ch4-futures-strategy
欧盟将为氢能开发投入4万亿元,掌握下一代终极能源

欧盟将为氢能开发投入4万亿元,掌握下一代终极能源本文2410字,阅读约需6分钟摘要:氢气是一种“终极能源”,蕴含巨大的能量,可以用作火箭或飞机的燃料,而且燃烧后也不会产生温室气体,是实现脱碳化的关键,欧盟等各国正加大氢能投入,以抢占第四次绿色工业革命的发展先机。
关键字:氢能、终极能源、绿氢、电解水制氢、可再生能源制氢、氢能社会、氮化镓荷兰北部的海上正在进行从海水制取“绿氢”的项目。
这是欧洲最大规模的氢能项目“NortH2”。
到2030年将建成世界最大的4吉瓦级海上风力发电厂,利用其电力电解海水制取氢气。
欧洲最大规模的氢能项目“NortH2”根据制取方法的不同将氢能分为“灰色”、“蓝色”和“绿色”三类。
具体为,将从化石燃料中提取出的氢气称为“灰氢”,将在制氢过程中加上碳捕捉和贮存(CCS)技术回收二氧化碳(CO2)后制取的氢气称为“蓝氢”,将利用可再生能源电解水制取的氢气称为无碳的“绿氢”。
“NortH2”利用海上风力制造绿色氢气,到2040年将减少800~1000万吨的CO2排放。
该项目的核心部分由石油巨头荷兰皇家壳牌负责。
欧盟(EU)计划到2050年将海上风电提高到目前的25倍,向氢能战略投入4700亿欧元(约4万亿元)。
欧盟委员会副主席弗兰斯·蒂默曼斯表示,“利用可再生能源制取氢气将得到最大的政策支持”。
氢气蕴含巨大的能量,可以用作火箭或飞机的燃料,而且燃烧后也不会产生温室气体。
氢气成为钢铁、化学、制造业等排放温室气体产业实现脱碳化的关键。
氢气可以说是一种“终极能源”,例如为保存不稳定的可再生能源,可通过电解制氢将其转换成氢气。
氢能普及的关键是制造成本。
技术领先的欧洲生产1千克绿色氢气也需要花费6美元(约38元)左右。
根据由能源巨头等组成的氢能委员会推算,如果到2030年氢气的制造成本下降到1.8美元(约11.6元)的话,就能满足世界15%的能源需求。
日本也为“氢能社会”展开行动东京瓦斯株式会社于2019年11月宣布“2050年前后实现温室气体净零排放”。
欧盟出台甲烷减排策略

120石油炼制与化工2021年第52卷INFLUENCINGFACTORSONGUMFORMATIONINLIGHTOILDURINGSTORAGEZhang Zubin1,Chen Xueyan1,Wang Haiqin1,Cao Chen2,Zhao Kunfang2,Yang Yaji1(1.School of Pipeline and Civil Engineering,China'University ofPetroleum(East China),Qingdao,Shandong266580;2.Hebei OKet Environmental Science and Technology Company)Abstract:This review intends to summarize the effects of oil compositions,type of process,and storage conditions on gum formation.The rate of gum formation has a significant relationship withthe hydrocarboncompositions,among whicholefinshavethegreateste f ect Tracesofnitrogen-containing compounds,sulfuranditsderivatives,metalionsandunsaturatedhydrocarbonsinfuelsreactwitheach other,playing a catalytic role on the gum formation and leading to color change.The gum content is also a f ectedbyexternalfactorssuchastemperature,oxygencontent,storagetime,light,watercontent,and metal ion concentration.Di f erent types of additives and the depth of hydrogenation reaction inhibit or promote the actual gum formation.It is proven that gum formation is the result of a combination of multiplefactors.Hydrofining,improved storage conditions or adding appropriate additives can a l decreasetherateofgumformationandextendthestoragetimeofoilproducts.Inviewofthefactthat nitrogencontentismoresensitivetochangesinactualco l oidalcontent,a t entionshouldbepaidtothe nitrogencontentintheoil Asfiberreinforced plasticstoragetankshave many advantages,such as corrosion resistance,good mechanical seal,good thermal insulation,and UV protection.They are beneficialtoimprove oilstability when thetanks are used forlong-term storage of oil products Regardingtheresearchandapplicationofoilstability,ontheonehand,weshouldhaveagoodcommand ofthemechanismsofgumformationfromtheaspectsofreactionkineticsandco l oidalchemistry;onthe other hand,we should strengthen storage oil quality analysis and make use of big data and artificial intelligence technology to acquire the main influencing factors of gum formation so as to provide theoreticalsupportforpracticalapplications.Key Words:oilstorage;hydrogenationprocess;existinggum;fiberreinforcedplasticstoragetank ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦欧盟出台甲烷减排策略欧洲委员会的甲烷减排策略已于近期出炉,这一步使欧洲成为减少甲烷污染的国际政策先锋。
中国应对能源危机的对策英语作文

中国应对能源危机的对策英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Facing the global energy crisis, China is striving to find effective strategies to deal with the challenges and ensure a sustainable energy future. In this essay, I will discuss some of the key measures that China can take to address the energy crisis.First and foremost, China should focus on increasing the development and utilization of renewable energy sources. These include solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy. By investing more in these renewable sources, China can reduce its reliance on traditional fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which are not only limited in supply but also harmful to