20世纪美国文学史 2
美国文学史2RomanticismandEmerson.ppt
Lecture 3
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882):
-- denoting “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought”
-- பைடு நூலகம்merson said, Transcendentalism means idealism.
Lecture 3
What is Transcendentalism?
Lecture 3
a period of the discussion of social issues: a. the woman’s issue b. slavery
Lecture 3
American Romanticism: “… romanticism remained one of the glories of
American Romanticism (1800—1850s)
Lecture 3
Historical Background:
• 1812, war with Britain • 1830s, a series of wars against native Americans • 1846—1848, war against Mexico • 1848, discovery of gold in California, thus the Gold Rush • 1859, first oil well drilled in Pennsylvania • 1861—1865, Civil War • 1869, the first transcontinental railway constructed
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
美国文学史Chapter 2-Benamin Fanklin
Note: Alain LeRoy Locke (1886-1954) :American educator and writer
Librarian Printer
Inventor Statesman
Benjamin Franklin - Printer
At the age of twelve, he started as an apprentice with his older brother James. At the age of twenty-two, he opened his own printing shop. His newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette [ɡə'zet] became very popular and profitable. A few years later, _P_o_o_r_R_i_c_h_a_rd_’_s_A_l_m_a_n_a_c_k____was released and soon became the best selling book in the colonies, selling over 10,000 copies a year.
Benjamin Franklin (1706----1790)
Benjamin Franklin, --- America's “__fi_rs_t_g_re_a_t_m_a_n__of_l_e_tt_er_s_,” embodied the Enlightenment ideal of human rationality. Franklin recorded his early life in his famous _A__u_to_b_i_o_g_r_a_p_h_y_.
20世纪外国文学史(第二卷)
如果说19世纪与20世纪之交是现实主义文学和现代主义文学争奇斗艳、各放异彩的时期,那么,从第一次世界大战爆发到20世纪20年代末,则是现代主义文学蓬勃发展成为主潮的时期。
现代主义文学的历史可以追溯到19世纪下半叶,一般认为波德莱尔1857年发表的《恶之花》是现代主义文学的发轫之作。
20世纪初,法国、德国、意大利、英国和俄国等欧洲国家涌现出一批具有现代意识的作家,他们向传统现实主义文学发出了有力挑战。
到了20年代,现代主义文学轰轰烈烈,蔚为大观,成为一场国际性的文学运动。
从东方到西方,不同的民族和国家的文学都受到这一运动的冲击。
现代主义文学时代的到来有其深刻的历史社会原因和复杂的文化思想背景。
最重要的因素之一是第一次世界大战。
这是人类历史上一次空前的浩劫。
战争开始时,许多青年人怀着一腔热血,奔赴战场。
随着战争日益残酷,死伤人数急剧增加,他们美丽的理想开始破灭,逐渐看清了政府宣传的虚伪与欺骗性。
第一次世界大战使人们付出惨重的代价,同时给西方世界带来普遍的精神危机。
那些经历了这场噩梦的年轻人对国家、社会、个人前途感到悲观失望,对基督教文化传统的信念发生了动摇。
第一次世界大战的结局是:德意志帝国、奥匈帝国因战败而彻底瓦解;英、法虽然得胜,但元气大伤;日本扩张了自己在中国和太平洋地区的势力;美国作为一个后起的资本主义强国登上争夺世界霸权的政治舞台。
1919年的巴黎和会,以及1921年至1922年的华盛顿会议,建立起“凡尔赛—华盛顿体系”,确定了战胜国美、英、法、日等帝国主义国家共同宰割战败国、瓜分殖民地的新秩序。
战后主要资本主义国家相继进入稳定发展时期。
美国20年代经济空前繁荣,尤其是在柯立芝执政期间,由于工业管理改进和技术革命,经济增长迅速。
到1928年,美国工业生产总量超过了全欧洲,美国人的生活水平居世界最高。
英国经济增长相对缓慢,工业产量直到1929年才勉强恢复到战前水平。
法国1926年进行财政改革,经济开始繁荣。
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
二十世纪美国文学简史(20c初期文学)
二十世纪美国文学简史二十世纪初期的文学群星灿烂的第三次文学高潮十九世纪未到二十世纪初，是美国资本主义向垄断资本主义发展的时期。
具有十九世纪优秀的浪漫主义和现实主义传统的美国小说，伴随着美国社会的这一演变踏进了二十世纪的门槛，在丰富的民族传统和社会土壤的培育下，形成了二十世纪初期绚丽多彩的创作景色，它不但产生了一大批杰出的小说家和优秀的作品，而且在形成美国民族文学独特的风格和众多的流派上起了巨大的作用。
从整个美国文学发展历程看，它是继十九世纪三十年代至五十年代的浪漫主义高潮和七十年代至九十年代的现实主义高潮之后的第三个高潮。
从本世纪初开始，以马克·吐温和弗兰克·诺里斯为代表的现实主义作家，直接培养出他们出色的继承者——西奥多·德莱塞、杰克·伦敦，随后又现出舍伍德·安德森、厄普顿·辛克莱、维拉·凯瑟、辛克莱·刘易斯、厄内斯特·海明威、司各特.菲茨杰拉德、威廉·福克纳、约翰·斯担贝克、托马斯·沃尔夫、多斯·帕索斯这样一批出类拔萃的作家，以及象珀尔·布克、玛莱丽特·米切尔等在某个时期因某个作品而具有一定影响的小说家他们当中的好几位获得过诺贝尔文学奖，使美国小说一跃成为世界文坛上的一支劲旅。
左翼小说是美国现实主义小说的一个重要组织部分，诞生于美国危机年代发展起来的左翼文学运动之中。
它与左翼戏剧、左翼诗歌、左翼报告文学和左翼文学理论一起组成规模巨大的左翼文学运动。
约翰·里德（1887—1920）曾亲自经历俄国十月社会主义革命，是美国左翼文学的先驱。
迈克尔·高尔德（1894—1967）的文学评论对左翼小说作了理论上的阐述。
阿格尼丝·史沫特莱（1890—1950）是一位与中国人民革命斗争息息相通的左翼作家，她的自传小说《大地的女儿》以同情的态度记载了青年转向革命的过程。
二十世纪西方文学课件第二章
• 在拉丁美洲更是出现了举世瞩目的世界级的文学大 师。。
英国
