Main Contents and Abstracts
2022年北京市海淀区高三下学期二模 英语
海淀区2021-2022学年第二学期期末练习考试时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1．5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My grandfather was a writer of many books．As a child and a teenager,I wrote 1 trying to be an author like him．When I 2 my first book,I was not sure if I should throw it out to the world or shelter it forever．That's why I went to grandpa that night,my faithful reader,who once again gave me tremendous 3 ．"Did you bring the book？I heard you talk about it and I can't wait to see your 4 ．“Oh yeah,the book．I completed it yesterday，”I handed him the draft，“but I don't think it's that good…”He turned to a random page and 5 more of the pages．"Why do you think this isn't good？It looks fine to me．Very heart-warming．"“Well,I'm not sure．It could be better than it is now．"“You can't expect for the book to be 6 ．Writing is a skill that takes time．You already finished the story,and now you have to 7 others what you've got，"he passed the book back to me．"If people don't like it,then write again．Criticism is important,but you are going to have to keep on writing till you are 8 with your work．”"Is that how you became a writer？"“Yes,and every other writer before me．You have to start from the 9 and then reach the top．”I finally broke out into a smile and he did too．I looked carefully at the book one more time．The pages bound together gave me hope for the future．That settled it．I was going to have to 10 myself and let others see my work．For me and for my grandpa．1．A．fast B．well C．nonstop D．little 2．A．polished B．finished C．deleted D．published 3．A．tasks B．pressure C．rewards D．inspiration 4．A．progress B．style C．comment D．reaction 5．A．copied B．wrote C．scanned D．edited 6．A．perfect B．unique C．complex D．practical 7．A．send B．show C．teach D．sell8．A．content B．strict C．patient D．exhausted 9．A．end B．failure C．bottom D．criticism10．A．give up B．count on C．look after D．get over第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分1. Abstract标准摘要五句话，包含五个层次的内容：1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究，现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;1.2 Method：用什么方法做这个研究;1.3 Data：用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;1.4 Results：从研究中得出什么结论;1.5 Implication：得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)2. Introduction2.1 Research background：目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。
2.2 Research problem：在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
2.3 研究现状：别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题?2.4 现存的研究有什么问题与不足：别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
2.5 本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope)：本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。
陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。
2.6 文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
3. Literature review目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容：3.1 对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。
即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题，在这个研究领域，针对research problem而言，让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;3.2 现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.3 非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西，侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。
英语论文摘要应该如何写？How to Write Abstract？
Structure of abstract | Features of an abstract
Concise – write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper. Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. Complete – cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper. Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues
… from the angle of… … in the light of the context that… To view something at a different angle/from various angles… From the point of view of… From the perspective of…
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.
学术英语写作Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style. An abstract is a summary of a body of information. Sometimes, abstracts are in fact called summaries-sometimes, executive summaries or executive abstracts. There are different kinds of abstracts— your technical report uses two types: the descriptive abstract and the informative abstract.
Descriptive Abstracts
In this type of abstract, you don't summarize any of the facts or conclusions of the report. The descriptive abstract does not say something like this: Problem: Based on an exhaustive review of currently available
设计更改通知单
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防虫网由***改为****。
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如更改涉及到工装，勾选，并应由生产技术部验证签字。
此处勾选后除工装外应附相关的处理意见汇总表。
6. 更改内容：更改人填写。
1) 文件名称及编号：填写需进行更改的文件名称及编号。
2) 物料编码：更改明细表时，需在物料编码列写明更改前物料编码，其它情况扛掉，在更改前、后内容均对附件的物料编码的更改进行说明。
3) 更改前内容：填写更改前的情况，凡涉及到代码状态变更的和版本升级的均应填写材料代码。
4) 更改后内容：填写更改后的情况。
5) 备注：用于填写手改、换页、新增、作废等。
7. 变更生效日期/变更条件：填写从什么时候开始变更的日期，若存在要有前提条件时才能变更，则还需填写变更条件，例如：某客户时才变更，某种配置时才变更之类的8. PCB采购说明：如涉及印制板更改，应根据实际情况勾选。
英文目录与摘要
英文目录与摘要作者：来源：《社会科学》2010年第07期Contents & AbstractsSovereignty of the Party Members and Sovereignty of the Party: Dual Objectives of Permanent Tenure's Reform——A Case Study of Local Knowledge in Jiaojiang District, Taizhou CityAbstract: The local knowledge of the permanent tenure of the CPC's congress in Jiaojiang (Taizhou city,Zhejiang Province) indicates that there are three kinds of difficulties within the intra-party power: firstly, the partial absence of the “ownership”; secondly, the partial weak of “executive power”, and thirdly, the partial absence of supervision. Those difficulties imply the ruling party's crisis of political legitimacy in the new era. It is helpful to solve difficulties and crisis of legitimacy by the way of applying principles of political philosophy,such as “sovereignty”, to the power mechanism of Marxist ruling party. The paper argues that, on the one hand, we try to explore some academic resources to promote the reform of “permanent tenure” by the way of deducing “sovereignty of the Party members” from “popular sovereignty” ,deducing “sovereignty of the Party” from “sovereignty of the state”. On the other hand, we try to construct some frame-work