the environment. In recent years, China has made significant progress in promoting renewable energy, with the country now being one of the world's leading producers of solar panels and wind turbines. However, more needs to be done to ensure that renewable energy plays a more significant role in China's energy mix.Secondly, China should continue to improve energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy. By implementingenergy-saving technologies and practices, China can reduce its overall energy consumption and lessen the pressure on energy resources. This includes upgrading infrastructure, promoting energy-efficient appliances, and encouraging industries to adopt cleaner and more efficient production methods. Improving energy efficiency not only reduces energy consumption but also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to China's efforts to combat climate change.Furthermore, China should enhance its energy security by diversifying its energy sources and supply routes. By reducing its dependence on a single energy supplier or type of fuel, China can better withstand disruptions in the global energy market and geopolitical tensions. This can be achieved by increasing domestic energy production, expanding imports of different types of energy, and investing in energy storage and transmission infrastructure. By diversifying its energy sources, China can better ensure a stable and reliable energy supply for its growing economy.In addition, China should promote international cooperation on energy issues. Energy is a global challenge that requires collective action, and China can play a leading role in promoting dialogue and collaboration among countries. This includessharing technology and expertise, coordinating energy policies, and jointly developing renewable energy projects. By working together with other countries, China can address common energy challenges more effectively and contribute to a more secure and sustainable energy future for all.In conclusion, China has made significant progress in addressing the energy crisis, but more needs to be done to ensure a sustainable energy future. By focusing on renewable energy development, improving energy efficiency, enhancing energy security, and promoting international cooperation, China can better cope with the challenges posed by the energy crisis and contribute to a more sustainable and secure energy future for the world.篇2China's Response to Energy CrisisIntroductionAs the world's largest energy consumer, China faces numerous challenges in tackling the increasing energy demand while balancing environmental concerns and energy security. With the growing pressure of energy scarcity, pollution, and climate change, China needs to implement effective strategies toensure sustainable development. This essay will explore China's response to the energy crisis and propose some potential solutions.Current Energy Situation in ChinaChina's rapid economic growth has led to a surge in energy consumption, primarily driven by the industrial sector. The country heavily relies on coal, which accounts for over 60% of its energy mix, resulting in severe air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, China's dependence on fossil fuels raises concerns about energy security, as the country heavily relies on imports to meet its energy demands.China's Response to the Energy CrisisTo address the energy crisis, China has adopted a multipronged approach that focuses on increasing energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy sources, and enhancing energy security.1. Improving Energy EfficiencyChina has implemented various measures to improve energy efficiency across different sectors, including industries, transportation, and buildings. The government has set energy intensity reduction targets and implemented energy-savingstandards for appliances, vehicles, and