自考英语词汇学 第九章(课堂PPT)
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英语词汇学课件 Unit 9
9.2.2 concatenation: a process of semantic change in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 9.2.3 proliferation Ex P276-3
A man is helping the police with their inquiries. paying guest/boarder, lodger liquidation/ assassination liberation/aggression
(8)Official documents circumlocution: Also periphrasis. In rhetoric, a wordy and indirect way of saying something. e.g. death: negative patient care outcome
9.1 Causes of semantic change
9.1.1 Extra-linguistic factors (1)Social development language, society and culture e.g. snow (Eskimo), camel (Arabic dialects)
obscure, officious, pompous, authoritarian, intimidating doublespeak, buzzword/vogue factors (1) Influx of loan words e.g. beast (Fr.)/animal (Latin)/deer (2) Competition among native words e.g. hound/dog, fowl/bird, chair/stool (3) Shortening of phrases e.g. gas, gold, bulb
英语词汇学通论
英语词汇学通论一、基本概念部分。
1. 单词（Word）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：具有一定语音形式、表示一定意义、可以独立运用的最小语言单位。
例如，“book”（书）、“run”（跑）等都是单词。
2. 词素（Morpheme）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：是语言中最小的语义单位。
词素分为自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘着词素（Bound Morpheme）。
自由词素可以独立成词，如“man”（男人）；粘着词素不能独立成词，如“ -ment”（表示行为、结果等的后缀，如“development”发展）。
3. 词根（Root）- 发音：[ruːt]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：是单词的核心部分，包含着单词的基本意义。
例如，在“unhappiness”中，“happy”是词根，表示“高兴”的基本意义。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. 派生法（Derivation）- 发音：[ˌderɪˈveɪʃn]- 词性：名词。
- 解释：通过在词根上加前缀（Prefix）或后缀（Suffix）来构成新词的方法。
- 示例：- 加前缀：“un -”（表示否定） + “happy”（高兴的） = “unhappy”（不高兴的），“un -”的发音是[ʌn]。
- 加后缀：“teach”（教）+“ -er”（表示人） = “teacher”（教师），“ -er”的发音是[ə(r)]。
2. 合成法（Compounding）- 发音：[kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ]- 词性：名词。
- 解释：把两个或两个以上的词组合成一个新词的方法。
- 示例：- “black”（黑色的）+“board”（木板） = “blackboard”（黑板），“black”发音为[blæk]，“board”发音为[bɔːd]。
- “day”（天）+“break”（打破，破晓） = “daybreak”（黎明），“day”发音为[deɪ]，“break”发音为[breɪk]。
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
英语词汇学第9章
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词汇学第九讲 (1)PPT教学课件
– Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.
2020/12/10
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9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
2020/12/10
2
9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
2020/12/10
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
词汇测试2000词汇量高考词汇量?averagecontaindivideimagine?expectsuffertreatsafety?scorerestaurantdamagehonor4000词汇量4级词汇量?abandonbenefitconflictdramatic?encounterflexiblemerchantprinciple?schedulesponsortypicalwithdraw6000词汇量6级专业4级词汇量?accumulateboundarycoherentdilute?edibleformidablegorgeousheritage?judicialoverlapsubvertunprecedented词汇测试8000词汇量雅思托福专业8级词汇量asymmetrybilateralcentrifugaldismantleepidemichecticingenuityopaquesimultaneouslyvariationperpetuateparalysis800015000词汇量gre词汇量abrasionbelligerentcoalescedivulgeequivocatefortuitousimmaculateloquaciousmorbidpeccadilloprocrastinationtaciturn龙之九子?长子赑屃囚牛?次子螭吻?三子蒲牢?四子狴犴?五子饕餮?六子蚆嗄?七子睚眦?八子狻猊负屃?九子图椒图貔貅龙之九子?长子赑屃bx囚牛qini?次子螭吻chwn?三子蒲牢plo?四子狴犴bn?五子饕餮toti?六子蚆嗄bxi?七子睚眦yz?八子狻猊sunn负屃fx?九子椒图jiot貔貅pxiskillofmemorizingnewwords?insomnia?anyonecansufferfrominsomniaalthoughsuchproblemsaremorecommonamongwomentheilltheelderlysmokersandalcoholics
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
development and growth.
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 （449-1100） ❖ England： Celtic（凯尔特语）/ 450AD，
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German：zinc锌 ❖ Dutch：dock ❖ Russian： vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian： kangaroo ❖ Arabic： sugar， alcohol ❖ Indian： coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese： yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 （449-1100） ❖ England： Celtic（凯尔特语）/ 450AD，
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German：zinc锌 ❖ Dutch：dock ❖ Russian： vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian： kangaroo ❖ Arabic： sugar， alcohol ❖ Indian： coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese： yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
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❖ True idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
❖ Strictly speaking， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. 严格来讲，习语是不能从 其个体成分的文字意思理 解其意义的，
❖Hale Waihona Puke First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。
❖ Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
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❖ Thirdly, the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9 English Idioms
英语习语
1
Idiom 习语
❖ Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。
❖ 9.1.1 Semantic unity 语义的整体性 ❖ Idioms each consist of more than one
word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
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❖ Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。
❖ In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
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9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
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❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的 意义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
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❖ The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。
❖ Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
❖ Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可 分析的 。
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❖ The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the“true”idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
❖ Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
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9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
❖ The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。
❖ True idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
❖ Strictly speaking， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. 严格来讲，习语是不能从 其个体成分的文字意思理 解其意义的，
❖Hale Waihona Puke First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。
❖ Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
6
❖ Thirdly, the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9 English Idioms
英语习语
1
Idiom 习语
❖ Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。
❖ 9.1.1 Semantic unity 语义的整体性 ❖ Idioms each consist of more than one
word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
3
❖ Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。
❖ In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
2
9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
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❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的 意义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
4
❖ The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。
❖ Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
❖ Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可 分析的 。
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❖ The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the“true”idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
❖ Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
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9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
❖ The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。