2016年1月24日托福阅读真题解读
2016年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（5）
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city. One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price. While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century (B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal (C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century (D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century 2. The word "bias偏见" in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) diagonal斜线的 (B) slope (C) distortion (D) prejudice 3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas (A) were suspicious of their neighbors (B) were very proud of their lifestyle (C) believed city government had too much power (D) wanted to move to the cities 4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to (A) participate in the urban reform movement (B) seek financial security (C) comply with a government ordinance (D) avoid crime and corruption 5. The word "embraced拥抱" in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) suggested (B) overestimated (C) demanded (D) welcomed 6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies? (A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers. (B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth (C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations. (D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas. 7. The word "exorbitant过⾼的(价钱)" in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) additional (B) expensive (C) various (D) modified 8. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT (A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies (B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments (C) the availability of services was regulated by local government (D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments 9. The word "Proponents⽀持者" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) Experts (B) Pioneers (C) Reviewers (D) Supporters 10. Why does the author mention "industrialization" (line 24)? (A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities (B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas (C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem (D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories CDBBD ABDDA。
2016年托福写作真题及解析
2016年托福写作真题及解析为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福真题解析,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
2016年托福阅读真题及解析1托福阅读第一篇欧洲人口增加原文回顾：欧洲经济发展相关，工业化和食物的增长促进了人口的增长。
高速城市化：人们开始从乡下往城镇转移，因此带来了工作，生活资料等一系列的变化。
细节讲到了熟练工和普通人的区别，考了两个题。
最后讲到了人口的增加导致人均工资下降的问题。
学习：After a century of virtually no population growth, the countries of WesternEurope experienced dramatic population increases between 1750 and 1800. Manycountries doubled in size. In some countries, the growth continued through thenineteenth century. The population of Great Britain, for instance, doubled between 1750 and 1800 and then tripled between 1800 and 1900.There were several reasons for the sudden increase. Medical advances andimproved hygiene limited the devastation caused by epidemic diseases andplagues. The introduction of new food crops, most notably the potato, provided abetter diet for the poor and reduced the incidence of famine. The combination ofgreater public order and fewer civil wars meant that life was less hazardous.The net result was a lower death rate and soaring populations.The growing population, with a rising proportion of children to raise andolder people to care for, put increased pressure on every aspect of society. Many peasants were no longer able to provide land for their children, who wereforced to look for other ways to make their living. Small artisans in the citiessuffered similar problems, unable to provide places for their children in theirown workshops.The exact relationship between population growth and industrialization isunclear, though the two are clearly intertwined. (Even countries that were lateto industrialize shared in the general population increase, and its relatedproblems.) What is clear is that the growth in population increased the demandfor both food and manufactured goods and provided an abundance of cheap labor toproduce them.托福阅读第二篇非洲铁技术的发展原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术之后的发展和改变。
2016年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)
2016 年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析 (2)托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously,Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important.■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material.■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much ofwhich was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production,which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2016年托福独立写作真题
2016年1月9日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Students should arrive at school early in the morning.2016年1月23日Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) include video games are effective ways and interesting, other people think this way is distracting and a waste time. What's your opinion?2016年1月24日In times of economic crisis, in which field do you think the government can cut financial support?1）Art；2）Science research；3）Parks and public gardens；2016年2月27日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?High school students should be required to study many different subjects at same time or they should study only three or four subjects at a time.2016年2月28日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smartphone, video games, for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development.2016年3月11日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Students' doing reading by their own personality is as important