in which “soverei gnty of Party members” and “sovereignty of the Party” can interplay organically. The system of CPC's congress is one kind of representative democracy, so only implementation of the permanent tenure of the CPC's congress can deepen the reform of political constitution, and the democratic goals of carrying out the status of “sovereignty of the Party members” and “sovereignty of the Party” may be achieved.Keywords:Permanent Tenure of CPC's Congress; Sovereignty; Sovereignty of the Party Members; Sovereignty of the PartyThe Politics Explanation of the Party LeadershipAbstract: The leading positions and ruling status of the Communist Party of China are by no means coincidental, for it is the result of Chinese political development way, the unique path of the party politics development since the modern times. At the same time, it is the reality's demand of an authority politics in a late modern nstate. The political organization, which takes the Communist Party of China as the core, has strong sense of discipline, strong abilities of political integration and social mobilization, and a unique characteristic of keeping pace with the times. So the CPC has the duty of leading Chinese revolution and socialist modernization cause with Chinese characteristics. It also creates a unique political-driving way for the development of the late modernization nstate.Keywords: Party's leading status; Political-driven way; Late modernizationTowards the Age of Social Policy: From Developmentalism to Developmental System Construction of Social PolicyAbstract: To construct a perfective social policy system is the functional necessity and logical result of development of market economy and industrialization, and it symbolizes the age of social policy. From the reform and opening up, there are more economic policies than social ones under the context of developmentalism. After the Sixteenth Party Congress,and under the guidance of scientific development view, China has achieved the historical transformation from economic to social policy, and then constructed a simple framework of social policy system with high-coverage, multilevel projects, basic and low benefit. However, the social policy system seriously restricts its own possibility of development because of its features of contingency, duality and fragment. To construct a developmental social policy system as soon as possible according to the universal, uniform and systemic principles, is the strategic goal of social policy development and emergent demand of further economic and social development. And its primary goal or main task is to eliminate the urban-rural dual structure and construct an integrated social policy system.Keywords: Social policy; Developmentalism; Urban-rural separated and dual structure; Developmental social policy systemWealth Division, Son's Succession to Father's Power and the CFBs' Intergenerational TransmissionAbstract: CFB' s Succession can be divided into two dimensions including the ownership (wealth) inheritance and the transfer of management (position). Compared to the family business in the west, the CFBS' inheritance pattern shows some certain uniqueness. Firstly, at the wealth transfer level, Chinese family business often shows the introversion which is associated with the genetic differentiation within the insiders; Secondly, the position (authority) inheritance is featured with a certain degree of “ Differential Mode” ,“sub- inherited his father's power ” is the dominant inheritance pattern. On the basis of existing research, this paper proposes a preliminary hypothesis: the introversion characteristics of CFBS' wealth inheritance may be the result of cultural embeddedness, while the partiality of position transfer may be the interaction both from the structure -embeddedness and culture-embedded ness. For the CFBs, in order to break the inheritance dilemma of “Three Generations of Decline“ , it not only depends on the improvement of social trust, but also needs updating system innovation.Keywords : Differentiation of wealth;Authority transfer;EmbeddednessInnovation Environment Construction Under the Network Background: Theoretical Analysis and Policy ChoiceAbstract: With the development of Innovation theory from linear paradigm to network paradigm, the meanings of innovation environment evolve. Under the network innovation background, innovation environment consists of innovation subject, innovation linkage and innovation institution. Through constructing an analysis framework of innovation environment called “subject-linkage-institution“, the article discusses the main problem of Chinese innovation environment. Inspiring the innovation vigor of firms, intensifying the innovation linkage, reforming the innovation institution are main roads to improve Chinese innovation environment.Keywords: Innovation environment;Subject;Linkage;InstitutionThe Establishment and Application of Indicator System for the Growth of JuvenilesAbstract: The establishment of indicator system for the growth of juveniles is an important method to examine and monitor the situation of juveniles. This research first builds the indicator system in five dimensions of physical condition, family life, school life, social life and psychological condition, based on which then developed questionnaire and conducted survey. The result of testing data shows that this indicator system for the growth of juveniles applies to the measurement of the growth juveniles.Keywords: Juvenile; Indicator system; Index of growthWhy the Living-in-village Farmers' Citizenization is Possible?: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis based on Urban-rural IntegrationAbstract: The urban-rural integration is the “top stage” in urbanization. Based on the coordinated urban-rural development, it is gradually narrowing the urban-rural gap, and eventually dispelling the urban-rural dual structure by new rural construction and town construction. The farmers' citizenization, corresponding to the living-in-village farmers' citizenization, needs to be multi-pronged. Apart from continuing to promote the