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SQL Server 权限管理手册说明书

SQL Server 权限管理手册说明书

Top Level Server PermissionsDatabase Level PermissionsALTER ANY APPLICATION ROLE ALTER ANY ASSEMBLY ALTER ANY ASYMMETRIC KEY ALTER ANY CERTIFICATE ALTER ANY CONTRACTALTER ANY DATABASE AUDIT ALTER ANY DATABASE DDL TRIGGERALTER ANY DATABASE EVENT NOTIFICATION ALTER ANY DATASPACEALTER ANY FULLTEXT CATALOGALTER ANY MESSAGE TYPEALTER ANY REMOTE SERVICE BINDING ALTER ANY ROLE ALTER ANY ROUTE ALTER ANY SCHEMA ALTER ANY SERVICE ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEYALTER ANY USER –See Connect and Authentication –Database Permissions ChartCREATE AGGREGATE CREATE DEFAULT CREATE FUNCTION CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE QUEUE CREATE RULE CREATE SYNONYM CREATE TABLE CREATE TYPE CREATE VIEWCREATE XML SCHEMA COLLECTIONTop Level Database PermissionsCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>CREATE ASSEMBLY CREATE ASYMMETRIC KEY CREATE CERTIFICATE CREATE CONTRACTCREATE DATABASE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATIONCREATE FULLTEXT CATALOG CREATE MESSAGE TYPECREATE REMOTE SERVICE BINDING CREATE ROLE CREATE ROUTE CREATE SCHEMA CREATE SERVICE CREATE SYMMETRIC KEYAUTHENTICATE BACKUP DATABASE BACKUP LOG CHECKPOINTCONNECT REPLICATION DELETE EXECUTE INSERT REFERENCES SELECT UPDATEVIEW DEFINITION TAKE OWNERSHIP SHOWPLANSUBSCRIBE QUERY NOTIFICATIONS VIEW DATABASE STATECONTROL SERVERCONNECT DATABASESTATEMENTS:CREATE DATABASE AUDIT SPECIFICATION CREATE/ALTER/DROP database triggersPARTITION & PLAN GUIDE statementsSTATEMENTS:Combined with TRUSTWORTHY allows delegation of authentication BACKUP DATABASE BACKUP LOG CHECKPOINTCREATE ANY DATABASE ALTER ANY DATABASEALTER ANY SERVER AUDIT ALTER ANY EVENT NOTIFICATIONAUTHENTICATE SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER TRACEVIEW SERVER STATE STATEMENTS:Applies to subordinate objects in the database. See Database Permissions –Schema Objects chart.TAKE OWNERSHIP ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION::<name>RECEIVE ON OBJECT::<queue name>SELECT ON OBJECT::<queue name>VIEW CHANGE TRACKING ON OBJECT::<name> SELECT ON OBJECT::<table |view name>INSERT ON OBJECT::< table |view name> UPDATE ON OBJECT::< table |view name> DELETE ON OBJECT::< table |view name>EXECUTE ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION::<name> REFERENCES ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION:<name> VIEW DEFINITION ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION::<name>ALTER ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON SCHEMA::<name>VIEW CHANGE TRACKING ON SCHEMA::<name>SELECT ON SCHEMA::<name>INSERT ON SCHEMA::<name>UPDATE ON SCHEMA::<name>DELETE ON SCHEMA::<name>EXECUTE ON SCHEMA::<name>REFERENCES ON SCHEMA::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON SCHEMA::<name>ALTER ON SCHEMA::<name>CREATE SEQUENCESELECT ON DATABASE::<name>INSERT ON DATABASE::<name>UPDATE ON DATABASE::<name>DELETE ON DATABASE::<name>EXECUTE ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY SCHEMACREATE SCHEMACREATE AGGREGATE CREATE DEFAULT CREATE FUNCTION CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE QUEUE CREATE RULE CREATE SYNONYM CREATE TABLE CREATE TYPE CREATE VIEWCREATE XML SCHEMA COLLECTIONVIEW ANY DEFINITIONVIEW ANY DATABASEALTER ANY DATABASEServer PermissionsDatabase PermissionsSchema PermissionsObject Permissions Type PermissionsXML Schema Collection PermissionsDatabase Permissions –Schema ObjectsNotes:•To create a schema object (such as a table) you must have CREATE permission for that object type plus ALTER ON SCHEMA::<name> for the schema of the object. Might require REFERENCES ON OBJECT::<name> for any referenced CLR type or XML schema collection.•To alter an object (such as a table) you must have ALTER permission on the object (or schema ),or CONTROL permission on the object.CONTROL ON SERVERCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>CONTROL ON SCHEMA ::<name>CONTROL ON OBJECT|TYPE|XML SCHEMA COLLECTION ::<name>OBJECT permissions apply to the following database objects:AGGREGATE DEFAULT FUNCTION PROCEDURE QUEUE RULE SYNONYM TABLE VIEW(All permissions do not apply to all objects. For example UPDATE only applies to tables and views.)•To drop an object (such as a table) you must have ALTER permission on the schema or CONTROL permission on the object.•To create an index requires ALTER OBJECT::<name> permission on the table or view.•To create or alter a trigger on a table or view requires ALTER OBJECT::<name> on the table or view.•To create statistics requires ALTER OBJECT::<name> on the table or view.CONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASECONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY FULLTEXT CATALOGCREATE FULLTEXT CATALOG Certificate PermissionsFull-text PermissionsAssembly PermissionsQuestions and comments to ************************Server Role PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY SERVER ROLEVIEW DEFINITION ON SERVER ROLE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON SERVER ROLE::<name>ALTER ON SERVER ROLE::<name>CONTROL ON SERVER ROLE::<name>Most permission statements have the format :AUTHORIZATION PERMISSION ON SECURABLE::NAME TO PRINCIPAL•AUTHORIZATION must be GRANT, REVOKE or DENY.•PERMISSION is listed in the charts below.•ON SECURABLE::NAME is the server, server object, database, or database object and its name. Some permissions do not require ON SECURABLE::NAME.•PRINCIPAL is the login, user, or role which receives or loses the permission. Grant permissions to roles whenever possible.Sample grant statement: GRANT UPDATE ON OBJECT::Production.Parts TO PartsTeam Denying a permission at any level, overrides a related grant.To remove a previously granted permission, use REVOKE, not DENY.NOTES:•The CONTROL SERVER permission has all permissions on the instance of SQL Server.•The CONTROL DATABASE permission has all permissions on the database.•Permissions do not imply role memberships and role memberships do not grant permissions. (E.g. CONTROL SERVER does not imply membership in the sysadmin fixed server role. Membership in the db_owner role does not grant the CONTROL DATABASE permission.) However, it is sometimes possible to impersonate between roles and equivalent permissions.•Granting any permission on a securable allows VIEW DEFINITION on that securable. It is an implied permissions and it cannot be revoked, but it can be explicitly denied by using the DENY VIEW DEFINITION statement.Server Level PermissionsNotes:•Creating a full-text index requires ALTER permission on the table and REFERENCES permission on the full-text catalog.•Dropping a full-text index requires ALTER permission on the table.STATEMENTS:DROP DATABASEMarch 28, 2014How to Read this Chart•Most of the more granular permissions are included in more than one higher level scope permission. So permissions can be inherited from more than one type of higher scope.