The American Constitution
英美概况模拟试题
《英语国家社会与文化入门》模拟试题及参考答案Part oneFill in the blanks ( 10 points )1.The full name of the United Kingdom is .2.The Good Friday Agreement, known also as , emerged on 10 April 1998.3., the ancestor of the present queen, Elizabeth II, united England under his rulein 829.4.written by Geoffrey Chaucer is often studied by middle school and collegestudents today.5.The Bonfire Night, which is celebrated in November, sometimes is also called .6.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of .7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, and Jewish.8.In 1852, a New England woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a noveltitled , which intensified the political debate on slavery.9.1968 was known in US history as a violent and tragic year in which the great leader of TheCivil Rights Movement: was assassinated.10.The Grand Canyon is carved away for nearly 6 million years by the River. Part twoRead the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question: ( 20 points )1.Franklin Roosevelt’s program for the depression was called .a. Progressivismb. laissez fairec. New Freedomd. New Deal2. The United States did not join the Second World War directly until in December,1941.a. Great Depressionb. Pearl Harbor incidentc. the Japanese attack on Chinad. the German attack on Poland3. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by OliverCromwell as .a. Lord Protectorb. Lieutenant Generalc. Commander of the New Model Armyd. President4. Ireland is in the of Great Britain.a. eastb. southc. westd. north5. WASPs referred to .a. the mainstream Americansb. Hispanicsc. Asian-Americansd. Blacks6. Lincoln's Emancipation proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitutionformally ended .a. the immigration movementb. the Civil Warc. the slave systemd. the industrialization7. About a hundred years ago, as a result of imperialist expansion, Britain ruled of theworld people and of the world’s land area.a. one thirdb. one fifthc. one fourthd. two fifths8. The Celt’s religion was.a. Teutonic religionb. Christianityc. Druidismd. Buddhism9. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of , keeping themwithin the bounds of the feudal law of the land.a. the Archbishop of Canterburyb. the baronsc. the churchd. the king10. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in the .a. the House of Lordsb. the House of Commonsc. the Privy Councild. the Shadow Cabinet11. The English Renaissance was largely .a. religiousb. ideologicalc. philosophicald. literary12. In the Industrial Revolution, changes occurred earliest and quickest in .a. hardwareb. textilec. potteryd. chemicals13. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in .a. 200 B. C.b. 55 B. C.c. 55 A. D.d. 410 A. D14. The Hundred Years’ War started in.a. 1733b. 1453c. 1337d. 135715. Civil Rights Movement happened in .a. the 1960sb. the 1950sc. the 1940sd. the 1930s16. The open declaration of the containment policy was made by on March 12, 1949 ina speech to the joint session of Congress.a. President Rooseveltb. President Kennedyc. General Marshalld. President Truman17. The House of Commons consists of Members of Parliament.a. 651b. 1,200c. 1,198d. 76318. About half of the Britain’s trade is with.a. the United Statesb. South-east Asiac. the ECd. the Latin America19. The British recorded history begins with .a. the arrival and settlement of Celtsb. the Norman Conquestc. Roman invasiond. Viking and Danish invasions20. At the beginning of the First World War, the United States pursued a policy of .a. containmentb. neutralityc. pro-Germany partialityd. pro-Ally partialityPart threeRead the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False: ( 20 points )( ) 1. The Bill of Rights is the term for the first twelve amendments to the Constitution.( ) 2. The stock market crash in 1929 was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U. S. ( ) 3. George Washington was the first president of the United States.( ) 4. The system of the parliamentary government of the U.K. is based on a written constitution. ( ) 5. Benjamin Franklin alone drafted the Declaration of Independence, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration.( ) 6. Britain was the first country to start the Industrial Revolution which contributed to the establishment of the British Empire.( ) 7. The word English means “the language that belongs to the Angles.”( ) 8. The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”.( ) 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh Lake in Wales which covers an area of 397 square kilometers.( ) 10. Both the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress were held in Boston.( ) 11. The American Constitution founded feudalism and introduced checks and balances.( ) 12. The national church in Scotland is also the Church of England.( ) 13.Of all the English university Oxford and Cambridge are the most prestigious( ) 14. The House of Lords is now made up of two kinds of Lords: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.( ) 15. William, Duke of Normandy, founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea and he became known as “Father of the British Navy.”( ) 16. Anglo-Saxons in Britain are believed to be ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh people.