rural migrant workers and farmers who are living in the cities and the suburbs to cities, it requires to strengthen the living-in-village farmers' citizenization according to its inherent requirement of urban-rural integration. The paths to realize its citizenization lie in the following: the urban-rural integration makes it possible to expand and build the living-in-village farmers' citizenization; moreover, the urban-rural equivalent construction of the rural public service may make it become a reality.Keywords: Urban-rural integration; Living-in-village farmers; CitizenizationResearch on Regionally Integrated Emergency Response SystemAbstract: Based on the weakness and actual needs for regional crisis management, this paper discusses the model and mechanism of the regional integrated emergency response system. By analyzing the regional emergency response system both in China and abroad, and referring to the successful experience we have already obtained, it puts forward the idea to construct a multi-level and netlike model for regional emergency response system which is mainly based on the existing original resources. Correspondingly, it is also necessary to build a mechanism characterized by 'mutual-connected information, mutual-possessed resources and mutual-rescued team'. Both the model and mechanism will promote the development of regional integrated emergency response system in China.Keywords: Crisis management; Region; Integrated emergency response systemOn Institutional Arrangements of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer PaymentAbstract:In order to promote equalization of basic public services among regions, intergovernmental fiscal transfer payment institution should be constructed. Normative institution of intergovernmental fiscal transfer payment is an important basis of formulation of Fiscal Transfer Payment Law. In the institutional framework of fiscal decentralization, basic public services are supplied by local authorities mainly. In light of fiscal power is not matched with local routine responsibility in poor region, intergovernmental fiscal transfer payment may strengthen fiscal power of local authorities so that it can provide sufficient basic public service. Fiscal transfer payment institution of promotion of equalization of basic public services among regions includes: basis of calculation of transfer payment and right-obligation structure of fiscal resources, procedure rules and right-obligation structure of transfer payment of special project, and general provision of fiscalKeywords:Equalization of Basic Public Service;Local Routine Responsibility;Transfer Payment of Fiscal Resources;Transfer Payment of Special ProjectCopenhagen Accord: an Application of the Principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibility”gangAbstract: In the aspects of mitigation commitments, financing mechanism and measurement, reporting & verification (MRV), Copenhagen Accord adheres to the Principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities” (CBDR), while it strengthens “Common Responsibilities” and weakens “Differentiated Responsibilities”. “Common Responsibilities” derives from the principle of no trans-boundary harm and the concept of Common Concern of Mankind. And “Differentiated Responsibilities” derives from “historical and current contributions” and “technology and finance resources” of developed countries. The application of the CBDR principle is supported by the object of “the redistribution of ecological space”, but limited by the purpose of “preventi ng dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Therefore, China should shape and develop laws and policies on climate change that cause no harm to human common environmental interests and enable Chinese citizen to lead a “good life”.Keywords: Climate Change; Copenhagen Accord; Common but Differentiated ResponsibilitiesChinese Experience: How the Communication between Philosophy and Humanities is Possible?Abstract: Chinese classical academy has a tradition of enlightenment by all kinds of humanities such as literature, philosophy and history. Such enlightenment used an imagistic language in a broad sense. The imagistic language may be divided into three types: natural presentation; experiential presentation and metaphor presentation. They make up of the basic unit of Chinese humanity texts, and were usually interlaced in the same text. The reason of enlightenment of humanities is of metaphysics basis, for it is bas ed on the principle of “being one body with Dao”. In texts of humanities, the principle is presented by ways of metonymy, synecdoche and allegory. These three ways are respectively corresponding to three linguistic narrative styles, that is, history, poem and thinking.Keywords: Image; Being one body with Dao; Metonymy; Synecdoche; AllegoryLenin and Cultural Restriction of the Russian RevolutionAbstract: There was absence of culture in the Russian revolution, therefore it led to a kind of cultural restriction. To solve the problem, after the October revolution, Lenin carried out a cultural revolution. He put forward that the work stress is culturalism, so the whole thoughts of socialism fundamentally changed. Lenin's view of cultural revolution were of two levels: the lower level of cultural knowledge and the higher level of human's comprehensive development. On the former level, Lenin suggested those bourgeois experts should be used to build communism; on the later level, he argued that traditional Russian thoughts and half-barbarous customs should be overcome to comprehensively promote human's characters.Keywords: Lenin; Russian revolution; Cultural restriction; Cultural revolutionDiscourse Strategies and Ideology Critique:The New Trend of the Western Feminism Research under the Background of GlobalizationAbstract: Under the background of globalization,and influenced by conservatism and new liberalism, there emerge some plural and neutralization phenomena in western feminism. Generally these phenomena are the continuation of traditional feminism epistemology, patriarchy and capitalist cultural critique. However, they