•Black, green, and blue arrows and boxes point to subordinate permissions that are included in the scope of higher a level permission.•Brown arrows and boxes indicate some of the statements that can use the permission.CREATE SERVER ROLEAvailability Group PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY AVAILABILITY GROUPVIEW DEFINITION ON AVAILABILITY GROUP::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON AVAILABILITY GROUP::<name>ALTER ON AVAILABILITY GROUP::<name>CONTROL ON AVAILABILITY GROUP::<name>CREATE AVAILABILITY GROUPADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONSALTER ANY AVAILABILITY GROUP –See Availability Group PermissionsCREATE AVAILABILTY GROUPALTER ANY CONNECTION ALTER ANY CREDENTIALALTER ANY DATABASE –See Database Permission ChartsCREATE ANY DATABASE –See Top Level Database PermissionsALTER ANY ENDPOINT –See Connect and AuthenticationCREATE ENDPOINT –See Connect and AuthenticationALTER ANY EVENT NOTIFICATIONCREATE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATION CREATE TRACE EVENT NOTIFICATIONALTER ANY EVENT SESSION ALTER ANY LINKED SERVERALTER ANY LOGIN –See Connect and Authentication ALTER ANY SERVER AUDITALTER ANY SERVER ROLE –See Server Role PermissionsCREATE SERVER ROLE –See Server Role PermissionsALTER RESOURCES (Not used. Use diskadmin fixed server role instead.)ALTER SERVER STATEVIEW SERVER STATEALTER SETTINGS ALTER TRACEAUTHENTICATE SERVERCONNECT SQL –See Connect and Authentication CONNECT ANY DATABASE IMPERSONATE ANY LOGIN SELECT ALL USER SECURABLES SHUTDOWN UNSAFE ASSEMBLYEXTERNAL ACCESS ASSEMBLYVIEW ANY DEFINITIONVIEW ANY DATABASE –See Database Permissions –Schema* NOTE:The SHUTDOWN statement requires the SQL Server SHUTDOWN permission. Starting, stopping, and pausing the Database Engine from SSCM, SSMS, or Windows requires Windows permissions, not SQL Server permissions.STATEMENTS:CREATE/ALTER/DROP server triggers OPENROWSET(BULK….KILL CREATE/ALTER/DROP CREDENTIAL DBCC FREE…CACHE and SQLPERF SELECT on server-level DMV’s sp_configure, RECONFIGURE sp_create_traceAllows server-level delegationCONTROL SERVERSTATEMENTS:CREATE/ALTER/DROP server triggers OPENROWSET(BULK …KILLServer scoped event notifications Server scoped DDL event notifications Event notifications on trace events Extended event sessions sp_addlinkedserverDBCC FREE…CACHE and SQLPERF SELECT on server-level DMV’s sp_configure, RECONFIGURE sp_trace_create Allows server-level delegation SHUTDOWN*CREATE/ALTER/DROP SERVER AUDIT and SERVER AUDIT SPECIFICATION CONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITION ALTER ANY LOGINCONNECT SQLCONTROL ON LOGIN::<name>Connect and Authentication –Server PermissionsVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY ENDPOINTCREATE ENDPOINTCONNECT ON ENDPOINT::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON ENDPOINT::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON ENDPOINT::<name>ALTER ON ENDPOINT::<name>CONTROL ON ENDPOINT::<name>Notes:•The CREATE LOGIN statement creates a login and grants CONNECT SQL to that login.•Enabling a login (ALTER LOGIN <name> ENABLE) is not the same as granting CONNECT SQL permission.•To map a login to a credential, see ALTER ANY CREDENTIAL.•When contained databases are enabled, users can access SQL Server without a login. See database user permissions.•To connect using a login you must have :o An enabled login o CONNECT SQLoCONNECT for the database (if specified)VIEW DEFINITION ON LOGIN::<name>IMPERSONATE ON LOGIN::<name>ALTER ON LOGIN::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER LOGIN, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin DROP LOGIN CREATE LOGINSTATEMENTS:ALTER ENDPOINT DROP ENDPOINTCREATE ENDPOINTSTATEMENTS:ALTER SERVER ROLE <name> ADD MEMBER DROP SERVER ROLECREATE SERVER ROLESTATEMENTS:ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP DROP AVAILABILITY GROUPCREATE AVAILABILITY GROUPCONTROL ON FULLTEXT CATALOG::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON FULLTEXT CATALOG::<name>REFERENCES ON FULLTEXT CATALOG::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON FULLTEXT CATALOG::<name>ALTER ON FULLTEXT CATALOG::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER FULLTEXT CATALOG CREATE FULLTEXT CATALOGDatabase Role PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY ROLE CREATE ROLE CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON ROLE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON ROLE::<name>ALTER ON ROLE::<name>CONTROL ON ROLE::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER ROLE <name> ADD MEMBER DROP ROLECREATE ROLESymmetric Key PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEYCREATE SYMMETRIC KEY CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON SYMMETRIC KEY::<name>REFERENCES ON SYMMETRIC KEY::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON SYMMETRIC KEY::<name>ALTER ON SYMMETRIC KEY::<name>CONTROL ON SYMMETRIC KEY::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER SYMMETRIC KEY DROP SYMMETRIC KEY CREATE SYMMETRIC KEYNote: OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY requires VIEW DEFINITION permission on the key (implied by any permission on the key), and requires permission on the key encryption hierarchy.Asymmetric Key PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY ASYMMETRIC KEYCREATE ASYMMETRIC KEYCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON ASYMMETRIC KEY::<name>REFERENCES ON ASYMMETRIC KEY::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON ASYMMETRIC KEY::<name>ALTER ON ASYMMETRIC KEY::<name>CONTROL ON ASYMMETRIC KEY::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER ASYMMETRIC KEY DROP ASYMMETRIC KEYCREATE ASYMMETRIC KEYNote: ADD SIGNATURE requires CONTROL permission on the key, andrequires ALTER permission on the object.CONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY CERTIFICATE CREATE CERTIFICATE CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON CERTIFICATE::<name>REFERENCES ON CERTIFICATE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON CERTIFICATE::<name>ALTER ON CERTIFICATE::<name>CONTROL ON CERTIFICATE::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER CERTIFICATE DROP CERTIFICATECREATE CERTIFICATENote: ADD SIGNATURE requiresCONTROL permission on the certificate, and requires ALTER permission on the object.CONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY ASSEMBLY CREATE ASSEMBLYCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON ASSEMBLY::<name>REFERENCES ON ASSEMBLY::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON ASSEMBLY::<name>ALTER ON ASSEMBLY::<name>CONTROL ON ASSEMBLY::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER ASSEMBLYDROP ASSEMBLYCREATE ASSEMBLYEvent Notification