2012年湖北高考物理卷word
2012年湖北高考物理试题及答案江汉学校
2012年湖北高考物理试题及答案（江汉学校）第Ⅰ卷（选择题）一．选择题 （请将你认为正确的答案代号填在Ⅱ卷的答题栏中，本题共8小题）1. 以初速度v 0竖直向上抛出一质量为m 的小物体.假定物块所受的空气阻力f 大小不变.已知重力加速度为g,则物体上升的最大高度和返回到原抛出点的速率分别为 A.202(1)v fg mg+和0mg f v mg f -+ B.202(1)v f g mg +和0mg v mg f +C.2022(1)v f g mg+和0mg f v mg f -+ D.2022(1)v f g mg+和0mgv mg f + 2. 物理学在研究实际问题时,常常进行科学抽象,即抓住研究问题的主要特征,不考虑与当前研究问题无关或影响较小的因素,建立理想化模型.下列选项是物理学中的理想化模型的有 A.加速度 B.自由落体运动 C .质点 D.力的合成3. 在下列几组仪器中,用来测量国际单位制中三个力学基本量的仪器是 A.刻度尺、弹簧秤、秒表 B.刻度尺、弹簧秤、打点计时器 C.刻度尺、天平、秒表 D.量筒、天平、秒表4. 如图所示,在一次空地演习中,离地H 高处的飞机以水平速度1υ发射一颗炮弹欲轰炸地面目标P,反应灵敏的地面拦截系统同时以速度2υ竖直向上发射炮弹拦截.设拦截系统与飞机的水平距离为s,若拦截成功,不计空气阻力,则1υ、2υ的关系应满足A.1υ=2υB.1υ=H s v 2C.1υ=SHv 2 D.1υ=s H v 25. 由于万有引力定律和库仑定律都满足平方反比定律,因此引力场和电场之间有许多相似的性质,在处理有关问题时可以将它们进行类比.例如电场中反映各点电场强弱的物理量是电场强度,其定义式为qF E =.在引力场中可以有一个类似的物理量用来反映各点引力场的强弱.设地球质量为M,半径为R,地球表面处重力加速度为g,引力常量为G.如果一个质量为m 的物体位于距地心2R 处的某点,则下列表达式中能反映该点引力场强弱的是 A.2)2(R M GB.2)2(R m GC.2)2(R Mm G D.4g6. 如右图所示，在坐标系xOy 中，有边长为a 的正方形金属线框abcd ，其一条对角线ac 和y 轴重合、顶点a 位于坐标原点O 处.在y 轴的右侧的I 、II 象限内有一垂直纸面向里的匀强磁场，磁场的上边界与线框的ab 边刚好完全重合，左边界与y 轴重合，右边界与y 轴平行.t ＝0时刻，线圈以恒定的速度v 沿垂直于磁场上边界的方向穿过磁场区域.取沿a —b —c —d--a 的感应电流方向为正，则在线圈穿越磁场区域的过程中，感应电流i 、ab 间的电势差Uab 随时间t 变化的图线是下图中的7. 利用传感器和计算机可以测量快速变化的力.如图是用这种方法获得的弹性绳中拉力随时间的变化图线.实验时,把小球举高到绳子的悬点O 处,然后让小球自由下落.从此图线所提供的信息,判断以下说法中正确的是 A.t 1时刻小球速度最大 B.t 2时刻绳子最长 C.t 3时刻小球动能最小D.t 3与t 4时刻小球速度大小相同8. 两个相同的环形金属线圈A.B 靠近且同轴 放置,如图甲所示.线圈A 中通以如图乙所 示的交变电流,则下列说法中正确的是A.在t l ～t 2时间内两线圈互相吸引B.在t 2～t 3时间内两线圈互相排斥C.在t l 时刻两线圈间的作用力为零D.在t 2时刻两线圈间的作用力最大 第Ⅱ卷（非选择题 共0道简答题2道实验题4道计算题 请将你认为正确的答案代号填在下表中 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 二、.实验题 （共2小题）9. 某同学设计了一个探究加速度与物体所受合力F 及质量m 间关系的实验.图(a)为实验装置简图,A 为小车,B 为打点计时器,C 为装有砂的砂桶,D 为一端带有定滑轮的长方形木板,实验中认为细绳对小车拉力F 等于砂和砂桶总重力,小车运动加速度a 可由纸带上点求得.(1)图(b)为某次实验得到的纸带(交流电的频率为50Hz),由图中数据求出小车加速度值为 m/s 2； (2)保持砂和砂桶质量不变,改变小车质量m,分别得到小车加速度a 与质量m 及对应的数图(a ) 图(b )纸带运动方向→vBDA Ct 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 ti A甲ABAv a2v aot i Bv a 2v aoti Cv a 2v aotUab Dv a 2v aot Uabt 1 t 2 t 4t 3 t据如表中所示,根据表中数据,为直观反映F不变时a与m的关系,请在方格坐标纸中选择恰当图从图线中得到F不变时小车加速度a与质量m间定量关系是_____________；⑶保持小车质量不变,改变砂和砂桶质量,该同学根据实验数据作出了加速度a与合力F图线如图(d),该图线不通过原点,明显超出偶然误差范围,其主要原因是.图（d)10. 某同学测量一只未知阻值的电阻.①他先用多用电表进行测量,按照正确的步骤操作后,测量的结果如图(甲)所示.则读出的阻值大小为_______Ω；为了使多用电表测量的结果更准确,该同学应该选用倍率(填“大些”或“小些”)的再进行测量.②若该同学再用“伏安法”测量该电阻.所用电路图如图乙所示,请你按电路图在图丙中连接实物图.你认为他按要求连接好电路后,测得的电阻值将________(填“大于”、“小于”或“等于”)被测电阻的实际阻值.三、.计算题 （共4小题） 11. 如图所示，一根轻绳上端固定在O 点，下端拴一个重为G 的钢球A ，球处于静止状态．现对球施加一个方向向右的外力F ，使球缓慢偏移，在移动中的每一刻，都可以认为球处于平衡状态，如果外力F 方向始终水平，最大值为2G ，试求：⑴轻绳张力T 的大小取值范围；⑵在乙图中画出轻绳张力与cos θ的关系图象。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)
绝密★启用前试卷类型：B 2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）语文本试卷共六大题，8页。
总分150分，考试用时150分钟。
注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用2B铅笔在“考生号”处填涂考生号。
用黑色字迹的签字笔将自己的姓名和考号填写在答题卡上。
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将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用0.5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
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考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、语文基础知识（共15分，共5小题，每小题3分）1．下列各组词语中加点的字，读音全都相同的一组是A．灵．秀磷．光玲．珑剔透聆．听教诲B．诞．生旦．角淡．泊明志担．当重任C．宿．营诉．说夙．兴夜寐素．昧平生D．咨．询滋．生芝．兰之室孜．孜不倦【答案】C2．下列各组词语中，没有错别字的一组是A.羞涩袅娜歌声缈茫荷塘薄雾B.霜天廖廓峥嵘岁月浪遏飞舟C.细腻箫索落蕊残叶秋蝉嘶叫D.嫩黄葱茏婆娑起舞繁茂苍翠【答案】D3．依次填入下列横线处的词语，最恰当的是说到底，世上风景闲流水，端的还是要人慢下来。
中国这如许的城市中，最是江城得了个中，且将它地挥洒出来。
这江城街头巷尾、湖畔公园里数不胜数的茶馆、茶铺，一个人在清晨里不慌不忙的起来，到茶馆里，一坐就是一天，那叫一个悠闲！A．趣味痛痛快快当是遛B．滋味淋漓尽致便是踱C．意味兴致勃勃自是逛D．韵味尽情尽兴恰是晃【答案】B4．下列各项中，没有语病的是A．坐上画舫游清江，如行画卷之中，江水清澈，绿树蓊郁，自然与人，和谐相依，随风生长，好一派如诗如画的风光！B．游览三峡大瀑布时，我们从倾泻而下的水帘中狂奔而过，尖叫声、嬉笑声响成一片，那真是充满刺激的难忘体验！C．当今已经很少有人会像以前那样的闲情逸致，拿出一本小说，从头到尾地阅读一遍，欣赏其委婉动人的故事。
2012年高考试题——物理部分(全国卷)含答案
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷）理科综合能力测试物理部分二、选择题。
本题共8小题，每小题6分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，有的只有一项符合题目要求，有的有多项符合题目要求。
全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。
14.伽利略根据小球在斜面上运动的实验和理想实验，提出了惯性的概念，从而奠定了牛顿力学的基础。
早期物理学家关于惯性有下列说法，其中正确的是 A.物体抵抗运动状态变化的性质是惯性 B.没有力作用，物体只能处于静止状态C.行星在圆周轨道上保持匀速率运动的性质是惯性D.运动物体如果没有受到力的作用，将继续以同一速度沿同一直线运动15.如图，x 轴在水平地面内，y 轴沿竖直方向。
图中画出了从y 轴上沿x 轴正向抛出的三个小球a 、b 和c 的运动轨迹，其中b 和c 是从同一点抛出的，不计空气阻力，则A.a 的飞行时间比b 的长B.b 和c 的飞行时间相同C.a 的水平速度比b 的小D.b 的初速度比c 的大16.如图，一小球放置在木板与竖直墙面之间。
设墙面对球的压力大小为N 1，球对木板的压力大小为N 2。
以木板与墙连接点所形成的水平直线为轴，将木板从图示位置开始缓慢地转到水平位置。