also show some new trends of studies of relations about women and poverty, race, nation security and so on.Keywords: Globalization; Ideology critique; Western feminismOn a Public Confrontation between Shanghai Trade Association and the Government of the Republic of China: a Review about the Case of Looting Gauze in Shanghai after the Anti-Japanese WarAbstract: During the process of taking over Shanghai after the anti-Japanese war, the administration of the Kuomintang party exploited the policy in seizing civil property, which infringed entrepreneurs' legal rights and triggered a lot of cases. Among those cases, the most controversial lawsuit is that Shanghai cotton textile commercial trade association along with the other two trade associations sued the Shanghai local authority on the ownership of the looted gauze. Although the government took advantage of measures on “alternative method”, it barbarously deprived the legal requirements of the three trade associations. To some extent, it exposed state's hideous look of looting civil property, which inevitably roused hatred between the Kuomintang Party and Chinese bourgeois-democratic class.Keywords: Shanghai in the time of the Republic of China; Case related to the ownership of the looted gauze; Shanghai cotton textile commercial trade associationThe Relations between Benevolent Organizations and Local Social Transformation in Jiangnan during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: the Case Study of Zhiyuan Charity of Chuansha SubprefectureAbstract: Benevolent organizations in Chuansha Subprefecture were mainly organized by government before Guangxu period in Qing dynasty. Then the emerging benevolent organizations had the characteristic of community and benefited a limited range until Zhiyuan Charity was set up. During this period, the independence of enrolment played an important role in the growth of the number of people who passed provincial civil service examination in Chuansha, and education was the precursor of the developing of Charity in such a new county-level unit. During the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China, Zhiyuan Charity became the center of activities of new groups. Charity administrators and their successors, who hold a concurrent post in another organization, yielded unusually brilliant results in the local society. With the foundation of various new-style groups, charity organizations were replaced by them. Then the development of local social history changed from the single-line connection between the government and local elites to the coexistence of cooperation and friction among groups. The weakening of benevolent organizations, fragmenting of local groups and increasing of education organs' power were a general trend in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic China. This was one of major features of the transformation of local society at that time.Keywords: Late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China; Benevolent organization; Zhiyuan Charity; Education institution; Social changeThe Chinese students of Hosei University's Crash Course and the Law Education in the Late Qing DynastyAbstract: Because of many Chinese graduated from its crash course in law & political science, Hosei University had an important position in the history of the Chinese studied abroad in the late Qing dynasty. Its Chinese graduates, who had accepted the western law and political education, were the advanced intellectuals of modern China. They extensively served in the Chinese political organizations, law field and educational circles. As the most important force, they contributed much to the development of law education in the late Qing dynasty.Keywords: Chinese students; Hosei University's crash course in law & political science; Late Qing dynasty; Law educationClass Consciousness and Gender Representation: On Politics Nature of Left-wing MoviesAbstract: As a social and cultural experience of which the aim was to fight against rulers inside and outside in the national crisis, the left-wing movies had very clear political preference. Therefore it could not be de-politicized. Some questions should be answered: why the left-wing movies were so attractive? When referring to its politics nature, the article argues that, besides the interference of left-learning close culture, it has close relationship with its gender representation. If it is true that under very complex social conditions, left-wing movies overthrew, rewrote or repeated the consciousness of patriarchy and male power, at the same time, the adverse trend of gender representation promoted or declined its politics nature.Keywords: Left-wing movie; Politics nature; Class consciousnessShanghai Image with the Metaphor of Nostalgia and Fashion and Its Cultural ParadoxAbstract: In recent years, there emerge plenty of movies taking Shanghai city as their backgrounds. In such movies, Shanghai is usually represented as a nostalgic and fashion image. It is in fact a phenomenon catering for the cultural globalization and consumerism. The nostalgic and fashion image of Shanghai may be regarded as an important reference to Chinese modern cultural construction, but in contemporary image texts, there exist many cultural paradoxes. For example, some movies are unable to show a true Shanghai culture; the absence of underclass in movies influences the comprehensive representation of Shanghai. The paper argues that reasons of these paradoxes include: firstly, creators and directors of movies have a warp in understanding modernity; secondly, the local creative power of movies in Shanghai decline quickly in recent years; lastly, nation's cultural policies are not so tolerant which interfere such movies about Shanghai city to deeply present the reality.Keywords: Shanghai image; Nostalgia; Fashion; Cultural paradoxAn Untimely Pursuit for Tragedy Consciousness: On the Marginal Nature of Chinese Existentialism Literature in the 20th CenturyAbstract: There is a consensus about Chinese existentialism literature in the 20th century. Actually, such existentialism literature is quite