的文化差异，同时要注意自己在交际中所表现出来的行为和态度。
三、跨文化交际的原则1.尊重差异：在跨文化交际中，应该尊重对方的文化差异，包括语言、礼仪、思维方式等方面的差异。
不应该对对方的文化进行歧视或偏见。
2.适应变化：在跨文化交际中，个体需要适应不同的文化环境和情境。
需要灵活地调整自己的行为和态度，以便更好地与对方进行交流。
3.建立共同语言：虽然语言可能是跨文化交际中的一个障碍，但个体可以通过学习对方的语言，或者使用一种中性的语言来建立共同的语言，从而更好地进行交流。
4.接纳多样性：在跨文化交际中，个体需要接纳不同的文化观念和价值观。
要意识到每个文化都有其独特的优点和特点，不应该将自己的文化观念强加于他人。
四、跨文化交际的意义跨文化交际具有重要的意义，它可以促进不同文化之间的交流和理解，有助于消除文化冲突和误解。
在教育领域，培养学生的跨文化交际能力可以帮助他们更好地适应多元文化的社会，并且能够为未来的国际交流和合作提供基础。
五、跨文化交际的教学方法和策略1.多元文化教育：在教学中注重引入多元文化的内容和案例，让学生了解不同文化的差异和特点。
2.语言对比学习：通过对比不同文化下的语言差异，帮助学生理解文化之间的差异，从而更好地进行跨文化交际。
3.资源共享：鼓励学生分享自己的文化和经验，这样可以促进学生之间的互相了解和交流。
4.情景模拟：通过模拟真实的跨文化交际情景，让学生在实践中学习如何应对文化差异和问题。
跨文化传播第一讲-图文
➢跨文化传播学在美国诞生
在不同国家、民族和文化之间，在国内不同的社会群体 和种族群体之间，如何实现有效的沟通？
第二次世界大战结束后，美国 “干预主义”的对外政策受 阻：技术和军事上的援助项目很少被当地人所接受，而传 播美国文化和价值观的努力也收效甚微。
从美国国内的“小气候”来看，20世纪60年代以来，多元文化 主义在美国蓬勃兴起。
由黑人民权运动领袖马丁路德·金领导的群众运动在美国 各个社群和族群当中产生了广泛的影响。少数族裔、女性、 同性恋、残障人士等边缘弱势群体在大众传媒上发出了越来 越多的声音。在思想界和文化界，“政治正确”（political correctness）逐渐成为广泛的共识。
➢跨文化传播学的发展
跨文化传播研究20世纪60年代末开始进入了美国的大学和 研究机构，在学科建设上取得了长足的发展。截至2006年， 30多所大学设立了与此有关的博士项目，450多所大学把它 列为“通识教育”的必修课程。
跨文化培训、咨询和管理工作也成为美国的政府机构、社 会组织和企业日常工作的一部分。截至2005年，美国有近20 万人从事与跨文化传播有关的工作，包括外交官、驻外记者
一、我们身处的跨文化传播环境
（一）正在加速的全球化进程
案例：一位英国人，在一家以美国为主的多国公
司设在伦敦的办公室工作。一天晚上，他驾驶自 己的日本汽车回到家。她妻子已经到家了，她在 一家进口德国厨房设备的公司工作。他们吃了晚 餐，晚餐包括新西兰的小羊，加利福尼亚萝卜、 墨西哥蜂蜜、法国乳酪和西班牙葡萄酒。然后他 们坐下看电视，节目是在芬兰制作的。
《悲恋印巴》
•《男人来自金星，女人来自火星》
【精选】跨文化交际word版(1)
Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。
被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。
概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921) “Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express themselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。
跨文化交际Unit 1课件
Verbal Communication
- Names of objects
- Cultural connotations of words
- The way people use languages
Intercultural Communication : An Introduction 3
Nonverbal Communication - gestures and postures
The Challenge of Globalization
Attitudes towards globalization: - both a fact and an opportunity; - the development of a global mind-set
Cultural diversity must be recognized and appreciated
The
A brief history of the study of ICC
1946: Foreign Service Institute was established in the US 1959: The Silent Language by Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologist, was published, marking the emergence of ICC 1966: ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US 1970: ICC was recognized as an independent area of study by the International Communication Association
跨文化交际第一课材料
Unit 1 An Introduction to Intercultural CommunicationWarm UpCase Study OneProfessor Johnson was invited to give a guest lecture at a Chinese university in the early 1990s. He could tell that the students were very attentive. They applauded warmly when the lecture came to an end. However, Professor Johnson was disappointed when no one asked any questions, even after they were encouraged to do so. In fact, most students avoided eye contact with him as he tried to communicate with them.1. 1 Culture1.1.1 A Definition of CultureIn 1993, two anthropologists, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhorn examined 300 definitions of culture , and they found none of them are the same；Yet there are some fundamental properties about culture on which most people agree. Culture is the collective answer to questions as: Who am I? How should I live my life? Where do I fit in the world? In other words, culture is the set of values and beliefs, norms, and customs, and rules and codes that socially defines a group of people, binds them to one another, and gives a sense of commonality (Trenholm and Jenson, 2000)1.1.2 Characteristics of CultureDespite of the different opinion about the definition of culture, most people agree about the main characteristics of culture. Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter summarized the characteristics of culture as followings:Culture is learned.If one can’t learn from those who live before, we would not have culture. Therefore, we say learning was the most important of all the characteristics of culture. If a baby was cut off from all adult care, training. He can still instinctively eat, drink, defecate, urinate and cry. But what and when would he eat, where would he defecate and urinate, it is most likely he would do all these things randomly.But where and how can we learn culture is hard to explain. We learn our culture through interactions with other people. It’s hard to name who are the “other people”, we receive instructions from family and friends and numerous other “teachers” without knowing it.Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.For culture to exist, endure, and perpetuate, they must make sure that their crucial “message” and elements get passed on. Brislin once said “ if there are values considered central to a soc iety that have existed for many years, they must be transmitted from one generation to another” (p. 6). Keesing said, “ any break in the learning chain would lead to a culture’s disappearance” (p. 28).Culture is based on symbols. Culture is learned and passed from generation to generation, but how to learn and pass? It is our symbol-making ability enables us to learn and pass on our culture from individual to individual, group to group, and generation to generation. The portability of symbols allows people to package and store them as well as transmit them. Culture is historical as well as preservable. Each new generation might “write”Culture is subject to change. Cultures are dynamic systems that do not exist in a vacuum and therefore are subject to change. Cultures are constantly being confronted with ideas and information for “outside” sources.When we talk about culture change, we should keep two points in mind. First, cultures are highly adaptive. In history, there are a lot of examples of how cultures have been forced to changetheir course because of natural disasters, wars, and etc. Second, although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations. Barnlund clearly make this point when he writes: “The spread of Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Confucianism did not homogenize the societies they enveloped. It was usually the other way around: Societies insisted on adapting the religions to their own cultural traditions” (p.192)Culture is ethnocentric. The important tie between ethnocentrism and communication can be seen in the definition of the term “ ethnocentrism”. Summer defined it as “ the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all othe rs are scaled and rated with reference to it” (p.13) Keesing summarized the power and impact of ethnocentrism “ Nearly always the folklore of a people includes myths of origin which give priority to themselves, and place the stamp of supernatural approval upon their particular customs” (p. 45).1.1.3 Cultural SyndromesSome cultures are relatively simple, and other cultures are relatively complex. The organizing theme of the syndrome is complexity. Harry C. Triandis classified culture syndromes according to the following categories.TightnessTight cultures have many rules, norms, and ideas about what is correct behaviour in each situation; loose cultures have fewer rules and norms. In tight cultures, people can not tolerate when others do not follow the norms of the society, and may even kill those who do not behave as is expected, but in loose cultures people are tolerant of many difference from normative behaviours.Thus, conformity is high in tight cultures. Eg. In Japan, which is a tight culture, people are sometimes criticized for minor deviations from norms. Most Japanese live in fear that they will not act properly. (Iwao, 1993).Tightness is more likely in the following situations:1. The culture is relatively isolated from other cultures, so that consensus about what is proper behaviour can develop.2.The culture is more likely to be tight where people are highly interdependent.3. Tightness is more likely to occur where there is a high population density.Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only.”Collectivism “stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.”Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centred and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. People from individualistic cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as "I" distinctive from other people. They make just a little different between ingroup and outgroup communication . They prefer clarity in their conversations to communicate more effectively and come in general directly to the point like the Finns and Americans are doing. Vertical and Horizontal CulturesVertical cultures take hierarchy as a natural state. In this culture, people are different from each other. The people who are at the top “naturally” have more power and privileges than those atthe bottom of the hierarchy. In horizontal culture, people are basically similar, equality is a given state.Active-Passive CulturesThis way of classifying culture is from the perspective of attitude towards nature. In active cultures people try to change the nature to fit them; in passive cultures people try to change themselves to fit into the nature. (Diaz-Guerrero, 1979). The active cultures are more competitive, and emphasize self-fulfillment; in passive cultures , people are more cooperative, emphasize the experience of living, and getting along with other people are their concerns.Universalism-ParticularismUniversalism and particularism are standards that may guide behavior of persons or of whole cultures. Universalism implies that correct behavior can be defined and always applies, while particularism suggests that relationships come ahead of abstract social codes. In universalist culture people try to treat others on the basis of universal