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七学风榜样——精选推荐

七学风榜样——精选推荐

七学风榜样七、学风榜样我校拥有悠久的历史和优良的传统,在学校近百年的办学历程中,有⽆数的前辈以⾝作则,不断传承和发扬河海精神,为学校学风的积淀写下了不朽篇章,是激励⼀代代河海⼈潜⼼钻研、继承弘扬河海精神的不竭动⼒。

(⼀)严恺教授严恺 (1912-2006),福建闽侯⼈,中国科学院院⼠,中国⼯程院院⼠,河海⼤学创始⼈、名誉校长,南京⽔利科学研究院名誉院长,中国⽔利学会名誉理事长,中国海洋学会名誉理事长。

1952年负责筹建华东⽔利学院,任副院长、院长。

主持多项国家重点科技项⽬,做出了重要贡献。

严恺1933年毕业于中国交通⼤学唐⼭⼯学院,1935年考取公费研究员店铺资格赴荷兰留学,1938年毕业于荷兰德尔福德科技⼤学研究⽣院,获海岸⼯程学⼯程师职称。

旋即回归祖国,到云南从事农⽥⽔利建设。

1939年被聘为重庆中央⼤学⼯学院教授。

1943年北上参加治理黄河的⽔利⼯程,任国家黄河⽔利设计组主任、研究室主任和⽔利⼯程总队队长,同时兼任国⽴河南⼤学、国⽴黄河⽔利⼯程专科学校教授。

1946年担任国⽴河南⼤学⼟⽊⼯程学系主任、教授,还曾任该校⽔利系主任。

1952年,国务院任命⼀级教授严恺为华东⽔利学院(今河海⼤学)副院长、1958年升任院长,直到1983年任博⼠⽣导师、名誉院长。

1955年,严恺当选为中国科学院学部委员,1995年⼜被选为中国⼯程院院⼠,并当选墨西哥科学院院⼠,成为当代中国少有的三冕院⼠之⼀。

⾃上世纪50年代以来,严恺教授发表黄河港⼝、天津新港回淤问题,长江⼝航道整治研究、长江葛洲坝⼯程的复杂科技问题等⽅⾯的学术论⽂70余篇,并出版了《中国海岸⼯程》等著作多部,他的“中国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查研究”1992年获得国家科学技术进步⼀等奖,另获得国家级、省部级科技进步奖10项。

对我国⽔利学、海岸⼯程学的研究,有很⾼的造诣。

他曾长期兼任中国⽔利学会理事长、名誉理事长,中国海洋学会副理事长、名誉理事长,中国⼤坝委员会主席,联合国教科⽂组织国际⽔⽂计划政府间理事会副主席等职务。

2019 版 理科 二本 柱状图 Ver1.22

2019 版 理科 二本 柱状图 Ver1.22

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邯黑长重阿营河萍周河文白喀四大电信昭吕内绥普滇湖西山潍河河滨贵赤
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中国科学院中国遥感卫星地面站卫星数据产品价目表

中国科学院中国遥感卫星地面站卫星数据产品价目表

中国科学院中国遥感卫星地面站卫星数据产品价目表(2003年7月)SPOT-2/4卫星数据产品价目表ENVISAT数据产品价格LANDSAT-7卫星数字产品价目表LANDSAT-5卫星数字产品价目表RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6)卫星数据价格表RADARSAT卫星存档数据价目表RADARSAT卫星编程数据价目表快鸟卫星数据中国市场统一价目表QuickBird卫星立体像对数据产品价目表照相产品(激光输出产品)价目表ERS卫星存档数据产品ASTER数据产品及价目SPOT-2/4卫星数据产品价目表(人民币:元)(2006年4月1日)一、中国遥感卫星地面站接收的数据价格全景子区多光谱数据PAN数据多光谱数据PAN数据产品级别1A2000元4900元------2A2000元4900元---1000km2/1500元1.8元/ km2二、法国Spotimage接收的数据价格全景多光谱数据PAN数据产品级别1A900090002A90009000三、台湾及其他地面站接收的数据价格全景多光谱数据PAN数据产品级别1A14800148002A1480014800四、卫星编程费:7000元/景ENVISAT数据产品的价格(不包括申请费):Image Mode 和Wide Swath Mode :3000元/景Alternating Polarisation Mode :4000元/景我站ENVISAT数据编程申请的收费标准如下:a.提前14 天以上的编程申请为普通编程,不收申请费用;b.7-14 天编程申请为加急编程,每一数据段用户需付申请费3000元;c.2-7天编程申请为特急编程,每一数据段用户需付申请费8000元;(注:编程申请最少需要提前两天提交。