marginal, because it untimely successes the tragedy consciousness of western existentialism and related characteristic of appreciation of ugliness. As to its tragedy consciousness, it departures from the trail of mainstream literature which will overcome the tragedy art spirit. The characteristics of existentialism literature, that is, a trend of appreciation of ugliness which is alike western diseased joy, are against Chinese traditional aesthetic spirit, and not suitable to contemporary aesthetic minds and art experiences.Keywords: Existentialism; Chinese existentialism literature; Marginal nature; Tragedy consciousnessLiterary Studies: Academic Ecology and Calling SpiritAbstract: In contemporary literary studies, thinking about the problems of academic spirit ecology, such as what the academic can do and what the scholars can do, has become increasingly urgent and can not be ignored. In the historical situation after masters, the intensive subjective consciousness of scholars becomes very important. In the contemporary innovation discourses, the road of innovation lies in combination with the diversities of life. Ideology is an important context of literary studies, so literary studies should think about what can do in the political context. Academic reputation is the atmosphere of literary studies ecology, and plays an important role to develop the academic and upgrade scholars' spirits. Literary studies also need to clearly understand the urgency of the situation of academic internationlization and the establishment of national cultural position. Literary researchers have multiple identities, as researchers, literature teachers, humanities intellectuals and spokesmen of national culture, their identity consciousnesses and calling spirit will be decisive to maintain the academic ecology of Chinese literary studies.Keywords: Literary studies; Academic ecology; Innovation; Identity; Calling spiritThe Influence of the Nature of Geographical Positions on the Evolution of Right and Left or Superiors and InferiorsAbstract: In ancient times, whether a geographic position is superior or inferior depends on whether it faces the sun. Under the imperial power, in natural world the direction of east is honored in official ceremonies; while in spirit world and homesteads, the direction of west is venerated. Restricted by the direction a person or an object faces, Yin and Yang of geographic positions form the fundamental elements determining whether left or right is superior or inferior; besides, whether a person or object is on the left-hand side or right-hand side also influenced the implication of left and right or superiors and inferiors in their course of evolution..Keywords: Geographic positions; Direction a person or an object faces;Patterns for position arrangements; Left and right; Superior and inferior。
民族药理学作者须知
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGYAn Interdisciplinary Journal Devoted to Indigenous DrugsAUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS• Description• Audience• Impact Factor• Abstracting and Indexing • Editorial Board• Guide for Authors p.1p.2p.2p.2p.2p.4ISSN: 0378-8741DESCRIPTIONThe Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.In recent years the preservation of local knowledge, the promotion of indigenous medical systems in primary health care, and the conservation of biodiversity have become even more of a concern to all scientists working at the interface of social and natural sciences but especially to ethnopharmacologists. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, ethnopharmacologists are particularly concerned with local people's rights to further use and develop their autochthonous resources.Accordingly, today's ethnopharmacological research embraces the multidisciplinary effort in the:• documentation of indigenous medical knowledge,• scientific study of indigenous medicines in order to contribute in the long-run to improved health care in the regions of study, as well as• search for pharmacologically unique principles from existing indigenous remedies.The Journal of Ethnopharmacology publishes original articles concerned with the observation and experimental investigation of the biological activities of plant and animal substances used in the traditional medicine of past and present cultures. The journal will particularly welcome interdisciplinary papers with an ethnopharmacological, an ethnobotanical or an ethnochemical approach to the study of indigenous drugs. Reports of anthropological and ethnobotanical field studies fall within the journal's scope. Studies involving pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action are especially welcome. Clinical studies on efficacy will be considered if contributing to the understanding of specific ethnopharmacological problems. The journal welcomes review articles in the above mentioned fields especially those highlighting the multi-disciplinary nature of ethnopharmacology. Commentaries are by invitation only.AUDIENCEEthnopharmacologists, Medicinal Chemists, Pharmacologists, Toxicologists, Anthropologists, Pharmacognosists, Ethnobotanists, Economic Botanists, EthnobiologistsIMPACT FACTOR2014: 2.998 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2015ABSTRACTING AND INDEXINGAGRICOLABIOSISCambridge Scientific AbstractsChemical AbstractsCurrent Contents/Life SciencesMEDLINE®International Pharmaceutical AbstractsEMBASENAPRALERT (Natural Products Alert)Science Citation IndexCAB AbstractsScopusEMBiologyEDITORIAL BOARDEditor-in-Chief:R. Verpoorte, Gorlaeus Lab., Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NetherlandsDeputy Editor-in-ChiefA.M. Viljoen, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South AfricaAssociate Editor:D. Guo, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, ChinaA.K. Jäger, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, DenmarkG. Lin, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong KongP.K. Mukherjee, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, IndiaG. Schmeda Hirschmann, Universidad de Talca, Talca, ChileA. Shikov, Saint Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Kuzmolovo