不计摩擦，在此过程中 A.N 1始终减小，N 2始终增大 B.N 1始终减小，N 2始终减小 C.N 1先增大后减小，N 2始终减小D.N 1先增大后减小，N 2先减小后增大17.自耦变压器铁芯上只绕有一个线圈，原、副线圈都只取该线圈的某部分，一升压式自耦调压变压器的电路如图所示，其副线圈匝数可调。
已知变压器线圈总匝数为1900匝；原线圈为1100匝，接在有效值为220V 的交流电源上。
当变压器输出电压调至最大时，负载R 上的功率为2.0kW 。
设此时原线圈中电流有效值为I 1，负载两端电压的有效值为U 2，且变压器是理想的，则U 2和I 1分别约为 A.380V 和5.3A B.380V 和9.1A C.240V 和5.3A D.240V 和9.1Aab c xy O18.如图，平行板电容器的两个极板与水平地面成一角度，两极板与一直流电源相连。
2012年全国新课标卷物理答案
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国新课标卷) 14.AD【解析】惯性的定义是物体保持静止或匀速直线运动的性质，即抵抗其运动状态的变化，故A正确；如果没有力，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，故B错误；行星在轨道上保持匀速率的圆周运动的原因是合外力与需要的向心力总是相等，故C错误；运动物体不受力，它将保持匀速直线运动状态，故D正确.15.BD【解析】由ℎ=12gt2可知t=√2ℎg,所以t a<t b=t c，故A错误B正确；由v=xt得v a>v b>v c，故C 错误D正确.16.B【解析】受力分析如图所示，且由牛顿第三定律知，F N2=F N2′重力的大小和方向都不变，可知F N1、F N2′的合力大小、方向都不变，当木板向下转动时，F N1、F N2′变化如图所示，即F N1、F N2都减小，故B正确.17.B【解析】由U1n1=U2n2得U2=n2n1U1=19001100×220V=380V，由P1=P2=U1I1=U2I2得I1=P2U1=2000220A=9.1A,故B正确.18.BD【解析】受力分析如图所示，重力与电场力合力与速度方向相反，所以粒子做匀减速直线运动，动能减小，故AC 错误D正确；因为电场力与速度方向夹角为钝角，所以电场力做负功，电势能增加，故B正确.19.C【解析】线圈匀速转动过程中,I=Er=12B0R2ωr=B0R2ω2r ；要使线圈产生相同电流，I=Er=1r⋅ΔΦΔt=1r⋅ΔB⋅12πR2Δt =12π⋅1r⋅ΔBR2Δt,所以ΔBΔt=ωB0π,故C正确.20.A【解析】由楞次定律可知：线框受力水平向左时，线框中的磁场要阻碍原磁场引起的磁通量的减弱，说明导线中的电流正在减弱；线框受力水平向右时，线框中的磁场要阻碍原磁场引起的磁通量的增强，说明导线中的电流正在增强；所以导线中的电流先减弱后增强，故CD错误；又因线框中的电流为顺时针方向，所以由右手螺旋定则知线框产生磁场为垂直纸面向里，因为刚开始线框中的磁场要阻碍原磁场引起的磁通量的减弱，故导线初始状态在导线右侧产生的磁场方向为垂直纸面向里，由右手螺旋定则知初始状态导线中电流方向为正方向，故A正确，B错误.21.A【解析】在地球表面mg=GMR2m,又M=ρ⋅43πR3,所以g=G MR2=43πGρR,因为球壳对球内物体的引力为零,所以在深为d的矿井内mg′=G M(R−d)2m,得g′=G M(R−d)2=43πGρ(R−d),所以g′g=R−dR=1−dR,故A正确.22.0.010;6.870;6.860.【解析】图甲中螺旋测微器的读数为1.0×0.010mm=0.010mm；在图乙中，主尺读数为6.5mm，可动刻度读数为37.0×0.010mm=0.370mm,所以图乙中螺旋测微器的读数为6.5mm+0.370mm=6.870mm；所以，所测金属板的厚度为6.870mm−0.010mm=6.860mm.23.(1)连线如图所示;(2)③重新处于平衡状态;电流表的示数I;此时细沙的质量m2;④D的底边长度l;(3)|m2−m1|gIl;(4)m2>m1.【解析】测磁感应强度原理：开关断开时，线框的重力等于砝码的重力，有m0g=m1g，得m0=m1；接通电源后，若磁感应强度的方向垂直于纸面向里，则安培力向上，则有m0g−BIl=m2g，此时m1>m2，所以B=(m1−m2)gIl；接通电源后，若磁感应强度的方向垂直于纸面向外，则安培力向下，则有m0g+BIl=m2g，此时m2>m1，所以B=(m2−m1)gIl；所以(3)中磁感应强度的大小为B=|m2−m1|gIl.24.(1)μsinθ−μcosθmg；(2)tanθ0=λ.【解析】(1)设该同学沿拖杆方向用大小为F的力推拖把.将推拖把的力沿竖直和水平方向分解，由平衡条件得Fcosθ+mg=F N①,Fsinθ=f②,式中F N和f分别为地板对拖把的正压力和摩擦力,又f=μF N③,联立①②③式得F=μsinθ−μcosθmg④.(2)若不管沿拖杆方向用多大的力都不能使拖把从静止开始运动，应有Fsinθ≤λF N⑤，这时，①式仍满足.联立①⑤式得sinθ−λcosθ≤λmgF⑥，现考查使上式成立的θ角的取值范围，注意到上式右边总是大于零，且当F 无限大时极限为零，有sinθ−λcosθ≤0⑦，使上式成立的θ角满足θ≤θ0，这里θ0是题中所定义的临界角，即当θ≤θ0时，不管沿拖杆方向用多大的力都推不动拖把.临界角的正切为tanθ0=λ⑧.25. 14qRB 25m.【解析】粒子在磁场中做圆周运动.设圆周的半径为r ，由牛顿第二定律和洛伦兹力公式得qvB =mv 2r①， 式中v 为粒子在a 点的速度，过b 点和O 点作直线的垂线，分别与直线交于c 点和d 点.由几何关系知，线段ac ，bc 和过a ，b 两点的轨迹圆弧的两条半径(未画出)围成一正方形，因此ac =bc =r ②，设cd=x ，由几何关系得ac =45R +x ③， bc =35R +√R 2−x 2④，联立②③④式得r=75R ⑤，再考虑粒子在电场中的运动.设电场强度的大小为E ，粒子在电场中做类平抛运动.设其加速度大小为a ，由牛顿第二定律和带电粒子在电场中的受力分析得qE =ma ⑥，粒子在电场方向和直线方向运动的距离均为r ，由运动学公式得r =12at 2⑦， r =vt ⑧，式中t 是粒子在电场中运动的时间.联立①⑤⑥⑦⑧式得E=14qRB 25m⑨. 33. (1)ACE .【解析】由热力学第一定律W +Q =ΔU 知，故A 正确B 错误；由热力学第二定律知，CD 选项中这些过程在借助外界帮助的情况下是可以实现的，故C 正确D 错误；自然界中一切与热现象有关的过程都是不可逆的，故E 正确. (2)(ⅰ)180mmHg ；(ⅰ)364K .【解析】(ⅰ)在打开阀门S 前,两水槽水温均为T 0=273K.设玻璃泡B 中气体的压强为p 1，体积为V B ，玻璃泡C 中气体的压强为p C ，依题意有 p 1=p C +Δp ①， 式中Δp =60mmHg .打开阀门S 后，两水槽水温仍为T 0，设玻璃泡B 中气体的压强为p B .依题意有p B =p C ②,玻璃泡A 和B 中气体的体积为 V 2=V A +V B ③,由玻意耳定律得p 1V B =p B V 2④,联立①②③④式，并代入题给数据得p C =VB V AΔp =180mmHg ⑤.(ⅰ)当右侧水槽的水温加热至T′时，U 形管左右水银柱高度差为Δp .玻璃泡C 中气体的压强为 p C ′=p B +Δp ⑥，玻璃泡C 中的气体体积不变，由查理定理得p C T 0=p C′T′⑦， 联立②⑤⑥⑦式，并代入题给数据得T′=364K ⑧.34. (1)正向;0.8.【解析】由乙图可知，0时刻质点振动方向沿y 轴正向；由质点带动法和波向右传播，得介质中各质点的振动方向如图所示，由振动方程y =Asin 2πT t 得,y=√2时,√2=2sin2πT t .得sin2πT t =√22,又因为该波长大于0.3m ,所以2πT t =3π4,得t =38T ,又v =λT =Δx Δt =0.338T,所以λ=0.8m .(2)π4.【解析】如图，考虑从玻璃立方体中心O 点发出的一条光线，假设它斜射到玻璃立方体上表面处发生折射，由折射定律得nsinθ=sinα①,式中，n 是玻璃的折射率，入射角等于θ，α是折射角.现假设A 点是上表面面积最小的不透明薄膜边缘上的一点.由题意，在A 点刚好发生全反射，故αA =π2②,设线段OA 在立方体上表面的投影长为R A ，由几何关系有sinθA =A√R A2+(a 2)2③,式中a 为玻璃立方体的边长，由①②③式得R A =2√n 2−1④,由题给数据得R A =a2⑤,由题意，上表面所镀的面积最小的不透明薄膜应是半径为R A 的圆.所求的镀膜面积S′与玻璃立方体的表面积S 之比为S′S =6πR A26a 2⑥, 由⑤⑥式得S′S=π4⑦.35. (1)01n(或中子);17.6.【解析】由12H+13H →24H +X 并结合质量数守恒和电荷数守恒知X 为01n ；由质能方程ΔE =Δmc 2得ΔE =(m12H +m13H −m 24He −m1n )c 2=(m12H +m 13H −m24He −m01n)931.5MeV1u=17.6MeV .(2)(ⅰ)√2−1；(ⅰ)见解析.【解析】(ⅰ)设球b 的质量为m 2，细线长为L ，球b 下落至最低点，但未与球a 相碰时的速度为v ，由机械能守恒得 m 2gL =12m 2v 2①，式中g 是重力加速度的大小. 设球a 的质量为m 1；在两球碰后的瞬间，两球共同速度为v′，以向左为正，由动量守恒得m 2v =(m 1+m 2)v′②，设两球共同向左运动到最高处时，细线与竖直方向的夹角为θ，由机械能守恒得12(m 1+m 2)v′2=(m 1+m 2)gL(1−cosθ)③，联立①②③式得m 1m 2=√1−cosθ−1④，代入题给数据得m 1m 2=√2−1⑤.(ⅰ)两球在碰撞过程中的机械能损失大小是Q =m 2gL −(m 1+m 2)gL(1−cosθ)⑥，联立①⑥式，Q 与碰前球b 的最大动能E k (E k =12m 2v 2)之比为Q E k =1−m 1+m 2m 2(1−cosθ)⑦，联立⑤⑦式，并代入题给数据得Q E k=1−√22⑧.。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）本试题卷共16页，81题。