)LANDSAT-7卫星数字产品价目表(2003年7月1日执行)单位:人民币元全景1/2景1/4景融合/景面积范围级别1-8波段1-7波段PAN波段1-8波段1-7波段PAN波段1-8波段1-7波段PAN波段PAN&多光谱元/平方公里1级500380200280230150150120110---------------2级50038020028023015015012011045000.33级7006004004804503503503203106000--------4级8007005005805504504504204107000---------LANDSAT-5卫星数字产品价目表(2003年7月1日执行)单位:人民币元产品级别全景1/2景1/4景面积(km²)1级3800230012002级3800230012000.33级6000450032004级700055004200产品级别说明中国遥感卫星地面站提供的Landsat-5和Landsat-7数据产品的处理级别包括Level 1、Level 2、Level 3和Level 4。

级——校园运动休闲吧设计

级——校园运动休闲吧设计

校园运动休闲吧设计——小型服务设施及外部空间设计开课学院:建筑城规学院适用专业:建筑学城市规划景观建筑学适用年级:二年级(2010级)学年学期:2011-2012学年第一学期教学时间:2011年9月5日(第1教学周)至2011年11月6日(第9教学周)共9周任课教师:刘彦君、张洁、大勇(外教)、张斌、宋晓宇、黄勇(助教)2011年9月阶段一(第1-2周):外部形体限定下的功能组织训练一、训练目标在延续一年级建筑形体训练成果的同时,使学生进一步掌握建筑设计的基础知识:包括图纸表达、建筑功能组合方法、建筑基本空间形态特征及其与建筑功能的内在联系等内容;特别是强化训练学生在空间与形体限定条件下,对功能安排、流线组织、空间划分技巧和规范相关条文的认识和掌握。

二、训练内容学生在保持和完善自己一年级准建筑设计形体与空间关系的前提下加入校园运动休闲吧的相应功能内容,对空间与尺度进行重新认识与定位,完成各层平面图纸。

校园运动休闲吧的主要功能:除了能提供完善的饮品服务功能外,还应该成为体育爱好者一处可灵活使用的多功能的交流场所,其具体功能组织由学生自行策划安排。

三、成果要求1. 图纸规格:2#图幅2. 图纸内容:设计说明:简要的设计构思说明(宜图文结合表达)平面图:1:100-1:150(接地层平面应表达建筑与场地关系以及周边场地设计)四、进度安排第1周题目讲解;学生分析校园运动休闲吧功能要求与自己一年级准建筑形体空间的协调与冲突关系,初步拟定功能安排、流线组织和空间划分方案。

完成各层平面草图。

第2周结合规范相关条文深化建筑与场地设计,完成并评讲正式图纸。

阶段二(第3-9周):完整的建筑设计过程训练一、设计目的(1) 通过小型服务设施设计,了解建筑的基本功能组成,熟悉简单功能空间的组合关系;(2) 了解建筑与环境的关系,初步掌握建筑场地环境设计的手法和原则;(3) 了解小型建筑的造型手法、设计原则及人体的基本空间尺度。

西南科技大学

西南科技大学

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理工科院校心理健康教育面临的问题及应对措施

理工科院校心理健康教育面临的问题及应对措施

建立健全大学生心理健康档案是高校规范心理健康
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大连海事大学:学汇百川,德济四海