P 245, Russian FederationE. Yesilada, Yeditepe University, Erenkoy-Istanbul, TurkeyReviews Editor (including Commentaries and Book Reviews):M. Heinrich, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK If you want to suggest a review, please provide a structured abstract and include an annotated table of contents and a short CV of the lead author(s).Managing Editor:B. Pomahacova, Leiden University, Leiden, NetherlandsI. Vermaak, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South AfricaM. Sandasi, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South AfricaL.J. McGaw, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaEditorial Board:S. Alban, Kiel, GermanyM.J. Balick, Bronx, New York, USAR. BauerG. Bourdy, Cayenne, French GuianaJ.B. Calixto, Florianópolis, BrazilC-T. Che, Hong Kong, Hong KongG.A. Cordell, Evanston, Illinois, USAV.S. da Silva Bolzani, Araraquara, BrazilJ. Ding, Shanghai, ChinaV.M. Dirsch, Vienna, AustriaE. Elisabetsky, Porto Alegre, BrazilJ. Fleurentin, Metz, FranceB.L. Furman, Glasgow, UKM.P. Germano, Messina, ItalyJ. Gertsch, Bern, SwitzerlandA.H. Gilani, Karachi, PakistanM.P. Gupta, Panama City, PanamaA. Hensel, Münster, GermanyP.J. Houghton, London, UKZ. Ismail, Penang, MalaysiaW. Jia, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USAT. Johns, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada A.K. Jäger, Copenhagen O, DenmarkG. Kavalali, Istanbul, TurkeyH-S. Kim, Cheongju, South KoreaJ. Kim, Seoul, South KoreaY. Kimura, Ehime, JapanM.A. Lacaille-Dubois, Dijon, FranceM. Leonti, Cagliari, ItalyE. Matteucci, Pisa, ItalyI. Merfort, Freiburg, GermanyJ.J.M. Meyer, Pretoria, South AfricaD.E. MoermanD.A. Mulholland, Guildford, England, UKA. Panthong, Chiang Mai, ThailandX. Peigen, Beijing, ChinaA. Pieroni, Pollenzo/Bra, ItalyD.D. Soejarto, Chicago, Illinois, USAE. Speroni, Bologna, ItalyA.J. Vlietinck, Antwerpen, BelgiumH. Wagner, München, GermanyC.S. Weckerle, Zurich, SwitzerlandC.W. Wright, Bradford, UKS. Zacchino, Rosario, ArgentinaFounding Editors:J.G. BruhnL. Rivier, Lausanne, SwitzerlandGUIDE FOR AUTHORSINTRODUCTIONThe Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people, confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.Please note that figures and tables should be embedded in the text as close as possible to where they are initially cited. It is also mandatory to upload separate graphic and table files as these will be required if your manuscript is accepted for publication.Classification of your paperPlease note that upon submitting your article you will have to select at least one classification and at least three of the given keywords. You can preview the list of classifications and keywords (here). This information is needed by the Editors to more quickly process your article. In addition to this, you can submit free keywords as described below under "Keywords".The "rules of 5"The Editors and Editorial Board have developed the "Rules of 5" for publishing in JEP. We have produced five clear criteria that each author needs to think about before submitting a manuscript and setting the whole process of editing and reviewing at work. Click here.For more details on how to write a world class paper, please visit our Pharmacology Author Resources page.Authors are encouraged to submit video material or animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. For more information please see the paragraph on video data below. Types of paperThe Journal of Ethnopharmacology will accept the following contributions:1. Original research articles - whose length is not limited and should include Title, Abstract, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgements and References. As a guideline, a full length paper normally occupies no more than 10 printed pages of the journal, including tables and illustrations.2. Short Communications - whose average length is not more than 4 pages in print (approx. 2000-2300 words, including abstract and references). A maximum of 2 illustrations (figures or tables) is allowed. See paragraph below for description and format.3. Letters to the Editors.4. Reviews - Authors intending to write review articles should consult and send an outline to the Reviews Editor (see inside front cover for contact information) before preparing their manuscripts. The organization and subdivision of review articles can be arranged at the author's discretion. Authors should keep in mind that a good review sets the trend and direction of future research on the subject matter being reviewed. Tables, figures and references are to be arranged in the same way as research articles in the journal. Reviews on topics that address cutting-edge problems are particularly welcome. Outlines for potential reviews need to include: A detailed abstract using the structure provided in the guidelines An annotated table of contents A short CV of the lead author5. Book reviews - Books for review should be sent to the Reviews Editor.6. Commentaries - invited, peer-reviewed, critical discussion about crucial aspects of the field but most importantly methodological and conceptual-theoretical developments in the field and should also provide a standard, for example, for pharmacological methods to be used in papers in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. The scientific dialogue differs greatly in the social / cultural and natural sciences, the discussions about the common foundations of the field are ongoing and thepapers published should contribute to a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary discussion. The length should be a maximum of 2-3 printed pages or 2500 words. Please contact the Reviews Editor j.ethnopharmacol@ with an outline.7. Conference announcements and news.BEFORE YOU BEGINEthics in publishingFor information on Ethics in publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see /publishingethics and /journal-authors/ethics. Policy and ethicsIn the covering letter, the author must also declare that the study was performed according to the international, national and institutional rules considering animal