全卷满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
（听力部分略）第二部分：选择题（共两节，满分30分）第一节：单项选择（每小题1分，满分10分）21. Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to our school’s campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.A. sponsorB. launchC. organizeD. plan22. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and every page of my draft.A. approvedB. quotedC. polishedD. folded23. Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to his courage.A. hold upB. keep upC. set upD. take up24. I’m so glad you’ve come here to this matter in person.A. lead toB. see toC. turn toD. refer to25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, butlooks in the garden of a traditional home.A. out of questionB. out of orderC. out of sightD. out of place26. “Perhaps we need to send for Dr. Smith to see what we can do about it,” Father suggested to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem.A. tentativelyB. thoughtlesslyC. definitelyD. rudely27. Could you tell the difference between “require” and “request”? I sometimes get puzzled by their meanings.A. dramaticB. regionalC. apparentD. subtle28. Whether building in this area should be pull down has remained ; people are still looking for other possible solutions.contradictoryA. unchallengedB. relevantC. controversialD.29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any .A. symptomB. similaritiesC. sampleD. shadow30. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct in applying for a visa.A. patternB. procedureC. programD. perspective第二节：完形填空（每小题1分，满分20分）I tend to accept any idea put forward by experts on TV. One day, a sociologist proposed that the 31 society has been consuming modern humans little by little. For fear that I would become a victim of the consumer society, I 32 hurried to a bicycle shop in my neighborhood. 33 the shopkeeper Mr. Johnson was selling me the bicycle, he said, “This is the best thing you 34 have done. Life has become hopelessly 35 . A bicycle is simple, and it brings to you 36 things: fresh air, sunshine and exercise.” I agreed. Happy as a child, I got on the bicycle and headed out onto the streets. After some time, I 37 at the other end of the town. I was 38 that this simple vehicle could let me 39 long distances in a fairly short time. But how 40 did I really go?Since I hated to be 41 , I went back to Mr. Johnson and ask him to 42 an odometer（里程表） on my bicycle. He agreed, but 43 , “An odometer without a speedometer（速度计）is like a 44 without aknife.” I admitted he was right and in a few minutes, the two devices （装置）were 45 to the handlebars of my bicycle. “ What about a horn?” he then asked. “Look, this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many 46 .” Attracted by these functions, I bought the horn.“You can’t leave the back part 47 ,” noted Mr. Johnson. He fixed a metal box with buttons 48 the seat, and said, “Is there anything better than this oven when you feel 49 on your way? I can give you special discount.” I was not strong enough to 50 the offer.“I congratulate you once more; this is the best thing you could have done,” said Mr. Johnson in the end.bachelor31. A. adult B. human C. consumer D.32. A. eventually B. immediately C. reluctantly D. gratefully33. A. Although B. Because C. As D. Unless34. A. would B. should C. must D. could35. A. boring B. complicated C. stressful D. tough36. A. natural B. mysterious C. complex D. unique37. A. gave up B. broke down C. calmed down D. ended up38. A. amazed B. amused C. confused D. concerned39. A. march B. drive C. cover D. measure40. A. far B. long C. fast D. deep41. A. unreliable B. impractical C. unprepared D. inaccuraterepair D.lay42. A. fix B. check C.43. A. swore B. added C. replied D. concluded44. A. pencil B. fork C. box D. cake45. A. distributed B. converted C. applied D. attached46. A. shapes B. sizes C. functions D. models47. A. loose B. blank C. bare D. incomplete48. A. beside B. before C. below D. behind49. A. sick B. hungry