as, or more important than reading assigned by teachers.2016年3月13日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?High school students should take at least a year off to work or travel before they begin to study in university.2016年3月19日Students in a university club want to help others, but they can only choose one project a year, which one of the following is the best?1）Help those students in a nearby primary school with reading and mathematics; 2）Help people who cannot afford to build or rent a home to build a house;3）Visit and assist elderly people with daily tasks.2016年3月26日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is often not a good thing for people to move to a new town or a new country because they will lose their friends.2016年4月9日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Getting advice from friends who are older than you are more valuable than from your peers.2016年4月23日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Playing sports teaches people important lessons about life.2016年5月22日As the leader of a city, what would you do to ensure the prosperity and success of the city?1）Creating job opportunities for the unemployed;2）Lowering food price;3）Providing affordable housing2016年5月28日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Movies are worth watching only when they teach something about real life.2016年5月29日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is better for the older to take risks and explore new things than young people.2016年6月4日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The most important thing the government should do to improve health care is to cleanthe environment.2016年6月18日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.2016年6月25日What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection of environmental problems?1）Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;2）Protect forests and natural wildlife species.3）Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution2016年7月2日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Competition between friends usually negatively impacts friendships. Use specific details and examples to support your opinion.2016年7月3日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People who have learned many different skills are more likely to succeed than those who focus on learning only one skill.2016年7月9日Which would you choose: a higher paid job with long hours or an average paid job with normal work hours? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.2016年7月10日The government wants to improve the education of high schools, and there are two plans:1）Choose a group of good teachers and train them first, and after that let them go back to their schools and train other teachers.2）Provide training for every teacher online, with online materials and let them study individually.Which plan do you think is better?2016年7月16日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Universities should spend more money having facilities rather than hiring more teachers.2016年8月20日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Taking a lot of time to make an important decision is often considered as a bad quality for a person. However, some people think that it is a good quality for a person.2016年8月21日Some believe that spending more time far away from the people we care about is necessary for people to understand the importance of relationship we care about. Others believe that spending time with people we care about as much as possible can develop relationship. Which do you think is better?2016年8月27日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is more important to read or watch the news presented by people whose views are similar to your own than the news presented by those whose views are different from your own.2016年9月3日What is the most useful action for people to help the environment in their local communities?1）Plant trees and create parks2）Persuade local shops to stop providing plastic bags for consumers3）Increase access to public transportation (such as buses and trains), and reduce the automobiles on roads2016年9月10日上午Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The Internet is as important as other services such as building roads, so the government should make Internet access to all the citizens at no cost.2016年9月10日下午Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Primary schools should spend more time teaching young students (5-11 years old) technology (like computer) than teaching them music and art.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?One can learn about another person from the books and movies that person likes.2016年9月24日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Your job has more effect on your happiness than your social life does.2016年9月25日Your university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way?1）Providing a room for quiet study;2）Building an exercise room;3）Providing entertainment place (watch film)2016年10月15日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？Young people should try different jobs before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term.2016年10月16日Many schools require children (aged 5-11) to work together instead of working on their own during most of their learning process. Do you agree or disagree that it is the best way to teach children?2016年10月22日Some teenagers take part in various activities, such as musical classes, sports classes and so on, but others only focus on one activity which is important to them. Which idea do you support, please provide ideas and give some examples.2016年10月28日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？