( ) 17. After Margaret Thatcher was elected Britain’s first ever woman prime minister in 1979, she adopted a new program to cure the “British disease”.( ) 18. America Vespucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was not Indian, but a new continent. As a result, the new continent was named after him and became known as America. ( ) 19. Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by the Continental Congress on July 14, 1776, a day which has been celebrated each year as Independence Day of the United States. ( ) 20. When the news of American victory at Yorktown reached London, the Parliament voted to end the War and peace negotiation began in 1782.Part fourExplain the following terms in English: (10 points)1. The New Deal2. The commonwealth3. checks and balances4. Constitutional monarchy5. PuritanismPart fiveTell what you know about the following in your own words. ( 20 points )1. The Easter Rising2. Class system in British society3. The Bronte sisters4. Counterculture5. The containment policyPart sixWrite between 100-150 words on the following topic: ( 20 points )Cold WarKeys:Part one:1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.the Belfast Agreement3.King Egbert4.The Canterbury Tales5.Guy Fawkes Night6.14927.Catholic8.Uncle Tom’s Cabin9.Martin Luther King10.ColoradoPart two:1~5dbaca 6~10cccdb 11~15dbbca 16~20daccbPart three:1~5 FTTFF 6~10 TTTFF 11~15 FFTTT 16~20 FTTFTPart four:1.It refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possiblecollapse of the American economic and political system.2.The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of formerBritish colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus: others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.3.Each of the three branches of the government——the legislative, the executive and thejudicial——has part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.4. A constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. Inpractice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.5.Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify theChurch of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.Part five:1.In order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the Britishinstitutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and Forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.2.The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claimthemselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are now simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.3.Perhaps the most famous literary family I British history are the Bronte sisters, who wereinfluenced by the Romantic Movement. Charlotte, Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Although they were poor, they were educated and respectable. In their short lives, they didn’t produce much, but their works are among the best-loved novels in English: Charlotte Bronte’ s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights 4.In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenonthat historians called “counterculture”. The counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicles for the counter culture assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.5.The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. by containment, the Us meantthat it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union form breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US fought two wars in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.Part six:Some historians say that the world entered Cold War immediately after the Second World War ended. The conflicts arose basically from the separate concepts of postwar world order. The United States, relying on its large economic and military strength, tried to play the role of world police under the pretext of fighting against the Soviet expansion. The Soviet Union put forward the theory that there could be no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism and the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism, represented by the United States and Britain. Cold War was characterized by international tension and conflicts without bloody “hot war” between the Soviet Union and the United States. Cold War did not end until after the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989.。
American Constitution 美国宪法
This draft constitution in Philadelphia at the constitutional convention on the approval of the representatives, and shortly thereafter be at that time the United States has 13 state special approval of the meeting. （该宪法草案在费城召开的美国制宪会议上获得代表的批准，并在此后不久被当时 美国拥有的13个州的特别会议所批准。
According to the American constitution stipulated in chapter 5 of the program, the United States congress can pass amendments to the constitution.根据 美国宪法第5章所规定的程 序，美国国会可以通过宪 法修正案。
Байду номын сангаас
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
美国宪法
三权分立
Legislative Power Executive Power Judicial Power 制衡原则(the 制衡原则(the principle of checks and balances)
Executive Power
Legislative Power
Judicial Power
新泽西方案：赋予国会对商业征税并加以 管理的权利和对各州采取强制措施的权利， 但保留一院制国会，各州无论大小在国会 中有同等的表决权。这个方案包含有后来 美国宪法的一个重要条款——联邦法律至 美国宪法的一个重要条款——联邦法律至 上的雏形。全国最高法院要受理州法官的 上诉案，而联邦法律至上条款则要求所有 的法官，州的和联邦的法官都要把联邦政 府的法律和合众国的条约看得高于各州的 法律。
American Constitution
1787年的美国宪 1787年的美国宪 法