C. hot D. thirsty50. A. consider B. withdraw C. make D. resist第三部分：阅读理解（每小题2分，满分40）AYou’ve just come home, after living abroad for a few years. Since you’ve been away, has this country changed for the better—or for the worse?If you’ve just arrived back in the UK after a fortnight’s holiday, small changes have probably surprised you—anything from a local greengrocer suddenly being replaced by a mobile-phone shop to someone in your street moving house.So how have things changed to people coming back to Britain after seven, ten or even 15 years living abroad? What changes in society can they see that the rest of us have hardly noticed—or now take for granted? To find out, we asked some people who recently returned.Debi: When we left, Cheltenham, my home town, was a town of white, middle-class families—all very conservative. The town is now home to many eastern Europeans and lots of Australia, who come here mainly to work in hotels and tourism. There are even several shops only for foreigners.Having been an immigrant myself, I admire people who go overseas to find a job. Maybe if I lived in aninner city where unemployment was high, I’d think differently, but I believe foreign settlers have improved this country because they’re more open-minded and often work harder than the natives.Christine: As we flew home over Britain, both of us remarked how green everything looked. But the differences between the place we’d left behind and the one we returned to were brought sharply into focus as soon as we landed.To see policemen with guns in the airport for the first time was frightening—in Cyprus, they’re very relaxed—and I got pulled over by customs officers just for taking a woolen sweater with some metal-made buttons out of my case in the arrivals hall. Everyone seemed to be on guard. Even the airport car-hire firm wanted a credit card rather than cash because they said their vehicles had been used by bank robbers.But anyway, this is still a green, beautiful country. I just wish more people would appreciate what they’ve got.51. After a short overseas holiday, people tend to .A. notice small changesB. expect small changesC. welcome small changesD. exaggerate small changes52. How does Debi look at the foreign settlers?A. Cautiously.B. Positively.C. Skeptically.D. Critically.53. When arriving at the airport in Britain, Christine was shocked by .A. the relaxed policemenB. the messy arrivals hallC. the tight securityD. the bank robbers54. Which might be the best title for the passage?A. Life in Britain.B. Back in Britain.C. Britain in Future.D. Britain in Memory.BWhen my brother and I were young, my mom would take us on Transportation Days.It goes like this: You can’t take any means of transportation more than once. We would start from home, walking two blocks to the rail station. We’d take the train into the city center, then a bus, switching to the tram, then maybe a taxi. We always considered taking a horse carriage in the historic district, but we didn’t like the way the horses were treated, so we never did. At the end of the day, we took the subway to our closest station, where Mom’s friend was waiting to give us a ride home—our first car ride of the day.The good thing about Transportation Days is not only that Mom taught us how to get around. She was born to be multimodal. She understood that depending on cars only was a failure of imagination and, above all, a failure of confidence—the product of a childhood not spent exploring subway tunnels.Once you learn the route map and step with certainly over the gap between the train and the platform, nothing is frightening anymore. New cities are just light-rail lines to be explored. And your personal car, ifyou have one, becomes just one more tool in the toolbox—and often an inadequate one, limiting both your mobility and your wallet.On Transportation Days, we might stop for lunch on Chestnut Street or buy a new book or toy, but the transportation was the point. First, it was exciting enough to watch the world speed by from the train window. As I got older, my mom helped me unlock the mysteries that would otherwise have paralyzed my first attempts to do it myself: How do I know where to get off? How do I know how much