大连海事大学:学汇百川,德济四海
{特别策划}
·辽宁·
大连海事大学:学汇百川,德济四海
一、请简要介绍一下贵校的行业特色与优势有哪 些。
大连海事大学招生办公室:大连海事大学是交通运输部 所属的全国重点大学,是国家“211 工程”重点建设高校, 是国家“双一流”建设高校,是一所以航运为特色,理、 工、管、经、法、文、哲等相结合的多科性大学。学校素 有“航海家的摇篮”之称,是中国著名的高等航海学府, 是被国际海事组织认定的世界上少数几所“享有国际盛誉” 的海事院校之一。
三、请简要介绍一下贵校2020年新增专业的情 况。
大连海事大学招生办公室:2020 年学校新增大数据管 理与应用、供应链管理 2 个专业。
大数据管理与应用专业主要培养具备信息系统集成、 综合管理与决策能力的数据分析人才,尤其注重培养交通 运输、航运物流领域的高素质数据科学及管理应用人才。 供应链管理专业结合学校在港口航运、交通物流领域的学 科和人才培养优势,主要培养熟悉港航物流行业背景,精 通全球化情境下供应链管理专门知识的复合型人才。
学校名称
备注
国家重点学科
国家级特色专业
辽宁:装备制造业、冶金业、石化业、农产品业是辽宁的四大支柱产业。近年来,辽宁大力打造先进装备制造、新能源材料、电子信息、生物育种等新兴产业
辽宁大学
经济类专业是该校的传统优势学科 世界经济学、国民经济学、金融学等 经济学、哲学、财政学、国民经济管理、法学等
大连理工大学
中国著名的“四大工学院”之一
力学、水利工程、化学工程与技术等
功能材料、能源化学工程、高分子材料与工程、电 气工程及其自动化等
32
【最“偷摸”的汉字·掱】这个字读 pá,指扒手、贴身的小偷。字中两只手表示“正常的手、掩护的手”,第三只手表示“偷窃之手”。

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodology

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodology

Unit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about the significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of passive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a process─ Be familiar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sentence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods.Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English incollege and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOVA analyses (方差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage. Research objectiveResearch subjectsResearch locationMaterialsProcedureStatistical analysis1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs in the passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.● Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method Section Subjects / participants choose, include, recruit,volunteered / paid to participate, …Materials be composed of, be located, be installed,be equipped with, obtain, supply, …Research designapply, employ, develop, resort to, use, …Procedurecarry out, follow, perform, propose, …Complete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. (1)(问卷调查实施)after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) (完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_(表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息). As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 ) _(参与者的平均年龄约29岁), _( 5 )_(平均工作经历约6年), and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order. Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.a The data was rank-ordered from the lowest X value of 1.2 tothe highest of 3.8--- see Table 2 below.b The SD scores show to what extent the teachers agreedamong themselves when judging the gravity of each error.c The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire, inwhich the errors appeared in a random order.d The assessors were instructed to view each error in itscontext and determine to what extent it deviated fromnormal English.e The questionnaire included the context in which each errorhad occurred and a marking scale ranging from 0 for "noerror” to 5 for “the most severe error".f After scoring, the assessors were given the option to writedown the principles that guided them in their scoring.g The scores were computed into mean averages (X) andstandard deviations (SD).h Unless otherwise indicated, the numerical data in the textrefer to the mean average scores.i The higher the SD score, the more diverse the assessors'opinions regarding the gravity of the item.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 languagebackgrounds which are represented.__________________________________________________________________(2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students’ preferences and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.Aim of research To determine student’s preferences and attitudestoward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetenedbeverages.Research subjects Ten people, five male and five female students, froma Science English class 1, chosen at random Materials Thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and twocontainers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the UnitedStates, one container with four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar, the othercontainer with four cups of orange Kool-aidsweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brandartificial sweetener.Procedure Ten volunteer students, five males, into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women test, a blindfold over the eyes of the tester, he/she could not see, the two cups filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. Then three questions asked from a survey and the answers tabulated. Next, use a straw, a sip from each cup.Data treatment The final two questions on the survey and the answers tabulated; finally, the remaining drink thrown away, and the next tester came forward, repeated the process.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.Aim of research To investigate into the status quo of your group ofstudents’ attendance in English classroom andreasons for absence.Research subjectsSampling techniquesMaterials mProceduresData treatment4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racism: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□ Poor □ Fair □ GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students’ attendance and causes for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。

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内容摘要IP协议(网际协议),是TCP/IP 协议族中最为核心的协议。