一、美国宪法简介
The Constitution of the United States 1, 美国政府的基本文件和美国的最高法 律 2, 世界各国所实施的宪法中年代最久远 的宪法（1787） 的宪法（1787） 3, 简单明了，适应性很强
2、国会对联邦法院的制约
国会可以通过法律，规定各级联邦法院 的组织和审判管辖权。 国会参议院对联邦法官的任命有同意权。 国会可以对联邦法官提出弹劾。
3、总统对国会的制约
国会通过的一切法案，必须最后由总统 签字批准，才能公布成为法律。总统如 不同意那个法案，可以行使否决权。总 统行使否决权后，国会两院必须都以三 分之二的多数再通过原案，才能推翻总 统的否决，但总统还有绝对性质的搁置 否决权（衣袋否决权pocket vote)。 否决权（衣袋否决权pocket vote)。
american constitution 名词解释
american constitution 名词解释美国宪法（American Constitution）是美国的基本法律文件，是美国民主政治的重要保障。
本文将从制定背景、内容概况、权利和义务、修订方式等方面对美国宪法进行解释。
一、制定背景美国宪法起草的背景可以追溯到美国独立战争的时期。
当时，美国最高法律文书“美国联邦章程”未能有效调和各州之间的矛盾，为了建立更加有序和稳定的政治秩序，美国成立了一个宪法起草委员会，经过四个月的论辩和折衷，最终在1787年9月17日宣布通过并签署生效。
二、内容概况美国宪法共包括七个部分，分别是宪法前言、第一部分总则、第二部分条款、第三部分司法条款、第四部分州与联邦政府关系、第五部分修订条款和第六部分附件。
它确立了三权分立的政治体系，即行政权、立法权和司法权，这样一来，美国政府可以相互制约、平衡发展，彰显了民主、自由和法制的价值。
此外，宪法还确立了联邦与各州之间的权力分配，对联邦政府的组成、运作和权利作出了详细规定，还规定美国的国际地位和对外关系等。
三、权利和义务宪法为美国公民赋予了很多权利与义务。
其中，一部分包括基本的人权，如言论自由、宗教自由、民主选举等，这些权利保证了美国的政治自由和民主文化的基石。
去年金春贵华侨华人喜联名捐资创办南昆州大学中国交流中心还决定奖励他们四、修订方式为了确保宪法的灵活与可持续发展，美国宪法规定了修订机制。
在宪法制定的过程中，修正权被赋予了联邦政府和各州政府，无论是提出、审议还是批准修正案，都必须遵循严格的程序。
总之，美国宪法不仅是一个国家的最高法律文书，更是一个对于民主、自由和法治的高度表达。
读完本文，相信大家对于美国宪法也有了一定的了解。
致用英语 英语国家概况单元复习题 选择题 Unit 3
致用英语英语国家概况单元复习题选择题Unit 3致用英语英语国家概况单元复习题选择题Unit Three Political System1. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the _____.A. contribution a state has made to the nationB. populationC. sizeD. none of the above2. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and _____.A. the Liberal PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. the Labour PartyD. the Republican Party3. In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the MonarchC. the Prime MinisterD. the King4. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______.A. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln5. The general election in Britain is held every ____ years.A. fourB. threeC. sixD. five6. The real power of the British government lies in _____.A. the House of CommonsB. the cabinet headed by the Prime MinisterC. the Prime MinisterD. the Queen7. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed _____ by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom.A. Prime MinisterB. Member of ParliamentC. Lord of appealD. Speaker of the House8. In 1865, the __________ Amendment which banned slavery was added to the Constitution.A. TenthB. TwelfthC. ThirteenthD. Fourteenth9. In the U.S., a President can be elected to office only ________.A. onceB. twiceC. three timesD. four times10. The Senate is composed of ______ seats from each state in the U.S.A. 2B. 5C. 8D. 1011. _____ is the leader of the British government.A. Prime MinisterB. QueenC. PresidentD. Governor12. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______.A. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln13. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the ____ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest14. In Britain, ___ has the ultimate authority of legislation.A. the QueenB. the House of CommonsC. the House of LordsD. the Prime Minister15. The American Constitution was drawn up in ____A. 1787B. 1790C. 1783D. 178916. In USA, _______________ has the right to determine whether or not the laws and acts of government are in accordance with the Constitution.A. the PresidentB. the SenateC. the Supreme CourtD. the Representatives17. U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) __ term.A. eight-yearB. four-yearC. six-yearD. two year18.The Bill of rights is the term used for ______ to the Constitution of the United States.A. the first ten amendmentsB. the last five amendmentsC. the tenth amendmentD. the most important amendment19. The President of the United States is head of the branch.a. legislativeb. executivec. judiciald. party20. The general election in the USA is held every ____ years.A. fourB. threeC. sixD. five21. The House of Commons consists of Members of Parliament.A. 650B. 1,200C. 1,198D. 76322. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in the .A. the House of LordsB. the House of CommonsC. the Privy CouncilD. the Shadow Cabinet23. Which branch of the American government has the power to interpret the Constitution?A.The Supreme CourtB.The PresidentC.The HouseD.The Senate24. Frderalism is a system of government in which ________.A. power is given to a central government which deals with all matters of nationalnterestB. power is distributed between two tiers of government, each exercising its allotted powers independent of the otherC. a central government has no real power and it must depend on the other tier of governmentD. one tier of government must depend on the other tier of government25. The first ten amendments, known as _____, were added to the Constitution in 1791.A. the Bill of RightsB. the ArticlesC. Civil Rights26. After the Federal Government was established, the city _____ was chosen as the capital for the time being.A. WashingtonB. New YorkC. Philadelphia27. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution.A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress28. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitution29. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive30. The law-making or the legislative body in the government is _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. the CongressC. the CabinetD. the presiden t’s committee31. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states_____.A according to their populationB according to their sizeC according to their tax paid to federal governmentD equally感谢您使用本店文档您的满意是我们的永恒的追求！（本句可删）------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