buildings. Moreover, China has invested in advanced technologies and smart grids to optimize energy use and reduce wastage.2. Promoting Renewable EnergyChina has made significant investments in renewable energy, particularly in wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. The government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity expansion and implemented subsidies and incentives to support the development of clean energy sources. China has become a global leader in renewable energy deployment, with a significant increase in the share of renewables in its energy mix.3. Enhancing Energy SecurityChina has taken steps to enhance energy security by diversifying its energy sources and reducing reliance on imported fuels. The country has invested in domestic oil and gas exploration and development, as well as strategic partnerships with energy-rich countries to secure its energy supply. Moreover, China has expanded its energy storage capacity and developed emergency response mechanisms to mitigate the risk of energy supply disruptions.Proposed Solutions for China's Energy CrisisWhile China has made significant progress in addressing the energy crisis, more efforts are needed to ensure sustainable energy development. Some potential solutions include:1. Accelerating the Transition to Clean EnergyChina should continue to shift towards clean energy sources and reduce its reliance on coal and other fossil fuels. The government should increase investment in renewables, improve grid infrastructure, and implement policies to promote energy conservation and efficiency.2. Enhancing Energy Governance and RegulationChina needs to strengthen its energy governance and regulation to ensure effective implementation of energy policies. The government should enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement in energy decision-making and address regulatory gaps to create a level playing field for energy market participants.3. Fostering Innovation and Technology DevelopmentChina should invest in research and development to drive technological innovation in the energy sector. The government should support the commercialization of advanced energy technologies, such as energy storage, smart grids, and carboncapture and storage, to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.ConclusionChina's response to the energy crisis is crucial for achieving sustainable development and addressing global environmental challenges. By improving energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy, and enhancing energy security, China can build a cleaner, more resilient energy system for the future. Through continued efforts and cooperation with international partners, China can lead the way towards a more sustainable and secure energy future.篇3With the rapid development of the economy, China has been facing a severe energy crisis in recent years. The traditional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are not only limited but also causing serious environmental pollution. In order to address this challenge and ensure sustainable development, China has been implementing a series of measures to respond to the energy crisis.Firstly, China has been actively promoting the development of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, andhydropower. By investing in renewable energy projects, China aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the environmental impact of energy consumption. In recent years, the government has set ambitious targets for the expansion of renewable energy capacity, which has resulted in a significant increase in the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix.Secondly, China has been focusing on improving energy efficiency and promoting energy conservation. Through the implementation of energy-saving measures in sectors such as industry, transportation, and