所有的数据在此协议机制下都以IP数据报的格式传输。

当分组过大不适合在所选硬件接口(即不同网络)上发送时,就要对其分片。

在目的主机上再把所有分片组装成一个完整的数据报,提交给上层协议处理。

本次设计开发工具为Turboc2.o+win2000,由我们3人独立完成,采用结构化设计思想完成对所有分片的重装,实现IP协议的重装模快。

(一)IP协议重装原理及功能分析1:设计背景我们知道,每一个数据链路层都有自己的帧格式,在格式里面规定了数据的最大长度,即MTU。

当数据报封装成帧时,长度都应该小于此长度,因此,为了适应不同网络,就要对IP数据报进行分片,分片带来的问题就是要对分片进行重装。

2:重装依据—>IP数据报首部0 15 16 31(图1)IP首部首部共20字节。

把一份IP数据报分片后,只有到达目的地才进行重新组装。

重新组装由目的端的IP层来完成,其目的是分片与重新组装过程对传输层是透明的。

如图(1)IP首部为分片后的重装提供了必要的信息:首先,其标识字段包含一个唯一的值,该值在分片后被复制到每个片中;其次,标志字段由3个1bit组成,比特0是保留的,必须为0,比特1是“不分片”,比特2是表示“更多的片”标志,标志字段其它13bit指出该片偏移原始数据报开始处的位置,以8字节单元计算,因此,除最后一个分片外,其他每个分片都望是一个8字节倍数的数据,从而使后面的分片从8字节开始。

当数据被分片后,片总长要改为该片的长度。

当IP数据报被分片后,每个片都有自己的首部,这样在目的端就有足够的信息来组装这些数据报分片。

处理思想:IP协议是个无连接的协议,无连接是指IP并不维护任何关于后续数据报的状态信息,因此它不能保证分片都按序到达,另外,属于一个数据报的分片也可能与另一个数据报分片混杂在一起,。

为了解决上述问题,我们可以用重装表图(2)和一些想关链表完成。

重装表做的就是找出当前分片是那个组的,将属于同一个数据报的分片进行排序,当所有的分片都到达时将它们重新组装成一个数据报,当然在接收数据时都有一定时间限制,当建立的超时限已过,同时有的分片丢失了,则将接受到的分片都丢掉。

处理过程:当接收到一个IP数据报时,如果其的片偏移为0而还有“更多分片“也为0,则将数据报发送到适当对列,反之,就去查找重装表项目,如果没有找到,就建立一个新的项目,找到了就在链表适当地方插入此分片。

当所有的分片都已经到达,就重装这些分片,将其发送到高层协议,反之,就检查是否超时,如果超时,就丢弃所有分片同时发送ICMP差错报文。

功能分析:通过上述处理就完成了对分片的重装,就实现不同网络中数据帧的传输。

图(2)重装表——>链表ST:状态;SA:源址,DI:数据报ID;TO:超时;F:分片(二)数据结构定义及处理流程1:变量定义:数据报首部:记数统计量:全局变量:ipq:类型Struct,说明—>重装表2:函数设计:3用到的数据结构以及必要的说明:ipq(重装表)结构:struct ipq{struct ipq *next,*prev; /*重组报头*/char ipq_tll; /*重装生存时间*/char ipq_p; /*此片用到的协议*/short ipq_id; /*重装序列号*/struct ipastrag *ipq_next,*ipq_prve; /*分片的IP报头*/ struct in_addr, ipq_src, ipq_dst; /*地址清单、目的与源地址*/ }ipasfrag(过度结构)结构:struct ipasfrag{/* 预处理*/#if BYTE_ORDER==LITTLE_ENDIANChar ip_hl=4,ip_v=4;#endif#if BYTE_ORDER==BIG_ENDIANchar ip_v=4,ip_hl=4;#endifchar ipf_mff; /* ipf_mff成员覆盖ip结构中的服务字段,*//*防止报头损坏,从标志字段复制*/short ip_len/*下是报头定义,与ipq结构类似*/unsigned short ip_id;short ip_off;unsigned char ip_p;unsigned short ip_sum;struct ipasfrag *ipf_next,*ipf_prev;}3详细流程:ipintr先要对接收到的分片进行处理,如果它检查到MF 或分片偏移为非0,则分组就是一个必须重装的分片,反之,就可以跳过重装。