It is much easier for parents to raise children today than it was 50 years ago.2016年10月29日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It's more important to use your own knowledge and experience than ask others for knowledge and experience to solve problems.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Students should be encouraged to study those filed science, technology, engineering, math (STEM) rather than what they have interest in.2016年11月12日Some believe that teachers (for students from age 14-18) should focus on lecturing and asking students to take notes during lectures. Others believe that teachers should get students involved in discussion and encourage them to exchange ideas in class. Which way of teaching do you think is more effective for students' learning?2016年11月13日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so there's no need for the government to help them.2016年11月19日Image that if a professor wants students to learn as much as possible about a project in a short period of time, is it better to work in a group or is it better to let students study alone？2016年11月26日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People think the persons who lead the group tend to speak more rather than listen to others while some think they should listen to others rather than talk about their own opinions.2016年12月3日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Nowadays people are more willing to help the people they don’t know (for example, giving clothing and food to the people who need them) than people were in the past.2016年12月10日Which option do you prefer? Travel to foreign countries when you are young than when you are older. Give specific reasons or examples to support your decision.2016年12月11日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.2016年12月17日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Children should spend most of their time on studying and playing, they shouldn’t‘t be required to help family with household chores, such as cleaning and cooking.。
托福考试阅读试题及答案
托福考试阅读试题及答案2016年托福考试阅读试题及答案The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRus sia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’s potential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circlesatthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s wast e of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switchover rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000:000 to ns. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s gr eat forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the sametime as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was Jam es Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam e ngine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been repl aced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order toovercome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.参考答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.CDF。
1月24日托福口语真题解读及范文分享
1月24日托福口语真题解读及范文分享2016年1月24日托福口语考试虽然已经结束，但是小编相信还是有部分备考生不清楚这一天究竟考了啥!因此，在今天的文章中，天道留学小编就为同学们准备了这一天的托福口语真题解读及范文分享，希望可以给大家带来帮助!更多托福口语机经，还请继续关注我们的频道!备考托福口语的小伙伴们注意了，托福口语真题是你不可缺少的备考利器。
由此，本文天道小编特意给同学们准备了2016年1月24日托福口语机经，还请大家能够仔细阅读哦!Task1.Which of the following community service would you be more interested in doing and explain why? Cleaning the city park, planting flowers and trees or build a bicycle lane?(常规题目，本题历年一共出现6次，2010年1次，2012年1次，2013和2014年分别两次)解题思路：题目希望考生从打扫公园、种植花草和规划自行车道三种服务项目中选择自己最感兴趣的社区服务活动。
考生可以根据自己的实际喜好来答，只要观点、论据充分即可。
例如我喜欢种花草，可以从两个角度来讲：第一，这种项目会使我更轻松一些，可以从快节奏生活中走出来，寻找到宁静。
第二，种植可以有利于环境保护。
Sample answer:Honestly, I’ll definitely go for planting trees and flowers because this is something that can actually comfort me mentally. I’ll ju st do it naturally and spontaneously without forcing myself to participate in those community works that I'm not really into. And eh, I can also switch up from the fast-paced life and try to finda sense of tranquility and chill out a bit. On top of that, by planting more greens,I'm actually doing something to protect our mother earth, even though it’s just a tiny step but still makes me feel a sense of achievement and that kinda feeling is indescribable. So I’ll definitely do it because i have a certain a nd stronger urge and interest of doing so rather than the other two.Task2.Do you agree or disagree that the success of a school depends on experienced teachers?解题思路：考生同意不同意学校的成功离不开经验丰富的老师。
托福考试阅读理解专项训练与答案
托福考试阅读理解专项训练与答案2016年托福考试阅读理解专项训练与答案阅读理解part ALake Baikal1 Crescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in length and 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds one-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more than the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world's deepest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point, is more than 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) deep.2 Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of the Asian peninsula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world's lakes.1. What is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider than it is long.(B) It is circular in shape.(C) Its width is one-half of its length.(D) It is shaped like a new moon.2. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less than the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great Lakes3. According to paragraph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds one-fifth of the world's water(B) holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C) holds one-ninth of the world's water(D) holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water4. According to paragraph 1, the Olkhon Crevice is(A) outside of Lake Baikal(B) 400 meters below sea level(C) the deepest part of Lake Baikal(D) 5,000 meters deep5. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal(A) is not as old as some other lakes(B) formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other(C) was fully formed 25 million years ago(D) is today located on the edge of the Asian peninsula参考答案：1-5：D、A、D、C、Bpart BThe Postage Stamp1 The postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage was first proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that postal rates should not be based on the distance that a letter or package travels but should instead be based on the weight of the letter or package and that fees for postal services should be collected in advanceof the delivery, rather than after, through the use of postage stamps.2 The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be separated with scissors and provided enough postage for a letter weighing 14 grams or less to any destination. In 1843, Brazil was the next nation to produce national postage stamps, and various areas in what is today Switzerland also produced postage stamps later in the same year. Postage stamps in five-and ten-cent denominations were first approved by the U.S. Congress in 1847, and by 1860 postage stamps were being issued in more than 90 governmental jurisdictions worldwide.6. According to paragraph 1, postage stamps were first suggested(A) in the first half of the eighteenth century(B) in the second half of the eighteenth century(C) in the first half of the nineteenth century(D) in the second half of the nineteenth century7. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that Sir Rowland Hill believed that postage fees(A) should be paid by the sender(B) should be related to distance(C) should have nothing to do with how heavy a package is(D) should be collected after the package is delivered8. What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A) It was designed by Queen Victoria.(B) It contained a drawing of a black penny.(C) It was produced in sheets of 14 stamps.(D) It could be used to send a lightweight letter.9. According to paragraph 2, Brazil introduced postage stamps(A) before England(B) before Switzerland(C) after the United States(D) after Switzerland10. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that in 1847(A) postage stamps were in use in 90 different countries(B) it cost fifteen cents to mail a letter in the United States(C) two different denominations of postage stamps were introduced in the United States(D) the U.S. Congress introduced the "penny black" stamp参考答案：6-10：A、A、D、B、Cpart CThe Clovis Culture1 Archeologists have found sites all over North America that contain similar tools dating from a period about 12,000 years ago. The culture that developed these tools has been named Clovis after the site near Clovis, New Mexico, where the first tools of this sort were discovered in 1932. The tools are quite sophisticated and are unlike any tools that have been found in the Old World.2 In the years since the first tools of this sort were discovered in New Mexico, archeologists have discovered Clovis tools in areas ranging from Mexico to Montana in the United States and Nova Scotia in Canada. All of the Clovis finds date from approximately the same period, a fact which suggests that the Clovis spread rapidly throughout the North American continent.3 From the evidence that has been discovered, archeologists have concluded that the Clovis were a mobile culture. They traveled in groups of 40 to 50 individuals, migrating seasonally and returning to the same hunting camps each year. Their population increased rapidly as they spread out over the continent, and they were quite possibly motivated to develop their sophisticated hunting tools to feed their rapidly expanding populace.11. What is stated in paragraph 1 about Clovis tools?(A) They date from around 10,000 B.C.(B) They have been in use for 12,000 years.(C) They have been found at only one location.(D) They were discovered by archeologists hundreds of years ago.12. According to paragraph 1, the town of Clovis(A) is in Mexico(B) was founded in 1932(C) is where all members of the Clovis culture lived(D) is where the first remnants of an ancient culture were found13. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the tools found near Clovis, New Mexico, were(A) very rudimentary(B) similar to others found prior to 1932(C) rather advanced(D) similar to some found in Africa and Europe14. According to paragraph 2, what conclusion have archeologists drawn from the Clovis finds?(A) That the Clovis tended to remain in one place(B) That the Clovis expanded relatively quickly(C) That the Clovis lived throughout the world(D) That the Clovis were a seafaring culture15. It is mentioned in paragraph 3 that it is believed that the Clovis(A) lived in familial groups of four or five people(B) had a relatively stable population(C) lived only in New Mexico(D) spent summers and winters in different places参考答案：11-15：A、D、C、B、D。
2016年1月24日托福阅读真题及答案解析
However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
Ojha and his co-authors interpret the spectral signatures as caused by hydrated minerals called perchlorates. The hydrated salts most consistent with the chemical signatures are likely a mixture of magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. Some perchlorates have been shown to keep liquids from freezing even when conditions are as cold as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 70 Celsius). On Earth, naturally produced perchlorates are concentrated in deserts, and some types of perchlorates can be used as rocket propellant.
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2016年1月24日托福阅读真题解读
2016年1月24日托福阅读考试已经告一段落。
天道小编第一时间为考生们整理了这一天的托
福阅读真题。
如果您想要知道2016年1月24日新托福考试阅读部分考了哪些内容的话，就和小编
一起走近今天的内容吧!
本文，天道留学小编为备战新托福阅读的考生们，准备了1月24日这一天的托福阅读真题解析，还请大家能够仔细阅读!相信接下来小编准备的内容，一定可以给大家的托福阅读备考带来帮助!