criteria regardless of who they are in sex, age, race, etc.; in particularist cultures people treat others on the basis of who the other person is.In universalist cultures, people’s focus is more on rules than on relationships; while in particulist culture, people’s focus is more on relationships than on rules. A univeralist is preparing for “rational”, while a particulist is preparing for “personal”.Take the case of trying to cross the street at the red light. In a universalist culture, you will still be frowned at even if there is no traffic. In a particularist culture, it is likely to be OK with one if it is his/her brothers or friends that violate the traffic rule. These people are not "citizens", but their "friends" or "brothers".Diffuse-SpecificThis dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. Take a research group as an example. In specific-oriented cultures, the project leader would segregate out the task relationship he/she has with a subordinate, and insulates this "work relationship" from other dealings. Therefore, the leader's authority only reaches where his/her work relationship with the subordinate is defined, and each area in which the two persons encounter each other is considered apart from the other. Work and life are sharply separated in specific-oriented cultures life the U.S. In diffuse cultures, however, life space and every level of personality tends to permeate ALL others. For example, a teacher would be treated by the student not only as an instructor in the classroom, but also has certain influence on the student's home life. The boss-subordinate relationship usually does not stop only in the office; the boss is likely to have a say in other aspects of his/her employee's personal life.Affective - NeutralIn relationships between people, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates will depend upon whether we are affective, that is we show our emotions, in which case we probably get an emotional response in return, or whether we are emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of cultures which are affectively neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings.Neutral cultures are not necessarily cold or unfeeling, nor are they emotionally constipated or repressed. In fact, the amount of emotion we show is often the result of convention. Achievement vs. AscriptionThis dimension is about how status is accorded to people in different cultures. The contrast between an achievement culture and an ascriptive culture is not difficult to understand. Achievement means that people are judged on what they have accomplished and on their record. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. The former kind of status is called achieved status and the latter ascribed status. Achieved status refers to doing; ascribed status refers to being. Take a look at the difference from another angle. Achievement-oriented societies or organizations justify their hierarchies by claiming that senior people have "achieved more." Inascription-oriented cultures, however, hierarchies are justified by "power-to-get-things-done." Here are some examples.Let's assume that you are being interviewed by your potential boss and he/she is interested in knowing more about your educational background. In an achievement culture, the first question is likely to be "What did you study?" In contrast, this question will more likely be "Where did you study?" and only if it was a lousy university or one they do not recognize will this ascriptive interviewer asks what you studied.In addition to sampling different attributes, members of different cultures give different weights to the attributes that they sample. One can identify many more syndromes.1.2 Communication1.2.1 A Definition of CommunicationAlthough communication has been written for about 25 centuries, there is still disagreement about how to define it. In 1972, Frank Dance and Karl Larson surveyed the field for definition of communication. They found 126. And we can list some.Communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.Communication… is an “effort after meaning,” a creative act initiated by man in which he seeks to discriminate and organize cues so as to orient himself in his environment and satisfy his changing needs.Speech communication is a human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others.Communication: the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols…Communication is a process by which a source transmits a message to a receiver through some channel.Communication is a transactional process and we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols. First, communication is a process. And it is symbolic, continuous, systematic, irreversible, and unrepeatable.1.2.2 The Prosperities of CommunicationIn last section, communication was defined. The definition reflects how