PermissionsCONTROL SERVERALTER ANY EVENT NOTIFICATIONCREATE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATIONCREATE TRACE EVENT NOTIFICATIONALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY DATABASE EVENT NOTIFICATION CREATE DATABASE DDL EVENT NOTIFICATIONCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>Database scoped event notificationsDatabase scoped DDL event notificationsEvent notifications on trace eventsNote: EVENT NOTIFICATION permissions also affect service broker. See the service broker chart for more into.Connect and Authentication –Database PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASEVIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY USER CONNECT ON DATABASE::<name>CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON USER::<name>IMPERSONATE ON USER::<name>ALTER ON USER::<name>CONTROL ON USER::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER USER DROP USER CREATE USERNOTES:•When contained databases are enabled, creating a database user that authenticates at the database, grants CONNECT DATABASE to that user,and it can access SQL Server without a login.•Granting ALTER ANY USER allows a principal to create a user based on a login, but does not grant the server level permission to view information about logins.Replication PermissionsCONTROL SERVERCONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>CONNECT REPLICATION ON DATABASE::<name>CONNECT ON DATABASE::<name>Application Role PermissionsCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITION ALTER ANY DATABASE CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY APPLICATION ROLECONTROL ON APPLICATION ROLE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON APPLICATION ROLE::<name>ALTER ON APPLICATION ROLE::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER APPLICATION ROLE DROP APPLICATION ROLE CREATE APPLICATION ROLESTATEMENTS:DROP FULLTEXT CATALOG DROP FULLTEXT STOPLISTDROP FULLTEXT SEARCH PROPERTYLISTCONTROL ON FULLTEXT STOPLIST::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON FULLTEXT STOPLIST::<name>REFERENCES ON FULLTEXT STOPLIST::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON FULLTEXT STOPLIST::<name>ALTER ON FULLTEXT STOPLIST::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER FULLTEXT STOPLIST CREATE FULLTEXT STOPLISTCONTROL ON SEARCH PROPERTY LIST::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON SEARCH PROPERTY LIST::<name>REFERENCES ON SEARCH PROPERTY LIST::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON SEARCH PROPERTY LIST::<name>ALTER ON SEARCH PROPERTY LIST::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER SEARCH PROPERTY LIST CREATE SEARCH PROPERTY LISTService Broker PermissionsNotes:•The user executing the CREATE CONTRACT statement must have REFERENCES permission on all message typesspecified.•The user executing the CREATE SERVICE statement must have REFERENCES permission on the queue and allcontracts specified.•To execute the CREATE or ALTER REMOTE SERVICE BINDING the user must have impersonate permission forthe principal specified in the statement.•When the CREATE or ALTER MESSAGE TYPE statement specifies a schema collection, the user executing thestatement must have REFERENCES permission on the schema collection specified.•See the ALTER ANY EVENT NOTIFICATION chart for more permissions related to Service Broker.•See the SCHEMA OBJECTS chart for QUEUE permissions.•The ALTER CONTRACT permission exists but at this time there is no ALTER CONTRACT statement.CONTROL ON REMOTE SERVICE BINDING::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON REMOTE SERVICE BINDING::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON REMOTE SERVICE BINDING::<name>ALTER ON REMOTE SERVICE BINDING::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER REMOTE SERVICE BINDINGDROP REMOTE SERVICE BINDINGCREATE REMOTE SERVICE BINDINGCONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASECONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY REMOTE SERVICE BINDINGCREATE REMOTE SERVICE BINDINGCONTROL ON CONTRACT::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON CONTRACT::<name>REFERENCES ON CONTRACT::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON CONTRACT::<name>ALTER ON CONTRACT::<name>STATEMENTS:DROP CONTRACTCREATE CONTRACTCONTROL SERVER VIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASECONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY CONTRACTCREATE CONTRACTCONTROL ON SERVICE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON SERVICE::<name>SEND ON SERVICE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON SERVICE::<name>ALTER ON SERVICE::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER SERVICE DROP SERVICECREATE SERVICECONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITION ALTER ANY DATABASE CONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY SERVICECREATE SERVICESTATEMENTS:ALTER ROUTE DROP ROUTE CREATE ROUTECONTROL SERVERVIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASECONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY ROUTECREATE ROUTE CONTROL ON ROUTE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON ROUTE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON ROUTE::<name>ALTER ON ROUTE::<name>STATEMENTS:ALTER MESSAGE TYPEDROP MESSAGE TYPE CREATE MESSAGE TYPECONTROL SERVER VIEW ANY DEFINITIONALTER ANY DATABASECONTROL ON DATABASE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON DATABASE::<name>REFERENCES ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>ALTER ANY MESSAGE TYPECREATE MESSAGE TYPECREATE QUEUECONTROL ON MESSAGE TYPE::<name>VIEW DEFINITION ON MESSAGE TYPE::<name>REFERENCES ON MESSAGE TYPE::<name>TAKE OWNERSHIP ON MESSAGE TYPE::<name>ALTER ON MESSAGE TYPE::<name>Permission SyntaxCREATE DATABASE **ALTER ON DATABASE::<name>STATEMENTS: CREATE DATABASE, RESTORE DATABASE** NOTE:CREATE DATABASE is a database level permissionthat can only be granted in the master database.STATEMENTS:EXECUTE ASSTATEMENTS:EXECUTE ASSTATEMENTS:ALTER AUTHORIZATIONNotes:•ALTER AUTHORIZATION for any object might also require IMPERSONATE or membership in a role or ALTER permission on a role.•ALTER AUTHORIZATION exists at many levels in the permission model but is never inherited from ALTER AUTHORIZATION at a higher level.Note: CREATE and ALTER ASSEMBLY statements sometimes require server level EXTERNAL ACCESS ASSEMBLY and UNSAFE ASSEMBLY permissions, and can require membership in the sysadmin fixed server role.NOTES:Only members of the db_owner fixed database role can add or remove members from fixed database roles.NOTES:To add a member to a fixed server role, you must be a member of that fixed server role, or be a member of the sysadmin fixed server role.© 2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Database Engine PermissionsMicrosoft SQL Server 2014。

