graph1_
仪器分析实验内容(一)
邻二氮菲分光光度法测定试样中的微量铁一、实验目的1．掌握邻二氮菲分光光度法测定微量铁的方法原理2．熟悉绘制吸收曲线的方法，正确选择测定波长3．学会制作标准曲线的方法4．通过邻二氮菲分光光度法测定微量铁，掌握721型分光光度计的正确使用方法，并了解此仪器的主要构造。
二、实验原理邻二氮菲（phen ）和Fe 2+在pH3~9的溶液中，生成一种稳定的橙红色络合物Fe(phen)2+3，其lg K =21.3，ε508=1.1×104 L·mol -1·cm -1，铁含量在0.1~6μg·mL -1范围内遵守比尔定律。
显色前需用盐酸羟胺或抗坏血酸将Fe 3+全部还原为Fe 2+，然后再加入邻二氮菲，并调节溶液酸度至适宜的显色酸度范围。
有关反应如下：HCl OH NH 2Fe 223⋅++ ==== 22N Fe 2++↑+ 2H 2O + 4H + + 2Cl - N N Fe 2++ 3NN Fe 32+用分光光度法测定物质的含量，一般采用标准曲线法，即配制一系列浓度的标准溶液，在实验条件下依次测量各标准溶液的吸光度A ，以溶液的浓度C 为横坐标，相应的吸光度A 为纵坐标，绘制标准曲线。
在同样实验条件下，测定待测溶液的吸光度Ax ，根据测得吸光度值Ax 从标准曲线上查出相应的浓度值Cx ，即可计算试样中被测物质的质量浓度。
三、仪器和试剂1．仪器 721型分光光度计，1 cm 比色皿。
2．试剂（1）100 µg ·mL -1铁标准储备溶液。
（2）100 g ·L -1盐酸羟胺水溶液。
用时现配。
（3）0.1% 邻二氮菲水溶液。
避光保存，溶液颜色变暗时即不能使用。
（4）pH=5.0的乙酸-乙酸钠溶液。
四、实验步骤1．显色标准溶液的配制 在序号为1~6的6只50 mL 容量瓶中，用吸量管分别加入0，0.4，0.8，1.2，1.6，2.0 mL 铁标准使用液（含铁约100µg·mL -1），分别加入1.00 mL 100 g ·L-1盐酸羟胺溶液，摇匀后放置2 min ，再各加入5.0 mL 乙酸-乙酸钠溶液，3.00 mL 0.1% 邻二氮菲溶液，以水稀释至刻度，摇匀。
图论讲义1图路树
7. 连通性 图中两点的连通：如果在图 G 中 u，v 两点有路相通，则称顶点 u，v 在图 G 中连通。 连通图（connected graph）：图 G 中任二顶点都连通。 图的连通分支（connected branch, component）：若图 G 的顶点集 V(G)可划分为若干非空子集
这便定义出一个图。
2. 图的图示
通常，图的顶点可用平面上的一个点来表示，边可用平面上的线段来表示（直的或曲的）。 这样画出的平面图形称为图的图示。
例如，例 1.1.1 中图的一个图示为
v1
v2
e1
e6 e5
e2
e4
v5
e7
v3
e3 v4
注：（1）由于表示顶点的平面点的位置的任意性，同一个图可以画出形状迥异的很多图示。
3
（8） 完全图(complete graph)
（9） 图的顶点数（图的阶）ν 、边数 ε
（10） 顶点 v 的度(degree)：d(v) = 顶点 v 所关联的边的数目（环边计两次）。
（11） 图 G 的最大度： ∆(G) = max{dG (v) | v ∈V (G)}
图 G 的最小度：δ (G) = min{dG (v) | v ∈V (G)}
证明：按每个顶点的度来计数边，每条边恰数了两次。 推论 1.1.1 任何图中，奇度顶点的个数总是偶数（包括 0）。 4. 子图
子图(subgraph)：如果V (H ) ⊆ V (G) 且 E(H ) ⊆ E(G) ，则称图 H 是 G 的子图，记为 H ⊆G。
生成子图(spanning subgraph): 若 H 是 G 的子图且V (H ) = V (G) ，则称 H 是 G 的生成子图。
2006年考研英语真题(英语一)
Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1 , homelessnessThe homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is8 . One of the federal government’sstudies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, “There has to be 20 of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.” 1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not6.[A] cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SNEET 1. (40 points)Text 1American society is an amazing machine for In spite of “endless talk of difference,” homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and thecasualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “avast arraysculture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shoppingThe mass media, advertising and sports are other forces forinto a public and democratic act.” homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogetherelevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, GregoryRodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant toassimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation－language, homeownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen mostcommon countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.”children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generationHence the description of Americaoriginal language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreignhad a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-bornAmericans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-bornBy the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married towhites and blacks.” non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars likeArnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant s livingwithin the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enoughto have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, tod social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.(Paragraph 1) most probably means______21. The word “homogenizing”[A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing.22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century______[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ______[A] are resistant to homogenization.[B] exert a great influence on American culture.[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.[D] constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.______25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is[A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C] fruitless. [D] harmful.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extrachoices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and ofa riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gamblingin that casino , Williams，a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. Hehad never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casinoissued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card,” which when used in the casino earns points forgambling activities. For Williams,meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’sthose activities became what he calls “electronic heroin.” (41) . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slotmachine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at atime, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because itknew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center foraddictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said thatNoting the “medical/psychological” before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/ psychologicalinformation demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety orwell-being.(42) .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning：“Enjoy the fun… andalways bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number forcounseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.(43) .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders saysinvolves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money“pathological g ambling” than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) . Pushed by science, or what claims tobe science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings aspersonality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) .Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varyingdegrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the firstInternet gambling site was created in 1995, c ompetition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense.The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinosevery week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passedpornography as the Web’s most profitable business.marketing department continued to[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’spepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without beingdetected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense washis will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he wouldquit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it wasbroadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important andaggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, oftendefining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive tocompulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internetgambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when heobserved that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more thanthat. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not American, whohave become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall definehim as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底的) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, whomust accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even inthe every-day performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he willtake his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teachvery well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing；living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emersion would say, is something else.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do notsign your own na me at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the photos briefly,2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3) give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)凡事发生，必有利我！因为凡事都是我赋予它意义，它才对我有意义。
全面回顾Graph深度学习,一文看尽GNN、GCN、GAE、GRNN、GRL
全面回顾Graph深度学习，一文看尽GNN、GCN、GAE、GRNN、GRL 今天新智元介绍清华大学朱文武教授组的一篇预印版综述论文，全面回顾图(graph)深度学习，从半监督、无监督和强化学习三大角度，系统介绍了GNN、GCN、图自编码器(GAE)等5大类模型及其应用和发展。
要说最近学界值得关注的趋势，图神经网络(Graph Neural Network, GNN)或者说图深度学习(Graph Deep Learning)绝对算得上一个。
昨天，阿里巴巴达摩院发布2019十大技术趋势，其中就包括“超大规模图神经网络系统将赋予机器常识”：单纯的深度学习已经成熟，而结合了深度学习的图神经网络将端到端学习与归纳推理相结合，有望解决深度学习无法处理的关系推理、可解释性等一系列问题。
强大的图神经网络将会类似于由神经元等节点所形成网络的人的大脑，机器有望成为具备常识，具有理解、认知能力的AI。
此前，新智元曾经报道过清华大学孙茂松教授组对图神经网络(GNN)的综述(arxiv预印版)，全面阐述了GNN及其方法和应用，便于读者快速了解GNN领域不同模型的动机与优势。
今天，新智元再介绍另一篇清华大学与GNN有关的综述，这次是朱文武教授组发布在arxiv 的预印版论文 Deep Learning on Graphs: A Survey。
作者：张子威，崔鹏，朱文武在这项工作中，作者全面回顾了应用于图(graph)的各种深度学习方法，从以下三方面系统阐述这些方法及其差异：半监督方法，包括图神经网络(GNN)和图卷积网络(GCN)无监督方法，包括图自动编码器(GAE)最新进展，包括图递归神经网络（Graph RNN）和图强化学习(Graph RL)从互联网、供应链、化合物的分子结构、感染的传播途径，到世界上最复杂的结构——人脑神经系统，都可以用图(Graph)来表示。
ZedGraph源码学习（一）
ZedGraph源码学习（⼀）因⼯作原因，学习相关ZedGraph源码来解决⼀些问题。
刚看到这个开源图表控件时，感觉还是短⼩精悍的。
结合ZedGraph控件的例⼦⼤致看了下对应的源码，写下点感悟。
这⾥先⼤致说⼀些ZedGraph⾥的元素。
1.Panel：ZedGraph控件是如何画出来的，就是这这个上⾯画出来，后⾯的元素如坐标轴，线条，饼图。
2.Axis：轴线，任何⼆维线型、条型、饼型图表都需要⼀个坐标轴，⾄少有X轴，Y轴，然后我们才能在上⾯画相应的线条，饼型等元素。