we define communication. But there are numerous ways this word communication can be defined. Dance and Larson (1976) list over 125 definitions of this term. Yet despite these different definitions, most theorists agree on the properties of communication. Neuliep (2000) provides a summary of these, along with eight definitions of communication.1. Communication is a process. “Communication theory reflects a process point of view…you cannot talk about the beginning or the end of communication…”(Berlo)2. Communication is dynamic. “Communication is a transaction among symbol users in which meanings are dynamic, changing as a function of earlier usages and of changes in perceptions and metaperceptions. Common to both meanings is the notion that communication is time-bound and irreversible.” (Bowers and Bradac)3. Communication is interactive/ transactive. “Communication occurs when two or more people interact through the exchange of messages.” (Goss)4. Communication is symbolic. “… all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time.” (Cooley)5. Communication is intentional. “…communication has as its central interest those behavioral situations in which source transmits a message to a receivers with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behavior.” (Miller)6. Communication is contextual. “Communication always and inevitably occurs within some context.” (Fisher)7. Communication is ubiquitous. “…communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.” (Stevens)8. Communication is cultural. “…culture is communication…communication is culture.”(Hall)Case Study TwoMing Li is a Chinese scholar in agriculture. He had been co-operating with Hank, an American professor on a project. And Hank had been to China twice for the project. And Ming Li arranged everything for him, including accommodation, having his students accompany him whenever he needed to do something. Frequently Ming Li invited him to home or restaurants for meals. And every meal was like a feast. Hank was very grateful, but told Ming Li several time that he could take care of himself.Eventually, Ming Li went to the United States to work with Hank for a period of time. Hank picked him up at the airport and took him directly to his temporary accommodations. Saying that he would take Ming Li out for dinner some day and went back home.Ming Li did not speak much English and he felt like a stranger in U.S. and he expected more from Hank. Hank did take him out for dinner in a nice restaurant one evening and invited him to his home once. But Ming Li had to arranged everything himself from shopping to traveling. Neither Hank nor his students accompanied him. He was very disappointed and hurt by Hank, thinking Hank should at least return the favor he had done to him.In fact, Ming Li was so upset that his working relationship with Hank suffered. Hank noticed the change but did not know where the tension came from.Questions:1.What is hospitality in Chinese perspective?2.Having Ming Li’s students accompany him everywhere, does Hank feel verycomfortable?3.Was Hank not very grateful and hospitable?1.3 Intercultural Communication1.3.1 What is Intercultural Communication?According to Neuliep (2003), intercultural communication occurs whenever a minimum of two persons from different cultures or microcultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. Microcultures are groups of people that exist within the broader rules andFood.dress.music. visual arts. Drama. craftsnguagecelebrations.gamescourtesy. Contextual conversational patterns. Concept of time. Personalspace. Rules of conduct. Facial expressions. Nonverbal communication.Body language. Touching. Eye contact. Patterns of handling emotions.Notions of modesty. Concept of beauty. Courtship practices.Relationships to animals. Notions of leadship. Tempo of work. Conceptsof food. Ideals of childrearing. Theory of disease. Social interaction rate.Nature of friendships. Tone of voice. Attitudes toward elders. Concept ofcleanliness. Notions of adolescence. Patterns of group decision-making.Definition of insanity. Preference for competition or cooperation.Tolerance … and so forthSurface CultureAbove sea levelEmotional Load:relatively low guidelines of the dominant culture, but are distinct in some way: racially, linguistically, occupation, age, or sexual orientation. Often microcultural groups have histories that differ from the dominant cultural group and are subordinate in some way.Intercultural communication, like all communication, is contextual. A context is a combination of factors--- situation, setting, circumstance, the people involved, the relationship of those people, and so on. In short, context is the overall framework within which communication takes place.1.3.2 A Narrative Approach to Intercultural CommunicationThere are numerous approaches to the study of intercultural