construction, China has been able to significantly reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Initiatives such as the promotion of energy-efficient appliances, the development of energy-saving technologies, and the establishment of energy-efficient building standards have all contributed to the improvement of energy efficiency in China.Furthermore, China has been investing in the development of clean energy technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and nuclear power. By developing these technologies, China aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diversify its energy sources. The government has been providing incentives and support for the research and development of clean energytechnologies, which has led to significant advancements in this field.In addition to these measures, China has also been promoting international cooperation on energy issues. By participating in global initiatives such as the Paris Agreement and collaborating with other countries on clean energy projects, China is working towards a more sustainable and secure energy future. Through these efforts, China hopes to not only address its own energy challenges but also contribute to the global fight against climate change.In conclusion, China is taking proactive steps to address its energy crisis and transition towards a more sustainable energy system. By promoting renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, investing in clean energy technologies, and enhancing international cooperation, China is moving towards a more secure and environmentally friendly energy future. With continued commitment and effort, China can overcome its energy challenges and pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future.。
英语作文 解决能源危机的办法,开发新能源

英语作文解决能源危机的办法,开发新能源English: One solution to addressing the energy crisis and developing new sources of energy is through investing in renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and hydropower. By shifting away from reliance on fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change and are finite in supply, countries can transition to more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Governments can incentivize businesses and individuals to invest in renewable energy by offering tax breaks, grants, and subsidies. Research and development into new technologies, such as energy storage systems and smart grids, can also help to improve the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy sources. Additionally, promoting energy efficiency measures in industries, buildings, and transportation can reduce overall energy consumption and lessen the demand for new sources of energy. Overall, a multi-faceted approach that combines policy support, technological innovation, and conservation efforts is key to addressing the energy crisis and ensuring a sustainable energy future.中文翻译: 解决能源危机、开发新能源的一种方法是通过投资于可再生能源技术,如太阳能、风能和水力发电。
中俄合作共建“大欧亚自贸区”研究

商业经济SHANGYE JINGJINo.2,2021 Total No.534第2021年第2期(总第534期)中俄合作共建“大欧亚自贸区”研究赵传军,邢玉升(黑龙江大学经济与工商管理学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150080)[摘要]在美国及西方对中国经济与科技进行直接打压和战略围堵的形势下,中国应与俄罗斯密切合作、共同协商,推动建立“大欧亚自贸区”。
中国倡导并正在发展的“一带一路”建设与普京经济学大力推动的“欧亚经济联盟”应进行全方位的战略对接,从而实现共建“大欧亚自贸区”,为中俄及其它成员国的发展与合作建立多边多元、互利共赢的大平台。
[关键词]大欧亚自贸区;中国;俄罗斯[中图分类号]F742[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-6043(2021)02-0001-04Abstract:Under the situation of direct suppression and strategic containment of China's economy and science and technology by the United States and the West,China may closely cooperate and jointly negotiate with Russia to promote the establishment of a "Greater Eurasian Free Trade Area".The Belt and Road construction advocated and developed by China and the Eurasian Economic Alliance,which is vigorously promoted by Putin economics,should be carried out in all directions to achieve the strategic alliance between the two sides so as to build the Greater Eurasian Free Trade Area and establish a multilateral,mutually beneficial and winwin platform for the development and cooperation of China,Russia and other member states.Key words:Greater Eurasian Free Trade Area,Chian,Russia一、新形势下中国对外经贸合作的三个战略方向近3年来,中国对外经贸合作的形势与环境发生了重要变化,这种变化集中体现在两个方面:一是在特朗普任总统后期开始疯狂地、没有底线地对中国经济和科技进行公开打压和围堵,不但与中国大打贸易战,还直接运用行政手段对中国科技企业进行打压和制裁,对中国的对美投资进行严格限制,把与中国经济“脱钩”作为战略目标。
