OSRAM灯珠规格书Spec SIRIUS HRI 330W XL

System Specification ConfidentialSystem SpecificationSIRIUS HRI TM 330W XLPT SIRIUS 330W - UNISHAPE®Revision Chapter Changes DateInitial draft 01.11.2012 TaSystem Specification ConfidentialTable of Contents1. Product Scope (3)2. Product Specifications: Lamp SIRIUS HRI 330W XL (3)2.1 Dimensions and weight (3)2.2 Marking on lamp (3)2.3 Lamp drawing (4)2.4 Lamp cables and connector (4)2.5 Operating and measurement conditions (5)2.6 Light output (5)2.7 Operation modes (6)2.7.1Internal synchronization (free running mode) (6)2.7.2 External synchronization (preprogrammed UNISHAPE default waveform) (6)2.7.3External synchronization (customized UNISHAPE waveforms) (7)2.8 Temperature and lamp cooling (8)2.9 Typical lamp characteristics (initial) (10)2.10 Average lamp life and lumen maintenance (10)2.11 Light output measurement (11)2.12 Rise time (11)2.13 Hot restrike (11)2.14 Cold ignition (12)2.15 Outgoing inspection (12)2.16 Instructions for use (13)3. Product Specifications: Lamp driver PT SIRIUS 330W - UNISHAPE® (14)3.1. Dimensions and Weight (14)3.2 Basic Lamp Driver Data (14)3.3 Lamp Driver Geometry (16)3.4 Maximum Temperatures (17)3.5 Control Board Interface (19)3.5.1 Basic Data (19)3.5.2 UART Communication (20)3.5.3 Scale Factors (21)3.6 Control Board Signals (21)3.6.1 Lamp Driver Start & Shut-Down (Non-UART mode) (21)3.6.2 Lamp Operation / SCI Control Signals (22)3.6.2.1 Internal Synchronization (22)3.6.2.2 External Synchronization with preprogrammed waveform (22)3.6.2.3 External Synchronization with customized waveforms (23)3.7 Lamp Driver Cable and Connectors (23)3.8 Lamp Driver 2D Barcode Label (24)4. Environmental requirements for lamp driver in fixture system (25)4.1 Reliability tests (25)4.2 Insulation requirements (26)4.3 General warnings (26)5. Packaging (27)5.1 Lamp (27)5.2 Lamp Driver (28)6. Disclaimer (29)System Specification Confidential1. Product ScopeThe product is a lamp system consisting of a short arc burner within a reflector and an electronic lamp driver. Lamp has to be operated with Voltage control (VC) functionality.Type lamp SIRIUS HRI 330W XLIdentcode: A A42 713Type driver PT SIRIUS 330W – UnishapeIdentcode: A A41 618The lamp must be operated with the OSRAM lamp driver only.2. Product Specifications: Lamp SIRIUS HRI 330W XL2.1 Dimensions and weightLamp see lamp drawing (page 4)Reflector type elliptical, E21.8Cable and connector NoneLamp weight < 150 g2.2 Marking on lampPosition of marking on the reflector, see 2.3Manufacturer OSRAMType no. SIRIUS HRI 330W XLCountry of origin Made in “Country”Hg-marking and WEEE-sign Hg ,System Specification Confidential2.3 Lamp drawing36Note: Tolerances of reflector measures +/- 0.5 mm2.4 Lamp cables and connectorCables NoConnectors noOsram recommends restricting the cable length between lamp driver and lamp to 300mm (limit 400mm). For details please refer to application note “Length of HV cabling for FP engines”.System Specification Confidential2.5 Operating and measurement conditionsLamp driver type The lamp must be operated with the lamp driverOSRAM PT SIRIUS 330WRated lamp wattage 280 - 330WIf one step dimming from rated to dimming mode is applied,temporary light variations may occur.Burning position any2.6 Light outputTest conditions 330W operation > 5 min for lamp output stabilizationLamp driver OSRAM PT SIRIUS 330W; Gen5; VCLuminous flux1I) Initial values :typ.: 15000 lm @ 5.0 x 3.8 mm2 rect. aperturemin.: 13800 lm @ 5.0 x 3.8 mm2 rect. Aperturetyp.: 16500 lm @ 6 mm2 round aperturemin.: 15000 lm @ 6 mm2 round apertureII) 24h values:min.: 90% of initial values measured @5.0 x 3.8 mm2 rect. apertureLumen measurement as described in 2.11 Spot position (Init. value) Max spot brightness (hot spot) is ≤ 0.8 mm offaperture centre, measured in OSRAM camera set up Color coordinates2typ.x: 0.300 +/- 0.020.typ.y: 0.300 +/- 0.020.1 Average of first sample production; Values preliminary, have to be verified by mass production2 Based on reference test assembly at OSRAMSystem SpecificationConfidential2.7 Operation modesThe SIRIUS HRI 330W XL lamp can be operated with multiple operation modes, depending on the specific application for which the lamp is used.In conjunction with the appropriate ballast PT SIRIUS 330W, following synchronization modes are possible:2.7.1 Internal synchronization (free running mode)The free-running mode is achieved by applying a continuous SCI signal. The lamp is operated with a fixed pulse timing and fixed lamp frequency. These parameters are pre-programmed in the ballast (see 3.6.2.1 for the details). As the external SCI signal is continuous, lamp currentcommutations occur in a non-synchronized way. Therefore, this mode can be used in those cases for which synchronization is not needed (LCD applications, light output measurements..)Lamp frequency Pulse duty cycle Pulse length Pulse height over plateau60 Hz10.0 %835 µs30%2.7.2 External synchronization (preprogrammed UNISHAPE default waveform)3This mode is achieved by applying a square wave SCI input. The pulse timing such as pulse-plateau-ratio and pulse duty cycle are fixed and pre-programmed in the ballast (see 3.6.2.2 for the details). The waveform is synchronized by an external SCI signal with a recommended duty cycle of 50%. Therefore, this mode can be used in those cases for which synchronization is needed, but for which additional features such as plateau-variation or low-pulses are not desired.The approved lamp frequency range is specified below. All not yet approved operation modes have to be released by OSRAM.Lamp frequency Pulse duty cycle Pulse length Pulse height over plateau50-60 Hz10.0 %835 µs - 1000 µs30%3For 3-Chip-Systems 12% pulse duty cycle and 55% pulse height over plateau is recommended, frequency range 47-78Hz is allowed.lampSCISystem SpecificationConfidential2.7.3 External synchronization (customized UNISHAPE waveforms)Only if a customized UNISHAPE waveform is applied, this mode will be used.Basic rules for UNISHAPE current waveforms and allowed parameter ranges are specified in the application note "UNISHAPE operating Modes for Front Projection".All Unishape modes should be approved by Osram before application. In all cases, the lamp must be operated without any DC content on the lamp current.Lamp frequency:It is recommended to commutate three times per frame so that the lamp frequency range is 72Hz to 95Hz, otherwise flickering could appear in case of 48Hz frame frequency and/or ECO-mode.Pulse height:For setting the pulse height of the UNISHAPE waveform, please refer to the application note "UNISHAPE – Universal Shaped Light Waveform” available @ /unishape /. Due to ballast current limitation, a constant ratio of pulse current to average current can only be achieved if the maximum segment height does not exceed 31% of the average value. For higher segment heights the pulse current to average current ratio might temporarily decrease down to 31% at the beginning of lamp life. For higher pulse heights, the impact on color deviation should be tested.lampSCILamp currentSystem SpecificationConfidential2.8 Temperature and lamp coolingThe lamp has to be operated with forced air cooling in order to ensure that lamp temperatures are withinspecification. The cooling design is crucial for achieving the specified maintenance and lifetime of the lamp in all allowed operating conditions. Care should be taken, that the bulb temperature stays within the specified limits in all arbitrary operation positions by a suitable cooling system design. OSRAM alsostrongly recommends avoiding a gradient from lower to upper overall temperature limits on a length smaller than 25 % of bulb perimeter.For temperature condition qualifying, OSRAM provides special TC/IR lamps of the specific lamp type for thermal measurement. The TC/IR lamp is a lamp with combination of IR detection holes on reflector and TC elements attached to specific locations.SPECIAL REMARK : For arbitrary lamp orientations, the position of hottest spot (defines as “hot spot”) and coldest spot (defines as “cold spot”) on the outer bulb surface is a dynamic one. Please see below picture for reference. The position of hot spot and cold spot sits in the area where the “temperature limits for overall bulb surface” (see next page) are specified, also the hot spot and cold spot must stay within the temperature requirements specified therein.When there is no forced cooling, due to the effect of gravity, bulb hot spot will always relate to the upmost part (or TOP) of the discharge vessel, and cold spot will always relate to the lowest part (or BOTTOM) of the bulb surface (case (a)).As the lamp axis tilting out of the