系统管理员版本6.3 Manager(Windows版)复制设置指南(ExpressCluster

系统管理员版本6.3 Manager(Windows版)复制设置指南(ExpressCluster

SystemManager Version 6.3 Manager (Windows Version) Duplication Setup Guide (ExpressCluster X Edition)June 2016CONTENTSChapter 1Preface (3)Chapter 2Configuration Procedure (4)2.1Setting up ExpressCluster X (4)2.2Setting up MasterScope SystemManager (10)2.3Set up the start setting of MasterScope SystemManager (12)Chapter 3Uninstalling SystemManager (16)3.1Uninstalling SystemManager (16)3.2Deleting Files (16)Chapter 4Other Notes (16)4.1Registering Licenses (16)DisclaimerThe contents of this document are subject to change without notice.NEC Corporation takes no responsibility for any technical or editorial errors, or omissions, in this document.In addition, you are responsible for installing and using the software in accordance with the descriptions in this document in order to obtain the expected results.NEC Corporation owns the copyright to the contents of this document. You are not permitted to reproduce, modify, or translate this document in whole or in part without the permission of NEC Corporation.Trademark informationCLUSTERPRO® X is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation.Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.Other product names and slogans in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Other system names, company names, and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Chapter 1 PrefaceThis document provides an example procedure for using ExpressCluster X to set up a cluster configuration that has two nodes (for duplication). ExpressCluster X is an NEC product that can be used to switch running processes between nodes in a duplicated system.In this document, a host system included in a cluster is referred to as a node.Supplemental informationUpgrading an OSIf the incorrect procedure is used to upgrade the OS on a cluster server, failovers might occur at unexpected times. In the worst case, this might damage the system.Only upgrade the OS in accordance with the procedure on the setup card.This also applies when applying a service pack.Application rangeThis document describes ExpressCluster X 1.0 for Windows.ExpressCluster X® is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation.Microsoft® and Windows®are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.Other system names, company names, and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Chapter 2 Configuration ProcedureThis chapter provides a procedure for configuring a MasterScope SystemManager cluster environment.2.1 Setting up ExpressCluster XThis document assumes that ExpressCluster X is installed and that a cluster environment has been set up. For details about how to configure a cluster environment, also see the ExpressCluster X documents.* These documents can be downloaded from the following website: /en/global/prod/expresscluster/en/support/manuals.html?Creating failover groupsFor ExpressCluster X, nodes connected to the cluster are managed using units called failover groups (referred to as groups below).For details about how to create groups, see the relevant ExpressCluster X document (chapter 5 in the Installation and Creation Guide).Figure 2-1 WebManagerSetting up shared resourcesThe following describes how to set up shared resources for a failover group.Here, the following shared resources are assumed:⏹Floating IP address: 192.168.1.10⏹Shared (mirror) disk: Y drive⏹Service:Manager: MasterScope UMF Operations Manager_n (The italicized n representsa number.)Start Builder, and then select a failover group. (Here, select [MasterScope].)Figure 2-2 Group PropertiesRight click the group, and then select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu. The [Definition of a resouce] dialog box is displayed.First, set up the shared disk. For [Type], select [disk resource] or [mirror disk resource], and then enter the group name of the shared disk in the [Name] text box. Set up the disk in accordance with the instructions in the dialog box.Figure 2-3 Definition of a resouce (Shared Disk)Next, set up the floating IP address. Right click the group, select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu, select [floating ip resource] for [Type], and then enter the group name in the [Name] text box.Figure 2-4 Definition of a resouce (Floating IP Address)Specify the floating IP address in the [IP Address] text box.Figure 2-5 Floating IP Address AdditionSwitching between connected nodesTo switch between the active and standby nodes, use the following method.Open a command prompt, and then enter the following command:* A direct command can be entered because the environment variable PATH isregistered when ExpressCluster X is installed.The nodes can also be switched by right clicking the icon next to a group namedisplayed in the left WebManager pane and then selecting [Move] from the displayedpop-up menu.Figure 2-6 Switching Between Connected Nodes2.2 Setting up MasterScope SystemManagerInstall the MasterScope SystemManager manager on the Windows computers to be used as active and standby servers.For details about how to do so, see the Release Notes supplied with the product.As described in 2.1 Setting up ExpressCluster X, the following shared resources are assumed:∙Virtual host name: vhost1∙Shared disk: Y driveNotes* Install MasterScope SystemManager on the active server first, and then on the standby server.* It must be possible to reference the shared disk when installing the active server manager.* Use the same drive and folder as the installation destination for MasterScope SystemManager on the active and standby servers.* vhost1 is a host name that can be resolved to a floating IP address (192.168.1.10).The following describes the procedure for installing the MasterScope SystemManager manager.First, start up the cluster from the active node, and then install MasterScope SystemManager on the active node.In the installation settings window, specify the following settings:\Manager\sg is automatically added to the data area folder, and settings that must be shared are stored here.After installation finishes, confirm that \Manager\sg has been created in the data area folder.Next, set up the MasterScope SystemManager manager on the standby node.In the installation settings window, specify the following settings:After installation finishes, change the service startup attributes on both the active and standby nodes.In the [Start] menu, click [Administrative Tools] and then [Services]. Next, stop the [MasterScope UMF Operations Manager_1] service, and then change the [Startup type] in the properties from [Automatic] to [Manual].Figure 2-7 Service Properties* If using the bundled DB, change the [Startup type] for the bundled DB service to [Manual] in the same way.2.3 Set up the start setting of MasterScope SystemManagerSet up the service. Right click the group, select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu, select [execute resource] for [Type], and then enter the group name in the [Name] text box.Figure 2-8 Definition of a resouce (Service)Specify the Windows service name for the product in the [Service Name] text box.Figure 2-9 Service Name SpecificationThe service name varies depending on the node, so enter the following service name.* serial-number represents a number. Check the actual value in the Windows [Administrative Tools].To set up the dependencies, clear the [Follow the default dependence] check box, and then add resources that depend on the floating IP address and shared disk.Figure 2-10 Dependency SpecificationAfter specifying the settings, return to the failover group properties, and then confirm that the settings have been applied (by confirming that the window is like the one shown in Figure 2-2).* If using the bundled DB, add the resource for the bundled DB service in the same way. Set up the resource dependencies so that the bundled DB is dependent on SystemManager.Service name is [fdb_wfdbn].n indicates a service number of 1 or higher.(The value is set during installation of MasterScope products.)This manual describes startup settings for failover groups.Separately set up service monitoring in accordance with the relevant ExpressCluster X document.This concludes the ExpressCluster X setup.Chapter 3 Uninstalling SystemManager3.1 Uninstalling SystemManagerTo uninstall SystemManager, perform the procedure described in the SystemManager Release Memo (relememo.pdf).3.2 Deleting FilesAfter uninstalling SystemManager, files and directories remain on the shared disk.Manually delete directories on the shared disk specified during installation.Chapter 4 Other Notes4.1 Registering LicensesRegister licenses for a cluster environment on both the active and standby nodes.。