3.CurveItem:我们刚说到在有坐标轴后，那么需要画我们的线条，条型，饼型什么的，CurveItem就是存储我们的数据然后画出对应的图形。
4.GraphObj：我们在整个Panel⾥可能要标出⼀些信息，如某点要添加相应描述，或是我们要标⽰有⼀部分是警告区域，都可以由这个来完成。
5.MajorTic与MinorTic：这⼆个对象都是针对Axis来说的，主要是描述上⾯的轴线上的主⾼刻度与副刻度。
6.Scale：这个和上⾯的对象⼀样是Axis来说的，主要是描述轴线上的刻度显⽰的对应的数字与标识。
7.PointPair：这个就是针对CurveItem来说的，CurveItem⾥保存着相应的数据，⽽这些数据就放在PointPair队例⾥。
这些其实就是构成统计图⼀些主要元素了，当然还有⼀些⽤于辅助的如：Legend（简单来说就是对应CurvItem图形的缩微图）,Fill（⽤于填充对象的),Border(描述元素边界的)，Symbol（点上的图形）.上⾯的1-7中，除5，6外都是有对应的集合类。
它们之间的关系如下。
Panel可以包含Axis，CurveItem，GraphObj这些元素的集合，⽽在其中⼀个CurveItem可以对应⼀个X轴和Y轴，也可以多个CurveItem对应⼀个X轴，⽽GraphObj与Axis和CurveItem没有直接关系。
x方-y方=1图像
x方-y方=1图像
在我们看到x方-y方=1这样一个数学函数时，可能很多人会觉得它比较难以理解，但是当我们知道这个函数的图像时，就会变得比较简单了。
换句话说，x方-y方=1的图像就是函数y=x-1的图像，它是一条直线，两边都是终点，两点式是（0，-1），（1，0），往右移动时，直线就往上移动。
x方-y方=1 Graph图形位于一个坐标系上，x轴和y轴组成了两个相交的坐标轴，它们定义了数学函数的解空间。
x轴表示x值，y轴表示y值，两轴之间就形成了图像。
此函数的图像就是我们可以通过解空间定义的直线，可以用铅笔画出它的凹凸形状。
x方-y方=1与函数y=x-1有很大的相关性，这是一条有斜率（1）的直线，它代表着一种关系。
当x增加1时，y值也会增加1。
同样，当x值减少一时，y值也会减少1，两个值之间保持着一定的增加或减少规律。
在函数图形中，x方-y方=1是一个非常常用的函数。
通过x方-y方=1的图像，可以了解函数的解空间信息，从而能够准确的推断出函数的方程。
它还可以用来决定两个函数的斜率、相交点和积分，增加我们对函数的了解。
总的来说，x方-y方=1的图形对理解数学函数具有重要意义。
通过它，我们可以很容易的推断出函数的方程，以及求出函数的斜率、积分值等。
从而让我们对数学知识有更深入的理解，也能更好地完成各种数学作业。
雅思写作writing_task_1_-_which_graphics
Which graph?–Writing Task 1Teacher’s notesAim:Better able to meet Task Achievement Assessment Criteria (Academic) by selecting appropriate information from a diagram in order to present an overview which highlights main trends / key features.Instructions1.Hand out graphs 1 –5 to groups of students (it’s fine if they all have different graphs).Ask Ss what the graph shows(=percentage of the population of 4 different countries who travelled abroad from 2002 to 2012. Also elicit that the numbers are inpercentages rather than15 people or 15 million people).2.Ss stick their graphs around the walls. Tell Ss there are 5 different graphs and they shouldmatch candidates’ notes about the general trends of the graphs to the actual graphs.Hand out the worksheet. Ss in pairs go around the room matching the notes to the graphs(exercise 1). Feed back.3.Tell Ss they will read an ‘overview’ based on one set of notes. Elicit / explain what anoverview* is in relation to IELTS Writing Task 1.Ss read the overview and match to the notes (exercise 2). Feed back.4.Pairs answer questions about the overview (exercise 3). This will help Ss understand whatkind of information should be included in an overview. Feed back.5.Ask Ss to turn over their worksheets so they can’t see the notes at exercise 1 and givethem one of the graphs (except graph 1). They should:∙Identify key trends from their graph∙Write an overview based on what they’ve learnt / read6.When Ss have finished, they can refer back to the notes (exercise 1) to see if they identifiedthe same main trends (others are acceptable, but make sure it is a main trend and not adetail e.g. only 12% of French people took the least holidays abroad in 2006) and checkthat they followed the advice in exercise 3.7.To round up, pairs could swap graphs and overviews and give each other feedback abouthow successful they think the overview is.Alternative suggestion*At stage 2, if there’s no space to move around the classroom, you could hand one graph to each group and after 30 -60 seconds each group passes their graph clockwise to the next group.For further practice identifying main trends, give Ss a range of IELTS Writing Task 1 papers and ask them to note down the main trends. Feed back as a group to see if everyone identified similar trends.*An overview is a summary of the main points / general trends of a diagram. Ss should always include an overview at the beginning or end of an Academic Writing Task 1 answer.ANSWER KEY -Worksheet–Which graph?Exercise 1A = graph 5B = graph 1C = graph 2D = graph 4E = graph 3Exercise 2The overview matches graph 1 (notes B)Exercise 31.Which words / phrases show that these are general trends (instead of details)?Overall, generally2.Can you think of any other words/ phrases like this?In general, From an overall perspective3.Does the candidate give any specific percentages in the overview?No. The information in the overview should be general. They will write otherparagraphs with more specific details. Numbers or other data should be mentioned in these.4.Which words / phrases does the candidate use to refer to ‘(percentage of the population)who travelled abroad’?Foreign travellers, travel(led) abroad, trips abroad. Explain to Ss that they should try not to repeat phrases from the rubric over and over again in their answer.Exercise 4Suggested