horizontal plane, the hot and cold spot (red and blue mark) will move accordingly on the bulb surface as shown in (b).Once an angle of about 45 ° is exceeded, these spots are defined as in (c) and fixed for higher angles. For case (c) the “spot” concept of hot spot and cold spot could be no longer valid, which will become “belt” like zones at top side and bottom side.When a forced cooling is used, the hot spot and cold spot position could vary from the top and bottompositions. In such case, temperatures measured at top centre and bottom centre will not be the hottest and coldest anymore. If necessary, an IR camera is recommended to investigate the temperature distributions and cooling design.Other general remarks about temperature measurement:• Bulb temperatures are measured by IR-detection through holes drilled in the reflector.• For reliable results it is absolutely crucial that the bulb is free of any contamination inside andoutside, i.e. the bulb must be free of any blackening and devitrification.• Bulb temperatures must remain within the specified overall temperature limits everywhere on thebulb surface (orange marked area in picture), i.e. not only at top and bottom, but also in the sides. • Temperature recommendations are given for the bulb center position at top and bottom. For thedefinition of “top” and “bottom” under arbitrary lamp orientations see above.System Specification Confidential• When a pyrometer is used, the measurement spots “top” and “bottom” should coincide with the hotand cold spot defined above when the lamp is operated horizontally. Increasing the lamp tilt angle in principle corresponds to a line scan measurement as described in the application note “Measuring Lamp Temperatures”. An IR camera could generate more direct result with temperature distributions.• The pyrometer axis should be kept strictly perpendicular to the lamp axis (See below picture).Otherwise there is a risk of vignetting and out of measurement target.• Temperature measurement needs to be an average over at least three different lamps in the same fixture unit. This average temperature should meet the recommended temperatures. In addition, each individual lamp must meet the overall temperature limits – for each individual fixture unit. • After lamp shut down, cooling fan speed must not be increased for > 15 seconds to avoid extreme temperature gradients and the risk of cold cracks.Note: Example TC/IR lamp picture, practical appearance may vary.Operating power Recommended temperature at top/bottom center Temperature limits for overall bulb surface 4Foil / lead wire temperatures Top center : 860°C ± 20°C 330WBottom center : > 760°C740°C < T < 910°CTop center : 870°C ± 20°C 280WBottom center : > 770°C750°C < T < 920°CLead wire: T < 350°C Front foil: T < 350°C Back foil: T < 350°CFor further information, please refer to our application note “Measuring Lamp Temperature, Rev. 02”.4Real temperature requirement of the lamp burner. Hot spot and cold spot should stay within thetemperature specification, but since they cannot be easily found, thus the “Recommended temperature at top/bottom center” is specified as a more standard methodology.The “Temperature limits for overall bulb surface” applies to the full circumference extending over the length of inner bulb volume.System Specification Confidential2.9 Typical lamp characteristics (initial)Lamp power : 330 WMeasurement : Integrated sphereAperture: 5.0 x 3.8 mmRadiated PowerUV-output UVA 315-380 nm 6.0W typicalUVB 280-315 nm 0.04W typicalUVC 248-280 nm 0.02W typical Total visible flux 380-780 nm 74W typical IR 780-1020 nm 4 W typical2.10 Average lamp life and lumen maintenanceSwitching cycle 2 hrs on, 15 min offLamp life time5: 1500 hrs typical @ 330W2000 hrs typical @ 280WMore than 50% of lamp population have light output >50% of initial min. lumen output at the lamp life time. Lumen measurement as described in 2.11 with 6.0 mm ∅ round aperture.5 Life time proved in lab condition inside moving fixture at nominal power level.System Specification Confidential2.11 Light output measurementDrawing of measuring systemLight output measured at 31 mm distance into an integrating sphere with aperture.During assembly, the burner is positioned in the reflector in x, y and z coordinates for an optimized lumen output in accordance with the specified