【PPT模板大全-共8辑】(一)流程图大全

【PPT模板大全-共8辑】(一)流程图大全
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221,000주( 2.7%) 5,596,776주(68.2%)
사용내역 시설자금 연구개발비 등 운영자금 기타 (발행제비용)
(*1) 벤처투자 지분 : 1,200,000주(의무 보호예수 830,000주) (*2) 히타치국제전기 : 최대주주와 동일하게 의무보호예수 실시 (*3) 우리사주조합 : 274,174주(1년 예탁 : 221,000주)

[工作规范]工作流联盟WfMC规范

[工作规范]工作流联盟WfMC规范

(工作规范)工作流联盟WfMC规范工作流管理联盟规范工作流管理联盟工作流标准工作流过程定义接口――XML过程定义语言文档号:WFMC-TC-1025文档状态:草案1.0(β)2002.07.31Version1.0(β)版权©2002工作流管理联盟Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,o rtransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionoftheWorkflowManagementCoalitionexce ptthatreproduction,storageortransmissionwithoutpermissionispermittedifallcopiesofth epublication(orportionsthereof)producedtherebycontainanoticethattheWorkflowMana gementCoalitionanditsmembersaretheownersofthecopyrighttherein.WorkflowManagementCoalition2436N.FederalHighway#374LighthousePoint,Fl33064USATel:+19547823376Fax:+19547826365Email:wfmc@WWW:http://)、Contributors:SethOsher(IntuitiveProductsInternationalCorp.)及RobertShapiro(CapeVisions).●从模式中去除InlineBlock和BlockName元素。