美国宪法英文版
美国宪法英文版（仅供参考）Constitution of the United States - PreambleConstitution of the United States - Article 1Constitution of the United States - Article 2Constitution of the United States - Article 3Constitution of the United States - Article 4Constitution of the United States - Article 5Constitution of the United States - Article 6Constitution of the United States - Article 7Constitution of the United States - Bill of Rights - The First Ten AmendmentsConstitution of the United States - Amendments 11 - 27PreambleConstitution of the United States : PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.Article IConstitution of the United States : Article ISection 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10Section 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV). The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.Section 3 - Senators, how and by whom chosen. How classified. State Executive, when to make temporary appointments, in case, etc. Qualifications of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try impeachments. When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence.1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, (chosen by the Legislature thereof,) (The preceding five words were superceded by Amendment XVII) for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. (The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XVII)3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of the United States.6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.7. Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to law.Section 4 - Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed. One session in each year.1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX) unless they by law appoint a different day.Section 5 - Membership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules, Power to punish or expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc.1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.Section 6 - Compensation, Privileges, Disqualification in certain cases.1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.Section 7 - House to originate all revenue bills. Veto. Bill may be passed by two-thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten days to become a law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent resolutions, etc.1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by thepresident within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.Section 8 - Powers of CongressThe Congress shall have the power1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States:2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states,and with the Indian tribes:4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures:6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States:7. To establish post-offices and post-roads:8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries:9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court:10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations:11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water:12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years:13. To provide and maintain a navy:14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces:15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions:16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress:17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: And,18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.Section 9 - Provision as to migration or importation of certain persons. Habeas Corpus , Bills of attainder, etc. Taxes, how apportioned. No export duty. No commercial preference. Money, how drawn from Treasury, etc. No titular nobility. Officers not to receive presents, etc.1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importations, not exceeding 10 dollars for each person.2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. (Modified by Amendement XVI)5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office or profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.Section 10 - States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.Article IIConstitution of the United States : Article IISection 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4Section 1- President: his term of office. Electors of President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualification of President. On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's compensation. His oath of office.1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit underthe United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.