欧盟规划未来能源蓝图,风能或成最主要能源来源

欧盟规划未来能源蓝图,风能或成最主要能源来源
佚名
【期刊名称】《陕西电力》
【年(卷),期】2011(39)11
【摘要】根据欧盟起草的一份绿色能源发展报告,为实现2050年温室气体排放较1990年削减80%的目标,欧盟将采取诸如提高能效、加大风能和太阳能等可再生资源的比例、发展核能及碳捕捉技术等措施。
该报告预测,如欧盟将未来能源政策重心确定为发展可再生能源,到2050年风能占欧盟能源的比例有望从目前的5%上升到49%。
【总页数】1页(P88-88)
【关键词】绿色能源;欧盟;风能;规划;温室气体排放;可再生资源;可再生能源;捕捉技术
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TM614
【相关文献】
1.欧盟可再生能源发展蓝图——21世纪可再生能源:创造一个更加可持续的未来[J], 熊永兰(编译)
2.欧盟公布未来14年能源发展新规划草案 [J], ;
3.欧盟公布未来14年能源发展新规划草案 [J], ;
4.未来10年欧盟可再生能源比例将逾两成 [J],
5.欧盟:公布未来14年能源发展新规划草案 [J],
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预测未来最好的方式去创造它英文作文

预测未来最好的方式去创造它英文作文Predicting the future is a challenge that has intrigued mankind for centuries. From ancient civilizations to modern scientists, people have always sought ways to foresee what lies ahead. In today's fast-paced world, the need for accurate predictions is greater than ever. As technology continues to advance at an incredible rate, the possibilities for predicting the future are seemingly endless.One of the best ways to predict the future is to create it. By actively shaping the world around us, we can influence the course of events and steer them in the direction we desire. This approach requires vision, innovation, and a willingness to take risks. It also involves a deep understanding of the forces that drive change and the ability to adapt to new circumstances.One of the most effective ways to create the future is through strategic planning. By setting clear goals and objectives, we can establish a roadmap for success and ensure that we are moving in the right direction. This approach requires careful analysis of current trends and future scenarios, as well as a focus on long-term sustainability and growth.Another key factor in predicting the future is data analysis. By collecting and analyzing data from various sources, we can identify patterns and trends that can help us anticipate future developments. This approach requires advanced technological tools and a skilled team of analysts who can interpret the data and extract meaningful insights.Furthermore, collaboration is essential in creating the future. By working together with experts from different fields and disciplines, we can combine our knowledge and expertise to develop innovative solutions to complex problems. This approach requires open communication, mutual respect, and a shared vision for the future.In conclusion, predicting the future is a complex and challenging task that requires a multifaceted approach. By combining strategic planning, data analysis, and collaboration, we can create a vision for the future that is both realistic and achievable. By actively shaping the world around us, we can influence the course of events and create a better future for all.。
变废为能,再生商瞄准海洋垃圾

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第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
套期保值的基本原理
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
(a)
(b)
套期保值的作用
规避现货价格波动带来的风险 期货市场价格发现 锁定相关品种的成本,稳定产值和利润 减少资金占用 能够提前安排运输和仓储,降低储运成本 提供购买和销售时机的更大选择和灵活性 能够提高企业的借贷能力
套期保值的基本原理
套期保值是指在现货市场某一笔交易的基础上, 在期货市场上做一笔价值相当,期限相同但方向相反 的交易,以期保值。 套期保值的两个基本原理: 同一品种的商品,其期货价格与现货价格受到相 同的因素的影响和制约,虽然波动幅度会有不 同,但其价格的变动趋势和方向有一致性。 随着期货合约到期日的临近,期货价格和现货价 格逐渐聚合,在到期日,基差接近于零,两价格 大致相等。
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
∆F : 期货价格F 的变化(∆F = F2 − F1 )
∆S: 现货价格S的变化(∆S = S2 − S1 )
投机策略
σ∆F : ∆F 的标准差 Cov(∆S, ∆F ): ∆S和∆F 之间的协方差 ρ: ∆S和∆F 之间的相关系数 h: π: 套期保值比率 单位商品的套期赢利
最佳套期保值比率