communication--- all of which have their strengths and weaknesses. Based on our own intercultural living experiences, we are convinced that the most effective and insightful approach is the narrative approach.Scholars often discuss culture in terns of an iceberg metaphor. What we see in any culture is only the tip of the iceberg. Yet, effective communication occurs only when we begin to understand what is below the water level.The Iceberg Concept of CultureLike an iceberg, nine-tenths of culture is below the surface.Another metaphor compares culture to a theatrical production. You see what is on stage, but you don ’t see all the activity backage. It is the backstage activity that enables the action on stage to be effective.We suggest a narrative approach to the study of intercultural communication. We are the stories we tell. We make sense out of others and ourselves through story. As storytellers, our values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors.A key concept in the narrative approach is the concept of narrative itself. Fisher indicated “By ‘narration’, I mean symbolic actions---- words and/or deeds--- that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them”(p.58), he also states it “ There is no genre, including technical communication, that is not an episode in the story of life” (p. 347).Thus, listening to a class lecture, talking with your friends, listening to a political speech or the evening news, reading a book--- all consist of your hearing and shaping narratives. If story is a universal medium, then story is the key to our understanding of others from cultures unlike our own.Because our lives are experienced through narratives, some standard for determining which stories to believe and which to disregard is essential. This standard is narrative rationality. It is different from the traditional one in which most Westerners have been trained. Traditional standards of rationality ask questions such as:1. Are the claims supported by the facts?2. Have all relevant facts been considered?3. Are the arguments internally consistent?4. Does the reasoning used conform to the tests of formal and informal logic?In contrast, narrative rationality is concerned with the principle of coherence and fidelity. Coherence refers to the internal consistency of the narrative and asks such questions as:1.Do the elements of the story flow smoothly?2.Is the story congruent with the stories that seem related to it?3.Are the characters in the story believable?Fidelity, the second principle of narrative rationality, concerns truthfulness or reliability of the story. Stories with a high degree of fidelity “ring true” to the listener. When the elements of a story “represent accurate assertions about social reality” (Fisher, 1987, p.105), they have fidelity. Fisher proposes that we assess narrative fidelity through the logic of good reasons. If a narrative possesses fidelity, it constitutes good reasons for a person to hold a certain belief or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting a certain story.The logic of good reasons consists of asking two sets of questions. The first set constitutes a logic of reasons:1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual?2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling?3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative?4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make?5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case? Assignment:Terms: culture , Individualism and Collectivism, communication, intercultural communication, Questions:1.What are characteristic of culture?2.What are properties of communication/3.How do Harry C. Triandis clarify Cultural Syndromes4. How do you understand The Iceberg Concept of Culture。
跨文化交际PPTChapter 1
Communication
Look at the picture and try to figure out:
1. What is communication?
2. How do we communicate? 3. Is it a process? If yes, what?
4. three models
Man is part of nature and also transcends nature. Culture is man‟s “second nature”.
Culture is man‟s “second nature”;
What is the basic difference etween man and animal?
Familiar “culture”
Air to man; water to fish When are we aware of their existence?
Culture is beneath awareness in the sense that no one bothers to verbalize it, yet it forms the roots of action. Iceberg.
A Couple on a Tandem Bike
“… culture and communication work in tandem. In fact, they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which is the echo.” (Samovar and Porter, 1994: 44) The same goes for the two wheels of a tandem bike and a mature couple in life: they work in tandem with each other to make life go smoothly.
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)
15
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries – Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
16
17
• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?