PSA-Group-CSR-IATF16949_2017_02_15

PSA-Group-CSR-IATF16949_2017_02_15

PSA Group “Customer-Specific Requirements for use with IATF 16949”First issue: February 2017Effective date: February 15, 2017PSA Group reference: 01598_17_00316Peugeot SA - Société Anonyme à Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance - Capital 808 623 429 € - RCS Paris B 552 100 55475 Avenue de la Grande Armée 75116 PARIS – FRANCE – Téléphone 33 1 40 66 55 11 – Fax 33 1 40 66 54 14 // 1 Purpose of the document (3)2 PSA Group General Requirements in Supplier Relationship (3)2.1 General requirements: (3)2.2 Certification requirement: (4)2.3 PSA Group Reference documents for quality : (4)3 PSA group organization in Supplier Relationship (4)4 PSA Group Customer-Specific Requirements- focus on key items (5)6.2.2.1 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them — supplemental (5)7.1.5.3.2 External laboratory (5)7.2.1 Competence — supplemental (5)7.5.3.2.1 Record retention (5)8.2.1.1 Customer communication — supplemental (5)8.3.3.3 Special characteristics (6)8.3.5.1 Design and development outputs — supplemental (7)8.3.5.2 Manufacturing process design output (7)8.3.6.1 Design and development changes – supplemental (7)8.4.1.3 Customer-directed sources (also known as “Directed–Buy”) (7)8.4.2.3 Supplier quality management system development (7)8.4.2.4 Supplier monitoring (8)8.4.3.1. Information for external providers — supplemental (8)8.5.1.7 Production scheduling (8)8.5.2.1 Identification and traceability — supplemental (8)8.5.4.1 Preservation — supplemental (8)8.5.6.1 Control of changes — supplemental (9)8.5.6.1.1 Temporary change of process controls (9)8.7.1.1 Customer authorization for concession (9)8.7.1.4 Control of reworked product (9)9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processes (9)9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction (9)9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction — supplemental (10)9.2.2.3 Manufacturing process audit (11)9.2.2.4 Product audit (11)10.2.3 Problem solving (11)5 Revision History (11)1Purpose of the documentThe purpose of this document is to describe the main requirements to be complied with by the organizations delivering products (hereinafter also referred to as "supplier") to PSA Group.For a supplier to PSA Group, the scope of third party certification to IATF 16949 shall include the verification that the supplier:- is aware of the Customer-Specific Requirements for PSA Group,- knows how to access the PSA group B2B portal and all applicable requirements and tools- follows up the quality of its supplies in a consistent way with the customer indicators.The PSA Group Customer-Specific Requirements described hereafter are generic requirements, taken among all PSA Group requirements in order to help Certification Bodies (CB) understand and audit the statement above.PSA Group has limited its number of specific customer requirements and has chosen among the ones that have often been found as weaknesses in the supplier’s Quality Management System(2nd part audits, study of past quality problems…) or among PSA Group requirements established to address those weaknesses.NOTE: The PSA Group requirements concerning a given supplier are those defined in the contractual documents agreed and signed by PSA Group and the supplier for the concerned supply and the statement above doesn’t imply that other requirements cannot be audited.2PSA Group General Requirements in Supplier Relationship2.1 General requirements:The supplier certification according to the IATF 16949 technical specification by a Certification Body (CB) recognized by the International Automotive Task Force (IATF) is a required condition prior to any business relationship with PSA Group.If not certified, the supplier must provide with the bid for the supply being quoted, a defined certification attainment plan to achieve certification of the manufacturing facility before the start of mass production.Regarding PSA Group commitment to human rights as well as PSA Group attachment to environment respect, suppliers are also require d to commit to the "PSA’s requirements regarding social and environmental responsibility with respect to its suppliers" (reference DA_SIRF08_0041_EX).All the suppliers are asked to commit to respecting these requirements or any other reference system of equal kind and level. This equivalence is to be appraised and approved by PSA Group.In order to improve the performance of Supply-Chain, PSA Group deploys the Global MMOG/LE™ (Materials Management Operations Guidelines / Logistics Evaluation) assessment with all its suppliers. The MMOG/LE™ assessment, which is recognized in the Automotive Industry, allows to identify improvement areas in organization and to define action plan. PSA GROUP asks its suppliers to proceed to a yearly self-assessment of each manufacturing site (included shipping site) to cover entire Supply-Chain.2.2 Certification requirement:IATF 16949 Registration WaiverPSA Group may, in some cases, fully waive certain organizations from IATF 16949 certification. This waiver generally applies to those organizations whose quality management system is acceptable without registration to IATF 16949.Identification of candidate organizations for waiver from IATF 16949 registration is the responsibility of PSA Group. Verification and maintenance of waiver status is the responsibility of PSA Group. The waiver status is registered in PSA Group database named SPOT (Supplier Performance Online Tracking).Evidence of IATF 16949 registration:Organizations shall verify evidence of their certification to IATF 16949 in SPOT database.Missing status, suspended or invalid status leads to penalties in the quality performance of the supplier.2.3 PSA Group Reference documents for quality :The PSA Group quality requirements and the operating modes to be applied between PSA Group and its suppliers throughout the whole PSA Group/suppliers relationships were previously described in a manual « Suppliers Relation Management » (reference DA_AQF07_0001_EX) called MRF document.Since middle of year 2015, PSA has adopted APQP and PPAP processes for new projects. The PSA Group requirement for these new projects are defined in the “Supplier Quality Manual “(reference 01276_15_00082) called SQM document.To determine which document is applicable, refer to the purchase contract between the organization and PSA Group.NOTE: MRF or SQM document may not be applicable and replaced by specific procedures (raw materials for instance). Refer to the purchase contract between the organization and PSA Group.3PSA group organization in Supplier RelationshipThe Supplier Quality Department (Supplier Development Department (DSD)) of PSA Group Purchasing Department is organized in such a way that there is a unique operational PSA Group representative per supplier plant. This PSA Group representative name "SD site" is to be known by the Customer representative of the supplier (paragraph 5.5.2.1 of IATF 16949).For a new PSA Group supplier for which the “SD site” is not yet appointed, the representative may be the “SD Domain" who is the SD representative in charge of the "overall commodity" procurement family.4PSA Group Customer-Specific Requirements- focus on key itemsThe PSA Group Customer-Specific Requirements related to IATF 16949 are as follows (with the applicable sections of IATF 16949).NOTE: Regarding sections of IATF 16949 that are not addressed in this document, the absence of those sections shall not be interpreted to mean that quality or technical requirements do not exist for the subject addressed in the section. See chapter 16.2.2.1 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them — supplementalThe quality objectives for the supplies are updated yearly. Analysis and action plans shall be implemented by the supplier in order to achieve the quality targets assigned by PSA group.The quality objectives shall be cascaded to the sub-suppliers and must be consistent with PSA Group targets.7.1.5.3.2 External laboratoryThe supplier must approve the choice of its inspection, testing and calibration suppliers for the development and series production of its supplies. The choice of such suppliers is not subject to the prior approval of PSA Group. At PSA Group's request, substantiating documents will be produced.The approval criteria are based on the ISO/IEC 17025 standard (or national equivalent), and must be documented. Certification of inspection, testing or calibration suppliers to ISO/IEC 17025 standard (or national equivalent) by qualified bodies is required, otherwise PSA Group must be notified.7.2.1 Competence — supplementalThe supplier shall be aware of PSA Group requirements (see also 5.5.2.1 Customer representative).The supplier shall evaluate the skills of the project teams involved in PSA Group projects. He shall identify the need of trainings in "AQF" (i.e. "Suppliers Quality Assurance") by an organism approved by PSA Group or by a supplier AQF representative after completion of specific training and agreement on specific contract established by PSA Group (see B2B relative section “Documentation/Quality - Support and training/Supplier AQF representative”).The training procedure shall describe the personnel re-qualification process that must take into account the operational results at each workstation, the result of the layered process audits, time off job, etc.7.5.3.2.1 Record retentionComplementary to IATF16949 requirement, specific minimum retention period is required by PSA for some documents.The concerned documents and applicable retention period are defined in SQM or MRF document. 8.2.1.1 Customer communication — supplementalThe MRF or SQM requires from the supplier:- transparency on work progress and duty to warn (without specific means for achieving this),- the use of specified formats for some deliverables (during request for quotation, development or production phase),- the use of specific IT systems (see below)Specific IT systems:Specific tools are used by PSA Group and its suppliers to exchange data. These tools are accessed through the PSA Group B2B portal. The main IT systems to be used are:- for the design and development phase:∙Foqu@lis or PLM which supports the Suppliers Quality Assurance methodologies,∙MACSI to record material mass assessment and declaration of substances subject to restrictions,- for the mass production phase: :∙Amadeus which is the system recording the list of incidents and allowing to follow their management∙EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) for logistics∙Madig which is the system recording data on incidents in the customer field and cost of warranty.