it costs? How do I now when I need tickets, and where to get them? What track, what line, which direction, where’s the stop, and will I get when we go under the river?I’m writing this right now on an airplane, a means we didn’t try on our Transportation Days and, we now know, the dirtiest and most polluting of them all. My flight routed me through Philadelphia. My multimodal mom met me for dinner in the airport. She took a train to meet me.55. Which was forbidden by Mom on Transportation Days?A. Having a car ride.B. Taking the train twice.C. Buying more than one toy.D. Touring the historic district.56. According to the writer, what was the greateds benefit of her TransportationDays?A. Building confidence in herself.B. Reducing her use of private cars.C. Developing her senses of direction.D Giving her knowledge about vehicles.57. The underlined word "paralyzed" (in Para.5) is closest in meaning to " ".A. displayedB. justifiedC. ignoredD. ruined58. Which means of transportation does the writer probably disapprove of?A. Airplane.B. Subway.C. Train.D. Car.CIt was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland’s oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be allowed to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women’s Day.The document was discovered buried in the university archives（档案）by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said:”We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senatus Academicus（校评议委员会）at St Andrews in an attempt to gain permission to attend classes there, but we didn’t now documentary evidence existed. While searching thearchives for information about the university’s higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote.”In the letter, Sophia and her supporters offered to hire teachears or build suitable buildings for medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access ot university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892.Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish the London School of Medicines for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edingburgh and opened her own pracitce.59. Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University because she wanted .A. to carry out a research project thereB. to set up a medical institute thereC. to study medicine thereD. to deliver lectures there60. Lis Smith found Sophia's letter to St Andrews University .A. by the pure chanceB. in the school officeC. with her supporters' helpD. while reading history books61. Sophia's letter resulted in the establishment of .A. the London School of Medicine for WomenB. a degree programme for womenC. a system of medical educationD. the University of Berne62. When did St Andrews University begin to take full-time women students?A. In 1873.B. In 1874.C. In 1877.D. In 1892.DHow is it that siblings（兄弟姐妹）can turn out so differently? One answer is that in fact each sibling grows up in a different family. The firstborn is, for a while, an only child, and therefore has a completely different experience of the parents than those born later. The next child is, for a while, the youngest, until the situation is changed by a new arrival. The mother and father themselves are changing and growing up too. One sibling might live in a stable and close family in the first few years; another might be raised in a family crisis, with a disappointed mother or an angry father.Sibling competition was identified as an important shaping force as early as in 1918. But more recently, researchers have found many ways in which brother and sisters are a lasting force in each others’ lives. Dr. Annette Henderson says firstborn children pick up vocabulary more quickly than their siblings. The reason for this might be that the later children aren’t getting the same one-on-one time with parents. But that doesn’t mean that the younger children have problems with language development. Later-borns don’tenjoy that much talking time with parents, but instead they harvest lessons from bigger brother and sisters, learning entire phrases and getting an understanding of social concepts such as the difference between “I “ and “me”.A Cambridge University study of 140 children found that sibling