overviewsGraph 2-Overall, the number of foreign holidays remained fairly stable, except for in Germany where there was a significant increase over the years. Germans also took far more trips abroad than any of the other Europeans.Graph 3-There was an overall increase in the number of foreign travellers from 2002 to 2012. Foreign holidays were most popular with citizens of Spain and the UK. French people took the fewest vacations to other countries over the years.Graph 4-From an overall perspective, overseas holidays became less popular from 2002 to 2012, except for in the UK where there was an increase in foreign holidays. Holidays in other countries were far less popular with Spanish people than any of the other European countries.Graph 5 -In general, the number of people who went abroad on holiday increased over the period, except for in 2006 when all countries took the lowest number of vacations in other countries. The highest percentage of foreign holidays was taken by Germans.Which graph? –Writing Task Part 1Graph 1FranceGermanySpainUK Graph 2FranceGermanySpainUKGraph 3Graph 4Graph 5Worksheet –Which graph? –Writing Task Part 11Below are notes which candidates made about the general trends in graphs 1 –5.Match the notes with the graphs.A general increase2006 lowest number in all countriesGermany = highest %Graph _____B overall increase from 2002slight decrease after2010similar % from each country in each year(e.g. 2002 allbetween 18 and 20%), 2006 biggest differences Graph _____C generally stableexcept Germany = big increaseGermans –foreign travel most popular Graph _____D general decrease 2002 –2012except UK = increaseSpain = small number of hols abroad Graph _____E overall increase 2002 –2012Spain and UK= hols abroad popularFrance least popular Graph _____2 A candidate has expanded their notes into an ‘overview’ below. Match theoverview to one of the sets of notes (A –E above).There was an overall increase in the number of foreign vacations from 2002. However, trips abroad decreased slightly after 2010. Generally, in each year, a similar percentage of people from each country took overseas holidays, except for in 2006 when there was a big difference between France and the UK.3Answer the questions about the overview.1.Which words / phrases show that these are general trends (instead of details)?………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2.Can you think of any other words / phrases like this?………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3.Does the candidate give any specific percentages in the overview?………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4.Which words / phrases does the candidate use to refer to ‘(percentage of the population)who travelled abroad’?……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4Now turn over this paper and write an overview for a different graph.。
A_cup_of_coffee_away_一杯咖啡的距离
疯狂英语 （新读写）无论你住在别墅里还是公寓里，你都有邻居。
但是，你会和你的邻居们在一起喝茶聊天吗？A cup of coffee away一杯咖啡的距离四川 刁俊书Whether you live in a house or anapartment, you have neighbors. You might share a morning coffee with your neighbor on your porch. There was a time when neighbors were always close to one another. We knew everyone s name and what they did for a living. Then we all got busy. Aside from the occasional wave, we drifted away from our neighbors and be⁃came strangers. Our neighborhoods lost the“neighbor ”. But we haven t lost hope yet.Bud is 81 years old and lives next door to a younger couple with a smallchild. Many might describe Bud as lonely, but we see him as neighborly. When his young neighbor told him not to worry about the lawn, Bud worried anyway. He wascaught doing the edging.Bud isn t the only one though! Somepeople are trying to bring the neighbor back little by little, one act at a time. Re⁃cently, we witnessed a disabled man takingfresh, home⁃made sausage to a neighbor.There are more people out there working hard to bring back neighborly love.Staying connected with our neighborscan be wonderful. If you don t know yourneighbors, introduce yourself to them. Talk about the weather. Borrow a cup of sugar.Your interaction with them will make their day!Meg s husband, a firefighter, andtheir neighbor Bud have developed a greatfriendship. It is heart⁃warming when her husband enjoys coffee on the porch, and the neighbor Bud asks permission to joinhim. The conversation begins with, “Are you busy?” Who wouldn t want a neighbor like Bud to share a morning coffee with?ReadingCheckWhat is the current trend regardingneighborly interactions according to para⁃graph 1?49。