当一个缓存区无法容纳分组时,接口就将整个分组返回,在ipintr函数中在处理前应将IP 首部移到缓冲区上。

ipintr把一个要处理的分片传给和一个指针传给ip_reass,其中指针指向ipq中匹配的的重装首部,ip_reass可能把分片重装并返回一个完整的数据报(只有一个分片),也可能将该分片链接到数据报的重装链表上(不只一个分片),等其他分片到达后重装。

ip_reass 在一个由ipf_next和ipf_prev链接起来的双向循环链表上,并收集某个数据报分片。

当在重装时产生错误,ip_reass就丢弃该分片,返回一个空。

在设计中,最多实现重装576字节的数据报。

ip_reass先创建重装表,然后切断分组,在重装表中找相应位置,插入分组,再重装数据报。

流程图:图(3)则继续接收,直到完成为止。

(三)基本代码实现由于只有一个模快,故没有主函数main(),以下就是函数ipintr()与ip_reass的实现以及必要的说明,其中的数据结构定义包含在chong_z.h中。

IP数据报首部定义:struct ip{/* 预处理*/#if BYTE_ORDER==LITTLE_ENDIANunsigned char ip_hl=4,ip_v=4;#endif#if BYTE_ORDER==BIG_ENDIANusigned char ip_v=4,ip_hl=4;#endifunsigned char ip_tos;/*服务类型,下面的前面已给出*/short ip_len;short id;short ip_off;#define IP_DF 0x4000;/*不分片标志*/#define IP_MF 0x2000;/*更多分片标志*/#define IP_OFFMASK 0x1fff;/* 分段位*/ unsigned char ip_ttl;unsigned char ip_p;unsigned short ip_sum;/*检验和*/struct in_addr,ip_src,ip_dst;};mbuf缓冲区定义:struct m_hdr{struct mbuf *mh_next;/*链表的下一个缓冲区*/ struct mbuf *mh_nextpkt;/*对列中的下个链表*/ int mh_len; /*缓冲区数据总数*/short mh_type; /*数据类型*/short mh_flags; /*标志位*/}struct pkthdr{int len; /*数据报总长*/}struct mbuf{struct m_hdr;union{struct{ struct pkthdr MH_pkthdr;union{char MH_databuf[MHLEN];}MH_dat;char M_databuf[MLEN];}M_dat;};本次设计用到的宏定义:#define m_next m_hdr.mh_next#define m_len m_hdr.mh_len#define m_pkthdr M_dat.MH.MH_phthdr#define dtom(x) ((struct mbuf *)((int)(x)&~(MSIZE-1) /*取得一个放在mbuf中任意位置的数据指针,并返回一mbuf * 本身结构的指针*/分配mbuf函数m_get实现:struct mbuf *int nowait,type;m_get(nowait,type){struct mbuf *m;MGET(m,nowait,type);return(m);}ipintr代码:void ipintr()/*对收到分片的处理*/{struct ip *ip;struct mbuf *m;struct ipq *fp;struct mbuf *m;/*缓冲区指针*/int hlen;next:s=splimp();/*调用中断*/IF_DEQUEUE(&ipintrq,m);splx(s);/*打开网络中断*/if(m==0) return;if(ip->ip_off&&ip->IP_DF){/*如果分片位或更多分片为*0,则必须重装,反之则跳过重装*/ if(m->m_flags&M_EXT){if(m=m_pullup(m,sizeof(struct ip))==0)ipstat.ips_toosmall++;goto next;}ip=mtod(m,struct *ip);}/*搜索此数据报分片对列*/for(fp=ipq.next;fp!=&ipq;fp=fp->next)if(ip->ip_id==fp->ipq_id&&ip->src.s_addr==fp->ipq_src.s_ addr&&ip->ip_dst.s_addr==fp->ipq_dst.s_addr&&ip->ip_p ==fp->ipq_p) goto found;found: /*调整ip_len*/ip->ip_len-=heln; /*有更多分片就创建ip_mff,并将偏移量*/ ((struct ipasfrag *)ip)->ip_mff&=~1;/ *转换成字节*/if(ip->ip_off&IP_MF) ((struct ipasfrag *) ip)->ipf_mff |=1; ip->ip_off<<=3;if(((struct