created a rich world of play that helped them grow socially. Love-hate relationships were common among the children. Even those siblings who fought the most had just as much positive communication as the other sibling pairs.One way children seek more attention from parents is by making themselves different from their siblings, particularly if they are close in age. Researchers have found that the first two children in a family are typically more different from each other than the second and third. Girls with brothers show their differences to a maximum degree by being more feminine than girls with sisters. A 2003 research paper studied adolescents from 185 families over two years, finding that those who changed to make themselves different from their sibling were successful in increasing the amount of warmth they gained from their parents.63. The underlined part "in a different family" (in Para.1) means " ".A. in a different family environmentB. in different family traditionC. in a different family crisesD. in different families64. In terms of language development, later-borns .A. get their parents' individual guidanceB. learn a lot from their elder siblingsC. experience a lot of difficultiesD. pick up words more quickly65. What was found about fights among siblings?A. Siblings hated fighting and loved playing.B. Siblings in some families fought frequently.C. Siblings fights led to bad sibling relationships.D. Siblings learned to get on together from fights.66. The word "feminine" (in Para.4) means " ".A. having qualities of parentsB. having qualities of womenC. having defensive qualitiesD. having extraordinary qualitiesEBrrriiinnng. The alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning. You jump out of bed, rush into the shower, into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think. A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing. Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters. In that sort of mood, who can get down to work, particularly some creative, original problem-solving work?The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible,open-minded thinking. Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused. If you are one of those energetic morning people, your most inventive time come in the early evening when you are relaxed. Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving. By not givingyourself time to tune into your wandering mind, you’re missing out on the surprising solutions it may offer. The trip you take to work doesn’t help, either. The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons（神经细胞）, making inspiratins less likely to occur. And while we all should read a lot about what’s going on in the world, it would not make you feel good for sure, so put that news website or newpaper aside until after the day’s work is done.So what would our mornings look like if we wanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We’d set the alarm a few minutes early and lie awake in bed, following our thoughts where they lead. We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thingking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We’d take some deep breaths on our way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in the office—after we get a cup of coffee—we ‘d click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.67. According to the author, we are more creative when we are .A. focusedB. relaxedC. awakeD. busy68. What does the author imply about newspapers?A. They are solution providers.B. They are a source of inspiration.C. They are normally full of bad news.D. They are more educational than websites.69. By "tune into your wandering mind" (in Para.2), the author means " ".A. wander into the wildB. listen to a beautiful tuneC. switch to the traffic channelD. stop concentrating on anything70. The author writes the last paragraph in order to .A. offer practical suggestionsB. summarize past experiencesC. advocate diverse ways of lifeD. establish a routine for the future第四部分：书面表达（共两节，满分50分）第一节：完成句子（共10小题：每小题2分，满分20分）71. With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut)由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。
2012年全国高考理综试题-湖北卷