requirements.2.12 Rise timeRise time to 80% of the stabilized luminous output is < 90 sec without forced cooling. Extensivecooling of the bulb during lamp run-up phase has to be avoided. Osram suggests a delayed start of lamp cooling 20s after ignition. At all times temperatures at lead wire and front foil must staywithin specification as described in 2.8. Over time (within the first 30-60seconds) the lamp voltage is rising significantly and coming close to the final operation voltage and in the same way the power is rising until the nominal power is reached.2.13 Hot restrikeThe hot restrike time depends strongly on the cooling conditions after shut off. Under typicalcooling conditions it may vary from 60s to 120s. Extensive cooling within the first 15s after shut offhas to be avoided. Ignition voltage 2.6 kV typ. (3.5 kV max.)System Specification Confidential2.14 Cold ignitionCooling of the lamp during the ignition phase should be avoided, because this could lead to ignition failures.After a successful starting attempt keeps the lamp burning for at least 15 min.OSRAM advises to build in a multiple attempt cycle (3-5 successive attempts) to start the lamp.Between two successive attempts within the cycle there has to be at least a 15s pause.If a multiple attempts cycle does not lead to a lit lamp, this lamp can be claimed as “ignition failure”lamp.2.15 Outgoing inspectionAppearance check All lampsMarking check All lampsLamp voltage check All lampsIgnition check All lampsDimensions 5 pcs / 1000 lampsIntegral lumen All lampsSystem Specification Confidential2.16 Instructions for use- For lamp replacement: switch off power, disconnect mains supply, disconnect power cord, allow lamp to reach room temperature.- This SIRIUS HRI® lamp operates at high pressure and at high temperature and may unexpectedly shatter.- This SIRIUS HRI® lamp generates ultraviolet radiation which may cause skin and eye irritation with prolonged exposure.- This SIRIUS HRI® lamp must be operated only in suitably designed, enclosed fixtures which prevent direct observation of the arc and will prevent lamp fragments from exiting, in theunlikely event of a lamp rupture.- Do not touch the lamp with bare hands.- If necessary, lamp can be cleaned with lint free towel before operation.- Protect lamp environment against high ignition pulses (max. 3.5kV).- Avoid direct contact of objects to reflector or burner.- This lamp must not be operated with a broken, cracked or loose reflector.- Fast on-off-cycles (e.g. 10 min. on / 10 min. off) will reduce lamp life.- Visible arc instability has to be suppressed by optical system.- Operate lamp only in accordance with UL 1950 regulations.- Avoid back-reflection of light into burner.Disposal: For disposal of spent lamps, always consult federal, state, local andprovincial hazardous waste disposal rules and regulations to ensure properdisposal.Caution: This lamp emits ultra violet (UV) radiation and operates at high pressure.This lamp may only be used in enclosed fixtures that comply with UL1573.Due to the high luminous efficacy, the UV radiation which the lamp emitsand the high pressure within the lamp, SIRIUS HRI® lamps may only beoperated within enclosed, purpose-built housings.System Specification ConfidentialLF 5.5 330W 1.0mm x % pulse, UNISHAPE, Gen5 EDOS 581451 EAN3. Product Specifications: Lamp driver PT SIRIUS 330W - UNISHAPE®all values for lamp 330W 1.0mm3.1. Dimensions and WeightLamp driver 150x60x30 mmLamp driver weight 220 g3.2 Basic Lamp Driver Datanominal toleranceInput Voltage 380V DC 250...400V DCDC120V standby(non-operating) min.In stand by mode an overshoot of max. 420V and max. 500ms is acceptedmax.30V/us(du/dt)onSlew rate of input voltage at switchInput Current 1.0 AMax. input voltage ripple 30Vpp @ 100/120HzMax. input current ripple 1Arms @ 40-300kHzInput Wattage max. 365 W @330W lamp wattageInput Wattage standby operation 1,7W typical 2,5 W max.Output wattagenominal 330W ± 3% at RGBW sync 6DIM mode 280W ± 3% at RGBW sync 6controlled by UART 280W…330W in step width 1/128 of nominal power Output current limitation 6.5A (RMS) ± 5%Ignition pulse typ. 2.6 kVpeak symm. 2.1 .. 