∙SPOT for the KPI and scorecards (Bidlist scoring and supplier plant sheet) as well as certificate status (IATF 16949, QSB+, MMOG/LE self-assessment)8.3.3.3 Special characteristicsThe concept of "Essential Monitored Characteristics (CSE)" replaces the concept of "Special Characteristics". An "Essential Monitored Characteristic" is a product characteristic:- for which conformity is essential to guarantee that the dispersive technical and functional characteristics are compliant,- for which the control methods (type and frequency of controls, corrective actions, etc.) guarantee conformity of the entire production.The "Essential Monitored Characteristics (CSE)" are listed in a specific form named "Parts Inspection Standard" (PCP in French).The supplier shall use PSA group procedure to identify and manage special characteristics.Major symbols to be used :-Safety characteristic-Regulatory characteristic-Safety and regulatory characteristic :All reference documents regarding CSE approach and all associated symbols are defined in MRF or SQM document.The organization may use its own special characteristics symbols for internal use but in that case the organization shall:-ensure a bijective correspondence (one to one) with the symbols defined by PSA Group-document the equivalence of the internal symbols with PSA Group symbols and reference the equivalence when the organization uses internal symbols in its communication with PSAGroup.8.3.5.1 Design and development outputs — supplementalThe use of PSA group standard to perform FMEA is recommended but any other standards deemed similar by PSA Group can be used.Nevertheless, whatever standard is used, all critical items (severity ≥ 9) must be addressed by action plans.The supplier must use a specific form to monitor the progress of high risks identified with DFMEA and PFMEA.8.3.5.2 Manufacturing process design outputThe use of PSA group standard to perform FMEA is recommended but any other standards deemed similar by PSA Group can be used.Nevertheless, wha tever standard is used, all critical items (severity ≥ 9) must be addressed by action plans.The supplier must use a specific form to monitor the progress of high risks identified with DFMEA and PFMEA.8.3.6.1 Design and development changes – supplementalAll design changes, including those proposed by the organization, shall have written approval by the authorized customer representative, or a waiver of such approval, prior to production implementation. See MRF or SQM document for the process to be applied.Changes in a supply or its manufacturing process proposed by the supplier during mass production are to be classified according to PSA GROUP classification system. The changes are to be managed according to a method specific to each class (see ref erence document “Classification of the evolution requests for a supply or a manufacture process, made by the supplier reference DTI_DQI08_0020).See also chapter 8.5.6.1 Control of changes — supplemental.8.4.1.3 Customer-directed sources (also known as “Directed–Buy”)If necessary, a tripartite agreement that correctly distributes the responsibilities of each party must be signed (between PSA GROUP, tier-1 supplier and tier-n supplier).8.4.2.3 Supplier quality management system developmentThis chapter applies to suppliers of the organization who are providers of parts or components, materials, production processes (such as providers of heat-treating, painting, and other finishing services).Indirect and service providers are not included in this requirement (training providers, no added value on manufacturing processes, logistics, packagers,…)The organization shall require from his own suppliers a process for product and manufacturing process qualification, ensuring that only qualified components/material are used for assembled parts (refer to chapter 8.3.4.4 of IATF 16949 standard) and an incoming inspection, the frequency of which is in line with supplier performance.8.4.2.4 Supplier monitoringThe purchasing process shall include targeted quality KPI consistent with PSA Group quality objectives (see chapter 6.2.2.1) and related escalation process in case of non-respect.8.4.3.1. Information for external providers — supplementalThe supplier shall cascade PSA Group’s requirements to the tier suppliers (technical specification and special characteristics (see chapter 8.3.3.3), product and process specific standards needed to be applied (e.g: Initial samples, traceability, FIFO and labelling requirements…)8.5.1.7 Production schedulingThe supplier must implement a complete and structured approach to guarantee production. This approach must include a three-level production schedule:- Sales & Operating Planning (S&OP) for long-term strategic scheduling which includes complete forecasting of customer demand,- Master Production Schedule (MPS), coherent with S&OP outputs, for providing a complete forecasting of the customer demand at the Part Number level on short term,- Production Planning (Prod. Plan) for detailed manufacturing program on daily basis coherent with MPS outputs.8.5.2.1 Identification and traceability — supplementalTraceability rules are defined and applied according to the class of traceability of the finished product.A traceability system must be defined by the supplier according to the class of traceability of thefinished product and including strict calculation of dilution rate. Refer to specific PSA procedure “'Traceability: PCA Peugeot Citroën Requirements” reference 01272_07_00279).The supplier must prove that its traceability system is effective, including the tier-2 suppliers.8.5.4.1 Preservation — supplementalThe Logistics Manual “MLP” referenced ILFC_RFLA10_0003 describes all the logistics rules and includes all logistic reference documents.Logistics incidents occurring during mass production must be treated by using the Amadeus-Logistics software (software for sharing quality and logistics incidents between PSA GROUP and a supplier).8.5.6.1 Control of changes — supplementalChanges in a supply or its manufacturing process instigated by the supplier during mass production are to be classified according to PSA GROUP classification system. The changes are to be managed according to a method specific to each class (see reference document “Classification of the evolution requests for a supply or a manufacture process, made by the supplier reference DTI_DQI08_0020).The specific case of manufacturing/shipping site change is managed with a specific process and related procedure “Transfer Manufacturing and/or Shipping Site at the request of a Supplier”reference DA_SIRF07_0001 called BTAB process.8.5.6.1.1 Temporary change of process controlsThe concept of "temporary change” is in some cases named “downgraded mode”This PSA Group specific requirement concerns all temporary process changes and not only process control operations.8.7.1.1 Customer authorization for concessionThe concept of "authorization to deliver non-compliant supplies" replaces the concept of "customer concession or deviation permit". A request for an "authorization to deliver non-compliant supplies"shall be submitted by the supplier for any deviation with the specification. There is a specific form to fill in by the supplier. This form is required during development and also during mass production.8.7.1.4 Control of reworked productThe supplier shall obtain authorisation from PSA Group before carrying out rework or repair operations not planned during the initial qualification. The authorisation request comes with rework procedures and an analysis of associated impacts.9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processesThe supplier must implement "Reverse PFMEAs" to:- identify new potential failure modes in shop floor (Proactive Risk Reduction Process),- confirm or update current Occurrence/Detection levels (Process optimization).The Reverse PFMEAs is an "on-station review" by a cross-functional team.9.1.2.1 Customer satisfactionAll suppliers to PSA Group should identify gaps to meet QSB+ requirements and implement corrective action plan in order to be ready to be assessed by PSA.Suppliers that have been audited by PSA Group shall implement and manage action plans in order to reach or maintain the requested level (QSB+ result ≥ 85%). They shall also implement and forward an updated self- assessment with associated action plans every 12 months in SPOT database.NOTE: if QSB+ result assessed by PSA Group is less than 85 % then penalties will be applied to the supplier performance (see chapter 9.1.2.1 below).9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction — supplementalPSA Group monitors the performance of its suppliers at the site level. For each manufacturing site ofa supplier, a scoring (called “bidlist scoring”) and a scorecard called ‘’supplier plant sheet” areavailable to the supplier in the application SPOT.The Bidlist scoring takes into account :- Supplier Certifications (IATF 16949 in particular),- Customer quality results measured by PSA Group,- Audits performed by PSA GroupThe Bidlist scoring is used during Request For Quotation process for sourcing eligibility. A manufacturing si te rated “Red” cannot be sourced.The initial scoring is 100 points per area (quality, logistics, after-sales) and penalties are applied in case of major deviation such as severe issues, suspended certifications, unauthorized changes , low service rate, lo w quality performance…The bidlist scoring is regularly updated and includes these penalties.The Supplier plant sheet is used to manage the supplier site quality and logistic performance with mid-term and long term data. Targets are also available in the supplier plant sheet (see chapter6.2.2.1).PSA Group may, at its option, provide Certification Bodies with periodic reports of their clients’ quality data such as bidlist scoring (including detailed scoring), supplier plant sheet, incidents treatment reports or PSA Group audit reports.This initiative does not constitute an OEM performance complaint but a help to identify weaknesses and to manage improvement.PSA GROUP Suppliers Codes to be entered in IATF databaseThe present PSA Peugeot Citroën supplier’s codes are named COFOR (ten characters). The COFOR to be registered shall be the COFOR assigned by PSA Group in SPOT database.Surveillance of suppliers and countermeasures in case of problemPSA GROUP established a surveillance system of its suppliers and has defined countermeasures to be activated in case of problem. This monitoring system includes audits and containment activities with controlled shipping (level 1 and level 2).When a supplier's production site generates too many disruptions, PSA Group will implement an escalation process which includes countermeasures adapted to the performance of the supplier according to a staged process which can lead to sanctions applied against the supplier (including the possibility of sending a complaint to the Certification Body (CB) for starting the decertification process (refer to “Rules for achieving IATF recognition 5th Edition for IATF 16949”).NOTE: special status notification by PSA Group to the supplier is issued by an official mail or e-mail.The Certification Body will also be informed by PSA about this notification. The Certification Body shall investigate the complaint in accordance with Section 8.0 of the Rules. At the conclusion of their investigation, the CB shall advise PSA Group of their findings and any actions taken.9.2.2.3 Manufacturing process auditThe supplier must conduct Layered Process Audits (LPA), the aim of which is to ensure consistent application and execution of standards. LPA are to be performed by Operational Managers.LPA shall be implemented for all operational areas (manufacturing, logistic, maintenance). All shifts shall be audited.All management level should be involved (from team leader to top management) but at least the management of operational teams shall be involved (ex : in manufacturing area, from shift/team leader to manufacturing leader)NOTE: no specific auditor qualification is required to perform LPA but LPA performers shall be trained and qualified.9.2.2.4 Product auditD uring development phase, in order to validate the supplier’s production control plan and toensure that any quality issues that may arise are quickly identified, contained and corrected at the supplier's location, the supplier shall implement a quality wall and establish containment stations, which must be off-line, separate, and independently checked from the normal manufacturing process and located at end of process. The supplier shall refer to PSA group referenced document “GP12 PSA Quality Wall in Development Phase” reference 01272_16_00012.10.2.3 Problem solvingThe supplier shall apply the reference process: 01272_14_00005'Supplier Quality & Development Processes and Measurements Procedure - GP5+'.During mass production, the supplier must use the Amadeus IT system (shared with PSA group) and one "8D-Problem solving sheet" form to manage the containment, corrective and preventive actions.The supplier shall take advantage of the quality failures reported (0km and in field) to conduct an in-depth analysis of the technical and system root causes and implement appropriate action plans.For incidents that caused severe disruptions or with a high risk level, PSA Group will ask for a presentation of the relevant “A3 PDCA” on PSA Group manufacturing site to top management.Comparison table with PSA Group Customer Specific requirements for use with ISO/TS16949:。