experiments, clinical studies and biodiversity rights. See below for further information. The ethnopharmacological importance of the study must also be explained in the cover letter.Animal and clinical studies - Investigations using experimental animals must state in the Methods section that the research was conducted in accordance with the internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in for example the European Community guidelines (EEC Directive of 1986; 86/609/EEC) or the US guidelines (NIH publication #85-23, revised in 1985). Investigations with human subjects must state in the Methods section that the research followed guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo for humans, and was approved by the institutional human experimentation committee or equivalent, and that informed consent was obtained. The Editors will reject papers if there is any doubt about the suitability of the animal or human procedures used.Biodiversity rights - Each country has its own rights on its biodiversity. Consequently for studying plants one needs to follow the international, national and institutional rules concerning the biodiversity rights.Author contributionsFor each author the contribution to the publication should be mentioned.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also /conflictsofinterest. Further information and an example of a Conflict of Interest form can be found at: /app/answers/detail/a_id/286/supporthub/publishing.Submission declaration and verificationSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint, see /sharingpolicy), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your article may be checked by the originality detection service CrossCheck /editors/plagdetect.Changes to authorshipAuthors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.Article transfer serviceThis journal is part of our Article Transfer Service. This means that if the Editor feels your article is more suitable in one of our other participating journals, then you may be asked to consider transferring the article to one of those. If you agree, your article will be transferred automatically on your behalf with no need to reformat. Please note that your article will be reviewed again by the new journal. More information about this can be found here: /authors/article-transfer-service. CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright, see /copyright). An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult /permissions). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult /permissions.For open access articles: Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete an 'Exclusive License Agreement' (for more information see /OAauthoragreement). Permitted third party reuse of open access articles is determined by the author's choice of user license (see /openaccesslicenses).Author rightsAs an author you (or your employer or institution) have certain rights to reuse your work. For more information see /copyright.Role of the funding sourceYou are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated.Funding body agreements and policiesElsevier has established a number of agreements with funding bodies which allow authors to comply with their funder's open access policies. Some authors may also be reimbursed for associated publication fees. To learn more about existing agreements please visit /fundingbodies.Open accessThis journal offers authors a choice in publishing their research:Open access• Articles are freely available to both subscribers and the wider public with permitted reuse• An open access publication fee is payable by authors or on their behalf e.g. by their research funder or institutionSubscription• Articles are made available to subscribers as well as developing countries and patient groups through our universal access programs (/access).• No open access publication fee payable by authors.Regardless of how you choose to publish your article, the journal will apply the same peer review criteria and acceptance standards.For open access articles, permitted third party (re)use is defined by the following Creative Commons user licenses:Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)Lets others distribute and copy the article, create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation), include in a collective work (such as an anthology), text or data mine the article, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article, and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honor or reputation. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)For non-commercial purposes, lets others distribute and copy the article, and to include in a collective work (such as an anthology), as long as they credit the author(s) and provided they do not alter or modify the article.The open access publication fee for this journal is USD 3250, excluding taxes. Learn more about Elsevier's pricing policy: /openaccesspricing.Green open accessAuthors can share their research in a variety of different ways and Elsevier has a number of green open access options available. We recommend authors see our green open access page for further information (/greenopenaccess). Authors can also self-archive their manuscripts immediately and enable public access from their institution's repository after an embargo period. This is the version that has been accepted for publication and which typically includes author-incorporated changes suggested during submission, peer review and in editor-author communications. Embargo period: For subscription articles, an appropriate amount of time is needed for journals to deliver value to subscribing customers before an article becomes freely available to the public. This is the embargo period and it begins from the date the article is formally published online in its final and fully citable form.This journal has an embargo period of 12 months.Language (usage and editing services)Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the English Language Editing service available from Elsevier's WebShop (/languageediting/) or visit our customer support site () for more information.SubmissionOur online submission system guides you stepwise through the process of entering your article details and uploading your files. The system converts your article files to a single PDF file used in the peer-review process. Editable files (e.g., Word, LaTeX) are required to typeset your article for final publication. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, is sent by e-mail.Additional informationAuthors who want to submit a manuscript should consult and peruse carefully recent issues of the journal for format and style. Authors must include the following contact details on the title page of their submitted manuscript: full postal address; fax; e-mail. All manuscripts submitted are subject to peer review. The minimum requirements for a manuscript to qualify for peer review are that it has been prepared by strictly following the format and style of the journal as mentioned, that it is written in good English, and that it is complete. Manuscripts that have not fulfilled these requirements will be returned to the author(s).In addition, you are recommended to adhere to the research standards described in the following articles:Cos P., Vlietinck A.J., Berghe D.V., et al. (2006) Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro 'proof-of-concept'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106: 290-302.Matteucci, E., Giampietro, O. (2008) Proposal open for discussion: defining agreed diagnostic procedures in experimental diabetes research. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,115: 163-172.Froede, T.SA. and Y.S. Medeiros, Y.S. (2008) Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115: 173-183. Gertsch J. (2009) How scientific is the science in ethnopharmacology? Historical perspectives and epistemological problems. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122: 177-183.Chan K., et al. (2012) Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese Materia Medica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140: 469-475.Heinrich, M., Edwards. S., Moerman. D.E.. and Leonti. M. (2009), Ethnopharmacological field studies: a critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods. J. Ethnopharmacol, 124: 1-17. PREPARATIONUse of word processing softwareIt is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the word processor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: /guidepublication). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. See also the section on Electronic artwork.To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor.Article structureSubdivision - numbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.Theory/calculationA Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.ConclusionsThe main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.GlossaryPlease supply, as a separate list, the definitions of field-specific terms used in your article.AppendicesIf there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.Essential title page information• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations. Please clearly indicate the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. AbstractA concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.The author should divide the abstract with the headings Ethnopharmacological relevance, Aim of the study , Materials and Methods, Results, and Conclusions.Click here to see an example.Graphical abstractA Graphical abstract is mandatory for this journal. It should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership online. Authors must provide images that clearly represent the work described in the article. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a separate file in the online submission system. Image size: please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files. See /graphicalabstracts for examples.Authors can make use of Elsevier's Illustration and Enhancement service to ensure the best presentation of their images also in accordance with all technical requirements: Illustration Service. KeywordsAfter having selected a classification in the submission system, authors must in the same step select 5 keywords. These keywords will help the Editors to categorize your article accurately and process it more quickly. A list of the classifications and set keywords can be found here.In addition, you can provide a maximum of 6 specific keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.Chemical compoundsYou can enrich your article by providing a list of chemical compounds studied in the article. The list of compounds will be used to extract relevant information from the NCBI PubChem Compound database and display it next to the online version of the article on ScienceDirect. You can include up to 10 names of chemical compounds in the article. For each compound, please provide the PubChem CID of the most relevant record as in the following example: Glutamic acid (PubChem CID:611). The PubChem CIDs can be found via /pccompound. Please position the list of compounds immediately below the 'Keywords' section. It is strongly recommended to follow the exact text formatting as in the example below:。
中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求
中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求（一）博士学位论文撰写要求博士学位论文可用中文撰写，也可用外文撰写。
用中文撰写的博士学位论文，按“中山大学学位论文格式要求”撰写。
用外文撰写的博士学位论文，按“中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求”撰写。
英语语言文学专业博士学位论文如用英文撰写，必须用电脑进行文字输入。
要求英文用Times New Roman12号字体；中文用宋体、5号字体，行距1.5。
用A4（210mm X 297mm）白纸打印。
除封面、扉页1、扉页2、《原创性及学位论文使用授权声明》和《学位论文使用授权声明》、中文摘要、英文文摘用单面复印外，其余均要求双面复印。
学位论文的封面和封底由学校研究生院统一印刷，博士生应按要求认真填写，并在学位论文封面的编号处打印上自己的学号，密级处填写“公开”。
博士学位论文正文的长度一般不少于100页。
博士学位论文除封面和封底外，其主体部分应包括如下内容：1．扉页1（Title page one）。
该页的内容有：论文的中文标题、外文标题、专业名称、作者中文姓名、导师中文姓名、答辩委员会主席和成员的签名、论文答辩日期。
2．扉页2，又称书名页（Title page two）。
该页应全用外文著录，内容包括：学位论文标题、专业名称、作者姓名、导师姓名、学位授予单位的全称（即：中山大学）、论文提交的年月。
注意，在“学位授予单位”的上方，应写上这条款目：A thesis submitted in partial fulfilmentof the requirements for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy3．《原创性及学位论文使用授权声明》和《学位论文使用授权声明》在扉页之后并排在同一页上。
4．致谢（Acknowledgements）。
5．英文、中文摘要（English and Chinese Abstracts）（含关键词3-8个）。