试卷类型A 2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）数学（文史类）本试卷共4页，共22题，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
用统一提供的2B铅笔将答题卡上试卷类型A后的方块涂黑。
2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用统一提供的2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
答在试题卷、草稿纸上无效。
3.填空题和解答题的作答：用统一提供的签字笔将答案直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
答在试卷、草稿纸上无效。
4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并上交。
一、选择题：本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的1已知集合A{x| 2x-3x +2=0,x∈R } ，B={x|0＜x＜5，x∈N }，则满足条件A ⊆C ⊆B 的集合C 的个数为A 1B 2C 3D 42 容量为20的样本数据，分组后的频数如下表则样本数据落在区间[10,40]的频率为A 0.35B 0.45C 0.55D 0.653 函数f(x)=xcos2x在区间[0,2π]上的零点个数为A 2B 3C 4D 54.命题“存在一个无理数，它的平方是有理数”的否定是A.任意一个有理数，它的平方是有理数B.任意一个无理数，它的平方不是有理数C.存在一个有理数，它的平方是有理数D.存在一个无理数，它的平方不是有理数5.过点P（1,1）的直线，将圆形区域{（x，y）|x2+y2≤4}分两部分，使得这两部分的面积之差最大，则该直线的方程为A.x+y-2=0B.y-1=0C.x-y=0D.x+3y-4=06．已知定义在区间（0.2）上的函数y=f(x)的图像如图所示，则y=-f(2-x)的图像为7.定义在（-∞，0）∪（0，+∞）上的函数f（x），如果对于任意给定的等比数列{a n}，{f（a n）}仍是等比数列，则称f（x）为“保等比数列函数”。
2012年高考真题——理综物理部分(全国卷)word版含解析(2)
2012年全国高考理综（大纲版）试题物理部分解析14.BD 【解析】 布朗运动是悬浮颗粒的无规则运动，不是液体分子的运动，选项A 错；液体的温度越高，悬浮颗粒越小，布朗运动越剧烈，选项B 正确；布朗运动是由于液体分子从各个方向对悬浮粒子撞击作用不平衡引起的，选项C 错，选项D 正确。
15.B 【解析】原子核每发生一次α衰变，质量数减少4,电荷数减少2；每发生一次β衰变，质量数不变，电荷数增加1.比较两种原子核，质量数减少28,即发生了7次α衰变；电荷数应减少14,而电荷数减少10,说明发生了4次β衰变，B 项正确。
16.AC 【解析】光的干涉现象中，条件间距公式λdl x =∆，即干涉条纹间距与入射光的波长成正比，与双缝到屏的距离成正比，与双缝间距离成反比。
红光波长大于黄光波长，选项A 正确；蓝光波长小于黄光波长，选项B 错；增大双缝到屏的距离，选项C 正确；增大双缝之间的距离，选项D 错。
17.A 【解析】带电粒子在匀强磁场中做匀速圆周运动，其半径qB p qB mv R ==，。
已知两粒子动量相等，若21q q =，则它们的圆周运动半径一定相等，选项A 正确；若21m m =，不能确定两粒子电量关系，不能确定半径是否相等，选项B 错；由周期公式qB m T π2=，仅由电量或质量关系，无法确定两粒子做圆周运动的周期是否相等，选项C 、D 错。
18.C 【解析】由安培定则可知，两导线在o 点产生的磁场均竖直向下，合磁感应强度一定不为零，选项A 错；由安培定则，两导线在a 、b 两处产生磁场方向均竖直向下，由于对称性，电流M 在a 处产生磁场的磁感应强度等于电流N 在b 处产生磁场的磁感应强度，同时电流M 在b 处产生磁场的磁感应强度等于电流N 在a 处产生磁场的磁感应强度，所以a 、b 两处磁感应强度大小相等方向相同，选项B 错；根据安培定则，两导线在c 、d 处产生磁场垂直c 、d 两点与导线连线方向向下，且产生的磁场的磁感应强度相等，由平行四边形定则可知，c 、d 两点处的磁感应强度大小相同，方向相同，选项C 正确。
2012年全国高考理综试题及答案(物理有详细解析)-新课标
准考证号________姓名_________绝密启用前2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试本是卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分第Ⅰ卷第1页至第5页，第Ⅱ卷第6页至第12页。
全卷满分300分1.答题前，考生务必将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。
考生要认真核对答题卡上所粘贴的条形码中“准考证号、姓名、考试科目”与考生本人准考证号、姓名是否一致。
2.答第Ⅰ卷时，每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
答第Ⅱ卷卷时，必须使用0.5毫米的黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写，要求字体工整、笔迹清晰。
作图题可先用铅笔在答题卡规定的位置绘出，确认后再用0.5毫米的黑色墨水签字笔描清楚。
必须在题号所指示的答题区域作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效，在试题卷、草稿纸上答题无效。
3.考试结束，监考员将将试题卷和答题一并收回。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共120分）本试卷共21小题，每小题6分，共126分。
合题目要求的。
以下数据可供解题时参考：相对原子质量（原子量）：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 S 32 Cl 35.5 Ca 40 Cu 64一、选择题：本大题共13小题，每小题6分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.将让你听的红细胞放入4℃蒸馏水中，一段时间后红细胞破裂，主要原因是A.红细胞具有水溶性B.红细胞的液泡体积增大C.蒸馏水大量进入红细胞D.低温时红细胞膜流动性增大2.甲、乙两种酶用同一种蛋白酶处理，酶活性与处理时间的关系如下图所示。
下列分析错误的是A．甲酶能购抗该种蛋白酶降解B. 甲酶是不可能具有催化功能的RNAC.乙酶的化学本质为蛋白质D.乙酶活性的改变是因为其分子结构的改变3.番茄幼苗在缺镁的培养液中培养一段时间后，与对照组相比，其叶片光合作用强度下降，原因是A.光反应强度升高，暗反应迁都降低B.光反应强度降低，暗反应迁都降低升高C.反应强度不变，暗反应迁都降低降低D.反应强度降低，暗反应迁都降低不变4.撕去？色洋葱外表皮，分为两份，假定两份外表皮细胞的大小、数目和生理状态一致，一份在完全营养液中浸泡一段时间，浸泡后的外表皮称为甲组；另一份在蒸馏水中浸泡相同的时间，浸泡后的外表皮称为乙组。
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2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）
理科综合能力测试
物理部分
二、选择题。
本题共8小题，每小题6分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，有的只有一项符合题目要求，有的有多项符合题目要求。
全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。
14.伽利略根据小球在斜面上运动的实验和理想实验，提出了惯性的概念，从而奠定了牛顿力学的基础。
早期物理学家关于惯性有下列说法，其中正确的是
A.物体抵抗运动状态变化的性质是惯性
B.没有力作用，物体只能处于静止状态
C.行星在圆周轨道上保持匀速率运动的性质是惯性
D.运动物体如果没有受到力的作用，将继续以同一速度沿同一直线运动
15.如图，x 轴在水平地面内，y 轴沿竖直方向。
图中画出了从y 轴上沿x 轴正向抛出的三个小球a 、b 和c 的运动轨迹，其中b 和c 是从同一点抛出的，不计空气阻力，则
A.a 的飞行时间比b 的长
B.b 和c 的飞行时间相同
C.a 的水平速度比b 的小
D.b 的初速度比c 的大
16.如图，一小球放置在木板与竖直墙面之间。
设墙面对球的压力大小为N 1，
球对木板的压力大小为N 2。
以木板与墙连接点所形成的水平直线为轴，将木
板从图示位置开始缓慢地转到水平位置。
不计摩擦，在此过程中
A.N 1始终减小，N 2始终增大
B.N 1始终减小，N 2始终减小
C.N 1先增大后减小，N 2始终减小
D.N 1先增大后减小，N 2先减小后增大
17.自耦变压器铁芯上只绕有一个线圈，原、副线圈都只取该线圈的某部分，一升压式自耦调压变压器的电路如图所示，其副线圈匝数可调。
已知变压器线圈总匝数为1900匝；原线圈为1100匝，接在有效值为220V 的交流电源上。
当变压器输出电压调至最大时，负载R 上的功率为2.0kW 。
设此时原线圈中电流有效值为I 1，负载两端电压的有效值为U 2，且变压器是理想的，则U 2和I 1分别约为
A.380V 和5.3A
B.380V 和9.1A
C.240V 和5.3A
D.240V 和9.1A
18.