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英语中的culture
• Culture主要用于三个范畴： 1、描述知识、精神、美学发展的一般过程 2、表示一种生活方式，不论是一个民族、 一个时期、一个群体或者整个人类的生活方 式。 3、用以描述智力，特别是艺术活动的实践 和成果。
不同的文化定义的分类和评述
4）从心理学的角度下定义： 一部分侧重于适应，把文化当做解决问题的 一种方式：“一个民族的文化可以定义为他 们的物质和精神的装备的总和，他们使用这 些装备满足他们的生理和社会需要，使他们 自己能适应环境。” 另一部分侧重于学习：“文化是指人所有的 那些习惯，因为这些习惯是从其他人那里（ 不一定是一成不变地）学到的”
5）从结构的角度下定义： “文化由具有一定模式的功能上相互联系的 风俗所组成，这些风俗是组成特定社会组合 或类别的特定的人所共有的” 6）从遗传的角度下定义： “文化是人为的东西的总和，它是人类创造 并代代相传的一整套工具和生活习惯。”
我们所使用的文化的定义：
1)文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来 的，是社会的遗产; 2)文化既包括信念、价值观念、习俗、知识 等，也包括实物和器具;
1） 侧重描述的定义： 文化作为描述性的概念一般说来是指人类创 造的财富的综合，包括书籍、绘画、建筑等 ，指适应我们的环境（自然和社会环境）的 不同方式的知识，也指历代积累起来的语言 、风俗以及礼仪、伦理、宗教和道德体系。
不同的文化定义的分类和评述
2） 侧重历史传统和社会继承的定义： 文化是社会继承的行为和信仰的总和。 3）侧重规范性的定义： 一种文化指一个人群的具有特点的生活方 式，指他们的整个的生化设计。
1、美国是一个移民国家：印第安人、亚、非、 拉、欧洲、大洋洲 不同的国家有不同的文化传统和风俗习惯，相 互交往中难免产生问题，因此跨文化交际学能 引起注意。 2、美国与各国交往频繁，大批官员、学者、商 人奔赴世界各地，每年还接待大量的留学生、 移民和旅游者。
1)跨文化交际学在欧洲发展的比较晚 2)跨文化交际学在我国的历史很短， 大概不超过30年，外语教师首先对它 感兴趣。
3)文化是人们行动的指南，为人们提供解决 问题的答案; 4)文化并非生而知之，而是后天所学会的; 5)价值观念是文化的核心，可以根据不同的 价值观念区分不同的文化
二、文化的特性
1、文化是人类区别于动物的主要标志，文 化是社会遗传不是生理遗传。 2、文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得 。 3、文化中的大部分是不自觉的 4、文化是人们的行动指南 5、文化是动态的，与一定的历史时期相联 系。
第三章 文化的定义与特性
1、《现代汉语词典》对文化的解释：人类 在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神 财富的总和，特指精神财富，如：文学、艺 术、教育、科学等。
2、对文化的界定的三个角度： A人学的角度，文化是人类区别于动物的特 征，是与自然相对的人造物，文化的本质是 创造。 B 从社会功能的角度，文化是生产力，是信 息、知识、心态和符号系统。
对跨文化交际的不同理解：
1、任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文 化交际。因为没有两个人完全一样 ，每个人在文化上都是独一无二的 。
对跨文化交际的不同理解：
• 2、跨文化交际的研究重点应该包 括：跨国、跨种族、跨民族的研究 和一个国家的主流文化的研究。
第二章 跨文化交际学
一、跨文化交际学为什么产生在美国？
什么是跨文化交际？
跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的 人从事交际的过程。
请问下面哪些是跨文化交际？
1、国家领导人国事访问 2、国际贸易与谈判 3、出境旅游 4、与外国留学生、外教交往 5、阅读外国小说 6、观看外国电影、电视
印 度 教 传 入 中 国
跨文化交际兴起的原因：
1. 交通工具的进步 2. 通讯手段的发展 3. 因特网的发展 以上三点把全世界联系起来，形成 “地球村”