3.5 kVpeakIgnition Phase Duration typ. 3.5s max. 6 sEnable-Disable-Enable Cycle 15 s min.Acoustic sound pressure level typical acoustic sound pressure level 36 dB(A), maximum 40dB(A) at 25cm measuring distance; measured in steady statelamp operation 7Acoustic sound power level typical acoustic sound power level 32 dB(A), maximum 36dB(A) acc. to EN ISO 3744; measured in steady state lampoperation 7Switch-off lamp voltage 145 V ± 5VCooling method forced air cooling at ≥1.5 m/s minimumThermal Protection Tc1 switch point 95° ± 5°CSafety Protections The lamp connections are not mains isolated. The lamp canbe switched on via the Start Control Input signal (SCI). TheStart Control Input and the Flag Output are mains isolated.6 Measured at real lamp load. Deviations will occur on all kind of artificial loads (e.g. resistor)7 Measured with RGB waveform. Customer generated UNISHAPE waveforms can lead to noise deviation.System Specification Confidential Output Protection short circuit + output / - output for max. 10sno protection for output short or arc to GNDStandardsSafety Standards IEC60950-1, UL60950-1EMI Standards the lamp driver is designed to meet the EMI standardFCC47 part 15 class B (radiated & conducted)EN55022 / CISPR 22 (radiated & conducted) in theapplicationNote: According to the 'Engineering Conditions of Acceptability' of the UL report and CB report the lamp driver has to be secured by a delayed 5A fuse in the supply circuit (PFC).Output Power Curve (Internal mode)Note: This output power curve is an example of one sample and is valid with tolerances from chapter 3.2 only for preprogrammed waveform with original parameter settings.System SpecificationConfidential3.3 Lamp Driver GeometryNominal Tolerance geometry: length 150.0 mm ± 0.5 mm width 60.0 mm ± 0.5 mm height 30.0 mm ± 1.0 mm mounting holes diameter4.2 mm ± 0.1 mm distance between hole centers long side 140.0 mm± 0.2 mm short side 50.0 mm ± 0.2 mmTc1 switch point (temperature sensor NTC at bottom side of PCB): 95°C ± 5°CExample picturePosition print top:CJ2air flow direction41212System Specification ConfidentialPosition print bottom side of PCB. R4 (NTC) temperature sensor, Tc1 switch point: 95°C ± 5°Cpower supply pin 1 GNDconnector CJ1 pin 2 + 380V DClamp output pin 1 lamp outputconnector CJ4 pin 2 lamp output3.4 Maximum TemperaturesComponent temperatures have to stay below the following limits in all operation modes: 100°CT2..T5T1, T8 95°CD1 90°CL3100°CL2,L4 85°CC1,C5 80°CNote: Overheating of T2-T5 and L3 components is possible if more than 5 not successful ignition attempts are made consecutively without sufficient pause. Pause length depends on intensity of cooling. Please check in such case the component temperatures stays below max. allowed values under worst case conditions.System Specification ConfidentialA thermo sense NTC is located on bottom of the PCB. Its temperature can be read out via UART, see application note “Standardized UART Protocol”. The relation between temperature and UART value follows below characteristics:The ballast is switched off for thermal protection if the NTC temperature exceeds 95°C ± 5°C The ballast is switched off if the read-out value exceeds 35968For a proper thermal design the read-out value should be above 44000 (< 80°C)The calculation from the read out UART value to the related value in degree Celsius can be done by calculating the 3 following equations consequently, where:t UART is the readout value with dimension 1, U NTC is the calculated voltage from the first equation, R NTC is the calculated resistor value from the second equation and the t NTC is the resulted temperature in °C. (LN means natural logarithm.)[]V V T U UART NTC 1625⋅=[]Ω−Ω⋅=NTCNTC NTCU V U R 54700[]Celsius R LN T NTC NTC °−+⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=15,27315,298145001015REMARK: NTC temperature can not precisely represent the temperatures of the components. Hence the fixture maker has to ensure that temperatures of the components stay below the limits under worst case conditions.System SpecificationConfidential3.5 Control Board Interface 3.5.1 Basic Datacontrol board PIN 1 Flag / TxD+ (collector) connector CJ2 PIN 2 Flag / TxD- (emitter)PIN 3 Common LED+ (anodes) PIN 4 SCI / Sync. (cathode LED) PIN 5 DIM / RxD (cathode LED)LED interface current level requirements• LED OFF current (Pin 4 or 5) 0 ... 