A.所受重力与电场力平衡
B.电势能逐渐增加
C.动能逐渐增加
D.做匀变速直线运动
19.如图，均匀磁场中有一由半圆弧及其直径构成的导线框，半圆直径与磁场边缘重合；磁场方向垂直于半圆面（纸面）向里，磁感应强度大小为B 0.使该线框从静止开始绕过圆心O 、垂直于半圆面的轴以角速度ω匀速转动半周，在线框中产生感应电流。
现使线框保持图中所示位置，磁感应强度大小随时间线性变化。
为了产生与线框转动半周过程中同样大小的电
流，磁感应闲磕牙随时间的变化率
t B ∆∆的大小应为 A.πω04B B.πω02B C.πω0
B D.πω20
B
20.如图，一载流长直导线和一矩形导线框固定在同一平面内，线框在长直导线
右侧，且其长边与长直导线平行。
已知在t =0到t =t 1的时间间隔内，直导线中电
流i 发生某种变化，而线框中感应电流总是沿顺时针方向；线框受到的安培力的
合力先水平向左、后水平向右。
设电流i 正方向与图中箭头方向相同，则i 随时
间t 变化的图线可能是
21.假设地球是一半径为R 、质量分布均匀的球体。
一矿井深度为d 。
已知质量分布均匀的球壳对壳内物体的引力为零。
矿井底部和地面处的重力加速度大小之比为 A.R d -
1 B. R d +1 C. 2)(R d R - D. 2
)(d R R - 第Ⅱ卷
三、非选择题。
包括必考题和选考题两部分。
第22题~第32题为必考题，每个试题考生都必须做答。
第33题~第40题为选考题，考生根据要求做答。
（一）必考题（11题，共129分）
22.（5分）
某同学利用螺旋测微器测量一金属板的厚度。
该螺旋测微器校零时的示数如图（a ）所示，测量金属板厚度时的示数如图（b ）所示。
图（a ）所示读数为_________mm ，图（b ）所示读数为_________mm ，所测金属板的厚度为_________mm 。
23.（10分）图中虚线框内存在一沿水平方向、且与纸面垂直的匀强磁场。
现通过测量通电导线在磁场中所受的安培力，来测量磁场的磁感应强度大小、并判定其方向。
所用部分器材已在图中给出，其中D 为位于纸面内的U 形金属框，其底边水平，两侧边竖直且等长；E 为直流电源；R 为电阻箱；○A 为电流表；S 为开关。
此外还有细沙、天平、米尺和若干轻质导线。
（1）在图中画线连接成实验电路图。
（2）完成下列主要实验步骤中的填空 ①按图接线。
②保持开关S 断开，在托盘内加入适量细沙，使D 处于平衡状态；然后用天平称出细沙质量m 1。
③闭合开关S ，调节R 的值使电流大小适当，在托盘内重新加入适量细沙，使D________；然后读出___________________，并用天平称出____________。
④用米尺测量_______________。
（3）用测量的物理量和重力加速度g 表示磁感应强度的大小，可以得出B =_________。
（4）判定磁感应强度方向的方法是：若____________，磁感应强度方向垂直纸面向外；反之，磁感应强度方向垂直纸面向里。
24.（14分）拖把是由拖杆和拖把头构成的擦地工具（如图）。
设拖把头的质量为m ，拖杆质量可以忽略；拖把头与地板之间的动摩擦因数为常数μ，重力加速度为g ，某同学用该拖把在水平地板上拖地时，沿拖杆方向推拖把，拖杆与竖直方向的夹角为θ。
（1） 若拖把头在地板上匀速移动，求推拖把的力的大小。
（2） 设能使该拖把在地板上从静止刚好开始运动的水平推力与此时地板对拖把的正压力
的比值为λ。
已知存在一临界角θ0，若θ≤θ0，则不管沿拖杆方向的推力多大，都不可能使拖把从静止开始运动。
求这一临界角的正切tan θ0。
25.（18分）如图，一半径为R 的圆表示一柱形区域的横截面（纸面）。
在柱形区域内加一方向垂直于纸面的匀强磁场，一质量为m 、电荷量为q 的粒子沿图中直线在圆上的a 点射入柱形区域，在圆上的b 点离开该区域，离开时速度方向
与直线垂直。
圆心O 到直线的距离为R 53。
现将磁场换为平等于纸面且垂
直于直线的匀强电场，同一粒子以同样速度沿直线在a 点射入柱形区域，
也在b 点离开该区域。
若磁感应强度大小为B ，不计重力，求电场强度的
大小。
33.[物理——选修3-3]（15分）
（1）（6分）关于热力学定律，下列说法正确的是_________（填入正确选项前的字母，选对1个给3分，选对2个给4分，选对3个给6分，每选错1个扣3分，最低得分为0分）。
A.为了增加物体的内能，必须对物体做功或向它传递热量
B.对某物体做功，必定会使该物体的内能增加
C.可以从单一热源吸收热量，使之完全变为功
D.不可能使热量从低温物体传向高温物体
E.功转变为热的实际宏观过程是不可逆过程
（2）（9分）如图，由U形管和细管连接的玻璃泡A、B和C浸泡在温度均为0°C的水槽中，B的容积是A的3倍。
阀门S将A和B两部分隔开。
A内为真空，B和C内都充有气体。
U形管内左边水银柱比右边的低60mm。
打开阀门S，整个系统稳定后，U形管内左右水银柱高度相等。
假设U形管和细管中的气体体积远小于玻璃泡的容积。
（i）求玻璃泡C中气体的压强（以mmHg为单位）
（ii）将右侧水槽的水从0°C加热到一定温度时，U形管内左右水银柱高度差又为60mm，求加热后右侧水槽的水温。
34.[物理——选修3-4]（15分）
（1）（6分）一简谐横波沿x轴正向传播，t=0时刻的波形如图（a）所示，x=0.30m处的质点的振动图线如图（b）所示，该质点在t=0时刻的运动方向沿y轴_________（填“正向”或“负向”）。
已知该波的波长大于0.30m，则该波的波长为_______m。
（2）（9分）一玻璃立方体中心有一点状光源。
今在立方体的部分表面镀上不透明薄膜，以
致从光源发出的光线只经过一次折射不能透出立方体。
已知该玻璃的折射率为2，求镀膜的面积与立方体表面积之比的最小值。
35.[物理——选修3-5]（15分）
（1）（6分）氘核和氚核可发生热核聚变而释放巨大的能量，该反应方程为：21H+31H →42
He+x ，式中x 是某种粒子。
已知：21H 、31H 、42
He 和粒子x 的质量分别为2.0141u 、3.0161u 、4.0026u 和1.0087u ；1u=931.5MeV/c 2，c 是真空中的光速。
由上述反应方程和数据可知，粒子x 是__________，该反应释放出的能量为_________ MeV （结果保留3位有效数字）
（2）（9分）如图，小球a 、b 用等长细线悬挂于同一固定点O 。
让球a 静止下垂，将球b 向右拉起，使细线水平。
从静止释放球b ，两球碰后粘在一起向左摆动，此后细线与竖直方向之间的最大偏角为60°。
忽略空气阻力，求
（i ）两球a 、b 的质量之比；
（ii ）两球在碰撞过程中损失的机械能与球b 在碰前的最大动能之比。