(The clause in italics was superceded by Amendment XII)3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.4. No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.5 . In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. (This clause has been modified by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV)6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."Section 2 - President to be Commander-in-Chief. He may require opinions of cabinet officers, etc., may pardon. Treaty-making power. Nomination of certain officers. When President may fill vacancies.1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.3. The President shall have the power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.Section 3 - President shall communicate to Congress. He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc. Shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers.He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he may receive ambassadors, and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.4 - All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes.The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.Article IIIConstitution of the United States : Article IIISection 1 Section 2 Section 3Section 1- Judicial powers. Tenure. Compensation.The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.Section 2 - Judicial power; to what cases it extends. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate. Trial by Jury, etc. Trial, where1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, between a state and Citizens of another state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign states, Citizens or subjects. (This section modified by Amendment XI)2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.Section 3 - Treason defined. Proof of. Punishment of.1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.Article IVConstitution of the United States : Article IVSection 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4Section 1 - Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc. of every other State.Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.Section 2 - Privileges of Citizens of each State. Fugitives from Justice to be delivered up. Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up.1. The Citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of Citizens in the several states.2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.3. No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.(This clause superceded by Amendment XIII)Section 3 - Admission of new States. Power of Congress over territory and other property.1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.Section 4 - Republican form of government guaranteed. Each State to be protected.The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.Article VConstitution of the United States : Article V。
美国1787年宪法song
经济问题 债务问题 安全问题 松散的 邦联” “邦联” 体制
政 局 不 稳
制定一部宪法 加强中央集权
一、独立初期美国的政治体制
二、美国政治体制的发展和完善——Federation 美国政治体制的发展和完善
1.1787年联邦宪法的制定： 1.1787年联邦宪法的制定： 年联邦宪法的制定
必 要 性
①制定的背景
年轻美国的困境
“是的，没有钱支付津贴，没有钱维持军队。邦联条例对 是的，没有钱支付津贴，没有钱维持军队。邦联条例对 地方权益百般维护， 地方权益百般维护，各州不愿建立一个强大到能向债权人和军 人偿还债务的中央政府……不要打开内战的闸门，把我们的国 不要打开内战的闸门， 人偿还债务的中央政府 不要打开内战的闸门 家淹没在血泊之中。 ——1783年华盛顿对军队的演讲 家淹没在血泊之中。” ——1783年华盛顿对军队的演讲
理论来源： 世纪， 理论来源： 17-18世纪，法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠 世纪 发展了英国思想家洛克的分权学说，提出了立法， 发展了英国思想家洛克的分权学说，提出了立法， 行政，司法三权分立的学说，成为1787年美国宪 行政，司法三权分立的学说，成为 年美国宪 法的理论来源。 法的理论来源。
一、独立初期美国的政治体制 二、美国政治体制的发展和完善
Pater Patriae George Washington
Checks and Balances Separation of Powers
总统（ 总统（President）: ） Executive
总统制：总统是国家元首和政府首脑，是国 家武装力量的总司令，行政权集于总统，总 统决定对内对外政策，拥有极为广泛的权力。 美国总统由选民间接选出，任期四年 军事权、行政权、任免权、否决权、 军事权、行政权、任免权、否决权、特赦权
THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
Set the power of governing the country by 3 branches
JUDICIAL
Chief Justice Supreme Court
INTELLECTUALS HERITAGE
5 principles at the heart of that living Constitution •Rule of law •Republicanism •Separation of powers •Check & balance •National Supremacy (Article VI) *
Judicial
•Impeach
•Grant Pardons
•Interpret Laws *
useful website for the study of American Constitution /
useful website for more knowledge of American National Anthem /~etowner/anthem.html
Jean-Jacque Rousseau *
(1712~1778)
National Motto of the United States
In God We Trust
The phrase derives from the line “And this be our motto, 'In God is our trust,'“ in the battle song that later became the U.S. national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner.”* The phrase first appeared on U.S. coins in 1864 and became obligatory on all U.S. currency in 1955. In 1956 it was made the national motto by act of Congress.
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三权分立 --- checks and balances
The legislature
Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting abd limiting any wrongful action by other branches .
美国的宪法使美国成为了超级强国， 使联邦制深入人心.
Thank you for the constitution of the United States !
Let's see a the United States!
The AmeriRT>>
The brief introduction
Preamble
We the people of the United States , in order to form a more perfect union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility (平静)， provide for the common defense , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity (子孙) ，do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
The executive
Another characteristics is that the Constitution specifies the respective powers of the federal government and of the state government.
The judiciary
The states are allowed to run their own government as they wish.
The flow chart ——
三权分立示意图
立法；行政；司法
EFFECTS
In the United States constitution make us become a super power, make federalism is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people .