第一篇:
罗马的影响。
罗马是征服者，但是其实罗马在文化、政治上的影响更为显著。
罗马pattern 的
影响，就算是在帝国的晚期，在北爱尔兰以及北非，还有教育家在推崇罗马政治经济体系，Latin
语言一直被学习。
所以罗马的政治经济文化影响力才最牛。
举例罗马建筑物。
罗马语言先被学习，
但是并不是当地人为了商业活动，如卖猪给罗马兵，而是为了学习他们的先进制度。
罗马武力把新
的地区纳入帝国后，会派一些人去指导当地，以起模范的作用。
但是，local自己岜会各种模仿。
在某地.现属德国,当地人自己建立了 building-of roam style 可以从特有的建筑物装饰品来判断的。
最后这些建筑和罗马本土的建筑几乎没有差别。
但是建筑这些东西并不是为了装样子。
而是真
的要搞政治、宗教、集会活动。
罗马的公民意识被学习了。
罗马师从希腊，各种民主、公民的意识
在罗马帝国新占区被传播。
Citizen的意识被当地认可。
在西班牙发现了law被雕刻在某种材质的
东西上，18页详细描述了怎么选举，什么样的人能被选，要履行什么职责。
只有选举人数是vary 的，因为各个地区人民数量不一样。
第二篇 :
火星上有水。
火星要是有水的话，在表面的话容易直接升华。
温度大概-200.F-90.F下所以水
在表面根本存不住。
所以可能在subsurface在火星的南极也发现大量的ice痕迹，在太阳慢慢
cool down的过程中，这些水也会融化，涌出来。
探测器的发现，主要有两个，一个类似于地球有
水后形成的沉淀：另一个发现了水道。
以上两个发现，配合着第三个发现，一起证明了火星有水，
在past years(except 题目)有水，还有温度，还有能量，compelling (词汇题)argue生命也能存在。
关于化石一点叙述。
关于化石进一步比较地球，地球上有化石，因为在billions年之后，慢
慢才演变出来。
火星上可能并没有足够的时间来进行化石的演变。
最后一段说火星是见证过去的candidate意思，火星有生命存在的很多条件，地球是靠fossil证明有生命的，有题，问说地球是
为了说明什么。
第三篇:
二战后的经济发展。
二战后经济发展堪称奇迹，西德占4.3%,曰本占7.2%,意大利还有中欧都
发展蛮快的。
就算是美国、加拿大等受战争影响较小的国家，都能够发展的超过之前任意的时候。
马歇尔计划是主要原因(主体思想)。
Capital到位了，1951年就停了，但是经济也停止发展了一段。
为啥?因为钱只是用来发展设备和科技了，人力跟不上(有题，skilled workers是非常重要的。
政
府的支持，私有化受到了支持。
政府维持整个经济的稳定性，并维持最小的开支，鼓励，只有
1/4?1/5国有经济，尽管这些国有经济体也是快速发展的，但是相比较私有经济发展差着些。
政府
间也有合作的。
尽管有失败，但是相比较战前，进不了很多, 再次强调人力资本的重要性。
欧洲建
立了很多大学和研究所，这些研究所们提供了大量的熟练工人可以直接操作高科技设备。
之前学者们一直有错误认识，那就是人力没啥用，结果在 somewhere else 错了。
托福阅读词汇题：
spurt = a sudden increase
massively= extensively
pragmatic= practical
unprecedented=unlike anything in the past
era=period
ragment= pieces
assess= evaluate
suffice= be enough
adequate=suitable
founding
establishment
以上就是小编准备的关于托福阅读的全部内容了。
在上面的文章中，天道留学小编主要就2016年1月24日的托福阅读真题，为各位同学进行了解读，还请正在备战新托福阅读的考生们能够重视!感谢您的阅读!
天道教育托福课程全程督导，提分有保障，业内最细致的托管学习方案，保障提分：
考试规划：
了解学生意向，考试成绩目标，由课程顾问给予学生专业的备考建议
专业测试：
全真模拟题测试，由课程顾问出具专业报告和分析;
定制方案：
根据入学测试结果，制定个性化的培训方案，提供专业的备考规划和建议;
课堂授课：
针对学员的问题和备考规划，为学生提供专业的课程教学与方法指导; 学习诊断：
教师定期跟进学习情况，及时调整计划和进度;
监督跟踪：
为学员建立档案，与家长进行学员学习情况反馈和沟通;
结果反馈：
协助学生总结学习，帮助学生安排学习计划;
成绩跟踪：
分析阶段性考试结果，诊断学习过程中的问题，制定下一步的学习计划。