公式
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
交叉套期保值
交叉套期包括: 在白金的头寸上用银的期货进行套期保值 使用股票指数期货对单只股票头寸进行套期保值 使用国债期货对公司债进行套期保值 使用甲地小麦期货对储存于乙地的小麦进行套期 保值 外汇的套期保值等
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
符号标记
S1 : t1 时刻现货的价格 F1 : t1 时刻期货的价格 b1 : t1 时刻的基差 S2 : t2 时刻现货的价格 F2 : t2 时刻期货的价格 b2 : t2 时刻的基差
基差风险的含义
基差的变化是不确定的,这种基差变化的不确定 性就被称为基差风险(basis risk)
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差风险的含义
基差的变化是不确定的,这种基差变化的不确定 性就被称为基差风险(basis risk)
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差风险的含义
基差的变化是不确定的,这种基差变化的不确定 性就被称为基差风险(basis risk)
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
套期保值的分类
由于期货品种很多,这些品种的生产者、加工 者、经营者、相关的储运商和贸易商都可以在必要时 利用期货市场保值 按保值的性质和目的不同,套期保值又可以分为 如下四类 存货保值 经营保值 选择保值 预期保值
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
交叉套期保值
交叉套期保值(cross-hedging)是指将期货合约用 于不可交割商品的套期保值。 在实际中,许多情况都是交叉套期保值,比如在 甲地的小麦持有者可能拥有可交割的小麦期货,但由 于运输到交割地方的成本很高使其成为不可交割期货 合约。这就意味着在甲地和乙地的小麦价格不收敛, 而且由于两个市场不确定的需求状况导致甲和乙两地 小麦价格差也可能不确定。这就要使用交叉套期。
基差交易
基差交易是指为了避免基差变化给套期保值交易 带来不利影响所采取的以一定的基差和期货价格确定 现货价格的方法 通常基差交易的双方至少有一方进行了套期保 值,但其最终的实际现货交易价格并不是交易时的市 场价格,而是根据下面这一公式确定的:
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差交易
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
多头套期保值
多头套期保值(long hedge)是指在现货市场处于 空头的情况下在期货市场做一笔相应的多头交易,以 避免现货价格变动的风险。 多头套期保值通常适用于类似这样的场合:投资 者准备在将来某一时刻购买商品却担心商品涨价,或 者某投资者在资产上做空头时,可用多头套期保值策 略进行风险管理,这种应用并不广泛却十分有效。
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
套期保值的程序
1
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略
利用价格分析方法,估计价格变动的可能性、变动幅 度,并计算出净风险额
基差策略 投机策略
2
计算保值的各项成本费用,比如:保证金利息、佣 金、手续费、交割费用等
3
将净风险额与保值的费用进行对比,以确定是否有保 值的必要
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差风险的含义
对于空头套期保值者 利润 = b2 − b1 利润 = b1 − b2 资产的有效价格 = F1 + b2 资产的有效价格 = F1 + b2 对于多头套期保值者
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差风险的含义
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差及其对套期保值效果的影响
当现货价格的增长大于期货价格的增长时,基差也随 之增加,称为基差扩大或基差变强(strengthening of the basis) 当期货价格的增长大于现货价格的增长时,基差减 小,称为基差减少或基差变弱(weakening of the basis)
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
符号标记
S1 : t1 时刻现货的价格 F1 : t1 时刻期货的价格 b1 : t1 时刻的基差 b1 = S 1 − F 1 S2 : t2 时刻现货的价格 F2 : t2 时刻期货的价格 b2 : t2 时刻的基差 b2 = S2 − F2
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
注意
动态套期保值需要较为频繁的买卖期货,这就意 味着交易成本的增加; 对于风险厌恶程度低的保值者来说,有时甚至会 出现在期货、现货两个市场持有同方向头寸的情 况。
制定套期保值策略的方法
要了解所交易的商品的现货市场供需状况以及影 响其价格的主要因素,做好该商品的供给和需求 计划安排;要弄清楚所交易商品的性质、生产特 点和市场构成,确定出合理的目标利润和目标成 本 要了解所交易的商品在期货市场上的交易状况, 交易所的有关规则,注册仓库的地点,尤其要弄 清需保值商品的规格品质与期货合约规格的差 异,以明确质量升、贴水额
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差及其对套期保值效果的影响
基差(basis)是期货市场的一个重要概念,它是指 在某一时间、同一地点、同一品种的现货价格与期货 价格的差
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差及其对套期保值效果的影响
基差(basis)是期货市场的一个重要概念,它是指 在某一时间、同一地点、同一品种的现货价格与期货 价格的差
套期保值比率的确定
确定套期保值所需的期货合约的规模,最重要的 是要决定使用期货合约的数量与风险现货数量的比 例,即最佳套期保值比率 套期保值比率,即每单位商品对应的期货合约的 数量
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
第四章 期货交易
Notation
策略
套期保值策略 基差策略
σ∆S : ∆S的标准差
基差交易是指为了避免基差变化给套期保值交易 带来不利影响所采取的以一定的基差和期货价格确定 现货价格的方法 通常基差交易的双方至少有一方进行了套期保 值,但其最终的实际现货交易价格并不是交易时的市 场价格,而是根据下面这一公式确定的: 交易的现货价格 = 商定的期货价格 + 预先商定的基差
第四章 期货交易 策略
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
基差及其对套期保值效果的影响
当现货价格的增长大于期货价格的增长时,基差也随 之增加,称为基差扩大或基差变强(strengthening of the basis) 当期货价格的增长大于现货价格的增长时,基差减 小,称为基差减少或基差变弱(weakening of the basis) 基差减弱削弱了空头套期保值的作用,而基差增强则 加强了这种作用 对于多头套期保值来讲,基差的变化对保值作用发挥 的影响正好相反:基差增强削弱了多头套期保值的作 用,而基差减弱则加强了这种作用
h= Cov(∆S, ∆F ) σ∆S =ρ· 2 σ∆F σ∆F
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
最佳套期保值比率
公式
h= 其中: Cov(∆S, ∆F ) = ρ · σ∆S · σ∆F Cov(∆S, ∆F ) σ∆S =ρ· 2 σ∆F σ∆F
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
第四章 期货交易 策略
套期保值策略 基差策略 投机策略
套期保值策略小结
今天的条件 持有资产 计划购买资产 已卖空资产 发行了浮动利率债券 计划发行债务 风险 资产价格有可能下跌 资产价格有可能上涨 资产价格有可能上涨 利率有可能上涨 利率有可能上涨 合适的套期保值策略 空头套期保值 多头套期保值 多头套期保值 空头套期保值 空头套期保值
动态套期保值
在进行金融期货的套期保值的过程中,由于盯市 导致的期货合约每日的利润或损失对套期保值有很大 影响,这就需要交易者随时调整套期保值比率,以达 到风险最小或收益最大化的目的,这被称作动态套期 保值或跟踪套期保值