ipasfrag *) ip)->ipf_mff&1||ip->ip_off)ipstat.ips_fragments++;/*如果此数据报有更多的分片或者这不是第一个分片,就试图重*装,调用ip_reass函数,如果成功,就继续*/ip=ip_reass((struct ipasfrag *)ip,fp);if(ip==0) goto next;ipstat.ips_reassembled++;m=dtom(ip);}else if(fp) ip_freef(fp);}else ip->ip_len-=hlen;}ip_reass函数实现:struct ip *struct ipasfrag *ip;struct ipq *fp;ip_reass(ip,fp){ struct mbuf *m=dtom(ip);struct ipasfrag *q;struct mbuf *t;int hlen=ip->ip_hl<<2;/*int i,next;m->m_data+=heln;m->m_len-=hlen;/*当第一个分片到来时,创建一个重装表*/if(fp==0){if(t=m_get(M_DONTWAIT,MT_FTABLE))==null)goto dropfrag;fp=mtod(t,struct ipq *);insque(fp,&ipq);fp->ipq_ttl=IPFRAGTTL;fp->ipq_p=ip->ip_p;fp->ipq_id=ip->ip_id;fp->ipq_next=fp->ipq_prev=(struct ipasfrag *) fp;fp->ipq_src=((struct ip *) ip)->ip_src;p->ipq_dst=((struct ip *) ip)->ip_dst;q=(struct ipasfrag *) fp;goto insert;}for(q=fp->ipq_next;q!=(struct ipasfrag *) fp;q=q->ipf_next) if(q->ip_off>ip->ip_off) break;/*搜索数据链表找到一个偏移*大于ip_off的*分片*/if(q->ipf_prev!=(struct ipasfrag *)fp){i=q->ipf_prev->ip_off+q->ipf_prev->ip_len-ip->ip_off;if(i>0){/*把新片中与早到分片末尾重叠的字节丢弃,切断重复部分,或*者新片在以前都已经出现,则丢弃所有新片*/if(i>=ip->ip_len) goto dropfrag;m_adj(dtom(ip),i);ip->ip_off+=i;ip->ip_len-=i;}}while(q!=(struct ipasfrag*)fp&&ip->ip_off+ip->ip_len>ip-> ip_off){i=(ip->ip_off)+ip->ip_len-q->ip_off;q->ip_len-=i;q->ip_off+=i;m_adj(dtom(q),i);break;}q=q->ipf_next;m_freem(dtom(q->ipf_prev));ip_deq(q->ipf_prev);}/*截断或丢弃已有的分片*/insert:ip_enq(ip,q->ipf_prev);next=0;for(q=fp->ipq_next;q!=(struct ipasfrag *)fp;q=q->ipf_next){ if(q->ip_off!=next) return 0;next +=q->ip_len;}if(q->ipf_prev->ipf_mff&1) return 0;/*将到达分片插入重装链*表*/q=fp->ipq_next;m=dtom(q);t=m->m_next;m->m_next=0;m_cat(m,t);q=q->ipf_next;while(q!=(struct ipasfrag *)fp){t=dtom(q);q=q->ipf_next;m_cat(m,t);}/*如果所有分片都已接收,用m_cat把分片重装成数据报*/ip=fp->ipq_next;ip->ip_len=next;ip->ipf_mff&=~1;((struct ip *)ip)->ip_src=fp->ipq_src;((struct ip *)ip)->ip_dst=fp->ipq_dst;remque(fp);(void) m_free(dtom(fp));m=dtom(ip);m->m_len+=(ip->ip_hl<<2);m->m_data-=(ip->ip_hl<<2);/*重建数据报首部*/if(m->m_flags&M_PKTHDR){int plen=0;for( t=m; m;m=m->m_next)plen+=m->m_len;t->m_pkthdr.len=plen;}return( (struct ip *)ip);/*计算缓存链中数据的字节数,并保存在* m_pkthdr.len中*/}心得体会通过本次课程设计,我们深入理解了IP协议中重装的原理。

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