20世纪的英国现实主义文学加强了对英国社会的保守 性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
萧伯纳、劳伦斯、高尔斯华绥 、毛姆、 “愤怒的青 年” 、戈尔丁等
萧伯纳
特别是注意吸收现代主义的艺术手法，诸如内心独 白、梦幻描写、时空倒序、象征、荒诞意识手法 的运用等等，丰富了艺术表现的技巧与手段。
3、重视人物精神世界的探索
① 明显的内倾化、主观化特征，心理描写的 手法更为丰富。
② 人物潜意识的探索，以反映人物完整的内 心世界。
③ 情节越来越淡化，更注重心理变态的描写， 而不是情节的曲折。
杜亚美
马尔罗
海明威《第五纵队》
2、融汇了各种不同流派的艺术方法
现实主义作家一方面继承和发扬传统手法，注重情 节完整，结构严密，人物的典型和语言的纯洁； 另一方面又努力融汇各种不同流派的艺术表现手 法，借用传记、新闻等非艺术作品的写作形式， 融合电影、电视、新闻报道中的新的表现手法， 以增强自己的表现力。
三、创作特征
1、迅速及时地反映现实生活 把握时代的脉搏、撷取重大的社会题材，象旋 风一样追逐当代人的足迹，快速及时地反映瞬 息万变的现实生活和世界风云。 战争文学或反法西斯文学成为20世纪现实主义 文学的一个重要主题，在这类题材的作品中， 爱国主义的激情响彻云霄。
（法）杜亚美《受害者》（1917） （法）马尔罗《希望》（1938） （美）海明威的剧作《第五纵队》（1938）
索尔贝娄及其小说《赫尔索格 》、《洪堡 的故事 》：
第二节 罗曼·罗兰与《约翰·克利斯朵夫》
美国文学史浪漫主义二
the Puritan Past – The Scarlet Letter (1850) – raises the question of whether Hester and her lover Dimmesdale were really sinful
the psychology of his characters, secret guilt, problem, pride, envy, or the desire for revenge
Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864)
Mad Scientist story -- “The Birthmark” (1843), “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844)
--- Ann Hibbins
Major Works
The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun
“Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Birth Mark”
Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and the medieval morality play Everyman.
Salem Witch Trial(1692)
"Examination of a Witch"
“I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it.”
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Jazz Age
After WWI, people found that the war which cost millions of lives failed to provide an abiding solutions to the world’s problems, that the war was just the traps of political leaders. Such a disillusionment about the value of war, accompanied by the booming of American economy drove people to cynical hedonism. People experiment with new amusements. They restlessly pursued stimulus and pleasures, wallow in heavy drinking, fast driving and casual sex. By these, they hoped to seek relief from serious problems.
20s, Jazz Age
Economically, because of the war, American industry developed fast. The nation is full of bouncing ebullience, fearful of nothing, confident smug isolationism.
Part V. Twentieth-Century
Literature
1920s, Jazz Age.
I. Historical Background: WWI, peace-making period/boom time.
Politically, US entered WWI in 1917 for purity and democracy. The period of peace-making ended with general disillusionment about the value of war: only a sense of the failure of political leaders and a belief in the futility of hope. No abiding solutions to the world’s problems was found. And the resurgence of nationalism and the rise of new totalitarianism produce a secondion
They had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life was undercut and defeated. They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated. They painted the post-war western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.
Lost Generation
refers to those writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideas and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated. It includes the writers such as (Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, and Louis Bromfield) and poets (like Malcolm Cowley, E. E. Cummings, Archibald Macleish, and Ezra Pound), who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War” to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground. They felt alienated from American civilization, which was conveyed in their