0.1 mA • LED ON current (Pin 4 or 5) 4…6 …20 mADimensioning of LED series resistors:Recommended Values of R1, R2 for best operation conditionsFlag output (open collector) in non-UART mode PIN 1 → PIN 2 closed if lamp is on max. 3mA PIN 1 → PIN 2 open if lamp is offNote: signal must stay stable for min. 0.5s for right indicationSCI input (Lamp driver enable and/or synchronization input)• if T1 is switched ON the Lamp driver starts the lamp (Æ SCI ON)• square wave input allowed: refer to 3.6.2.2.External Synchronization Mode• for basic external synchronization timing requirements please refer to chapter 2.8 • ignition will be initiated within 100ms after valid SCI signal is detected,then Lamp driver will try to start lamp for max. 6s• Correct judgment of the Flag output (Lamp_Lit signal) is possible earliest 6s after a valid SCI signalis applied.• valid SCI signal is ignored for 15s after shutdownU +LED R1 R2 3,3V 100R 100R 5V 390R 390R 10V 1k2 1k2 15V 2k2 2k2 Pin 5Pin 1System Specification ConfidentialDIM/RxD inputNon UART mode only:• if T2 is switched OFF (or not connected) the Lamp driver is operating in full power mode • if T2 is switched ON the Lamp driver is operating in DIM mode (reduced lamp power)3.5.2 UART CommunicationActive solution for the interface on projector side in case of UART-communication is mandatory . Passive solution for the UART-interface on the projector side doesn’t work..• For additional information on the interface hardware, please refer to application note“5pin_interface” (How to connect the Control Board Interface).• For additional information on UART operation mode, please refer to application note“Standardized_UART_Protocol”.• The application notes are available on /Unishape/Note:If the active solution is used for the projector interface there is no current limitation necessary for the TxD photo coupler transistor.The photo coupler transistor will limit the current to <10mA .A current limitation for the TxD photo coupler transistor on the projector side will affect the signal quality adversely.UART Communication - Passive solutionPassive solution for the interface on the projector side is not permissible with this lampdriverR1R2System Specification Confidential3.5.3 Scale FactorsScale Factors for Read-out of Operation ParametersBallast operation parameters can be read out via UART (see application note “Standardized UART Protocol”, section 2.2.2). To convert the Microcontroller values into physical units, the following scale factors apply :Parameter Scale factor Ballast specific valueLamp voltagef_U (170 V / 65535)Lamp current f_I(6.2 A / 1023) Lamp power f_P(1 W)3.6 Control Board Signals3.6.1 Lamp Driver Start & Shut-Down (Non-UART mode)Error! Reference source not found. shows the main states of the lamp driver. Under normal conditions, the driver ignites the lamp after a valid SCI signal has been applied. After successful ignition the lamp driver turns to steady state lamp operation. If the SCI signal is switched off or if an error occurs, the lamp driver stops lamp operation.The flag output ( PIN 1 → PIN 2) is closed during the lamp driver states marked green and open during the lamp driver states marked red (see Figure 1). Ignitionlamp lit?Figure 1: Lamp Driver State DiagramSystem Specification Confidential3.6.2 Lamp Operation / SCI Control SignalsThe system can be operated with external synchronization (UNISHAPE®).The synchronization timing is selected by applying the corresponding valid SCI input signal.In addition to this, the lamp can be operated on internal synchronization if no external signals are available. These synchronization modes are possible:a) internal synchronization (free running mode) see 3.6.2.1 Internal Synchronizationb) external synchronization (UNISHAPE®) with the preprogrammed waveform see 3.6.2.2 External Synchronizationc) external synchronization (UNISHAPE®) with the customized waveform see 2.7 Operation modesFor details see the ”Application note Gen5 series UNISHAPE® firmware“.3.6.2.1 Internal Synchronization- apply continuous SCI input current (via T1 ON to SCI)- passive control by free running mode e.g. for LCD application3.6.2.2 External Synchronization with preprogrammed waveform- apply square wave SCI input current (via T1 ON to SCI)- the waveform is synchronized with SCI signal- recommended SCI-on duty cycle is 50%- pulse - plateau - ratio – is max. 130 % see diagram belowExample curve of one sample. Please consider tolerances mentioned in chapter 3.2.。