工业机械齿轮PPT模板

工业机械齿轮PPT模板

Three key behaviors that indicate strong engagement
Say!, Stay!, Strive!
9
3
Organization Momentum
The Human Dynamic in Change
Early euphoria
• “Change is exciting”
• “Our company is taking a bold step”
Fear/uncertainty
• “What does this mean for me?”
5
Commitment
• “It is the right thing to do”
• “ We will succeed”
Adaptation
• “Train is leaving, I better get on”
• “It’s hard, but we can do it”
Withdrawal
• Ensure project team and sponsors define success as behavior change • Clearly define desired behaviors (e.g. “stop/start/continue” doing) • Define and track metrics indicating adoption of desired behavior • Develop “consequence management” plan to encourage desired behaviors and discourage unwanted behaviors

硕士学位英语考试试题

硕士学位英语考试试题

硕士学位英语考试试题PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 MINUTES, 15 points) Section A ( 1 point each )1. A. He was on vacation. B. He was moving furniture.C. He was sick.D. He was working for a new company.2. A. He does not understand it. B. He does not like it.C. He is used to it.D. He does not have to take it.3. A. He is interested only in her ideas.B. He will not accept a late paper from her.C. He wants her to hand in her paper immediately.D. He will accept a late paper from her.4. A. In a kitchen. B. In a garden. C. At the pictures. D. In an office.5. A. Five B. Four. C. Seven. D. Six.6. A. She was experienced in riding a bicycle.B. She was riding very slowly at that moment.C. She was riding a new bike.D. Some passes-by help her.7. A. She can't see. B. Her ears was hurt.C. She can’t hear.D. Her eyes hurt.8. A. She feels that he won't accept anything.B. She thinks he has almost everything he wants.C. She's sure he already has a pocket calculator.D. She's afraid he wants more than she can afford.9. A. At the jewelry store. B. Down the hall.C. From other customers.D. From a machineSection B ( 1 point each )Question 10 through 12 are base on the following conversation.10. A. Peter's research paper. B. Peter's composition.C.A library book.D. Peter's take-home exam.11. A. By studying in the library. B. He was absent that day.C. He did very well.D. He did very poorly.12. A. Talk to the professor. B. Quit working.C. Get a better-paying job.D. Try to get a job on the campus.Question 13 through 15 are base on the following passage.13. A. The development of animals. B. The development of land animal.C. The origin of sea creatures.D. The origin of human beings14. A. Stand on their heads. B. Swim backward.C. Move on their fins.D. Swim upside down.15. A. The appearance of tile fish. B. The size and the color of fish.C. The way the fish swims.D. The way the Fish uses its fins.PART II VOCABULARY ( 10 MINUTES, 10 POINTS )Section A ( 0.5 point each )16. Frank and Jauntier asked their science teacher to settle the dispute once and for all.A. temporarilyB. permanentlyC. cautiouslyD. decisively17.The police found it difficult to apprehend the criminal because of the incomplete details supplied by the witness.A. sketchyB. complicatedC. sternD. artistic18.In order to maintain physical well-being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise.A. freshB. staleC. well-cookedD. healthful19. Not afraid of being fired, John Smith continued to defy the boss.A. avoidB. admireC. opposeD. guide20. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks.A. propertiesB. behaviorC. disadvantagesD. performances21. After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to quit.A. resignB. dismissC. retireD. desert22. The experiment shows this cathode emits electrons in a controlled environment.A. submitsB. gives offC. rejectsD. passes by .23. To what place are you going to haul the furniture that you no longer need.A. sellB. putC. transportD. paint24. The zealous demonstrators were ignored by all the media of this country.A. passionateB. colorfulC. rudeD. clever25. In prehistoric times, eclipses of the moon and Sun were probably terrifying to people.A. meaningfulB. fascinatingC. frighteningD. helpfulSection B (0.5 point each)26. Lisa objected to wearing her championship pin; she didn't want to be considered ______.A. obscureB. VainC. dishonestD. humble27. The meeting ended ______.when a police officer told club members that the building was on fire.A. affectedlyB. fatallyC. exhaustinglyD. abruptlyZ8.Marie fainted in the store and found herself in the hospital when she ______.A. came alongB. came backC. came toD. came out29.The boys knew they broken the rules and regulations, and they were______happy when they were called to the headmaster's office.A. nothing butB. all butC. anything butD. all too30. His parents gave him many expensive toys as some form of ______.for his lameness and inability to lay active games.A. compensationB. remedyC. treatmentD. gratitude3l. The teacher was______.of his duty, and he was criticized for this.A. illegibleB. NegligentC. illegalD. negligible32. What I am telling you is strictly______. Don't let anyone know of it.A. secretiveB. specialC. individualD. confidential33. The beautiful flowers in the vase______.hrough lack of water.A. decreasedB. sweatedC. witheredD. ripened34. She's always______.the way I do things, so I can hardly get along welt with her.A. making the best ofB. finding fault withC. coming up withD. having the advantage over35. The young lady speaks so softly that her voice is not really______.A. fragileB. audibleC. brittleD. decentPART III CLOZE TEST (I0 MINUTES, 15 POINTS)Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready 36, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or 37 ,bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk 38 on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant ,the works' canteen and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to 39 his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, 40, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to 41 their father's occupation and in many towns they have a fair wide 42 of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of 43 independence. In textile areas it has 44 for mothers to go out to work, 45 this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual 46 in a child's home life the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his old children-draw 47 wages, father is seldom the 48 figure that he still was at the beginning of the Century. 49 mother work, economic advantages increase, but children lose something of 50 value if mother's employment prevent her from being home to greet them when they return from school.36. A. made B. shaped C. set D. fixed37. A. deserved B. preserved C. reserved D. conserved38. A. arrives B. reaches C. transports D. transfers39. A. persuade B. pursue C. purchase D. persecute40. A. if ever B. if not C. if any D. if only41. A. catch B. make C. get D. follow42. A. distribution B. opportunity C. fate D. choice43. A. economic B. economical C. personal D. living44. A. customary B. essential C. fundamental D. unnecessary45. A. or B. but C. so D. then46. A. focus B. favor C. factor D. fear47. A. inaccurate B. substantial C. inadequate D. standard48. A. negative B. modest C. superior D. dominant49. A. Even if B. Though C. Before D. When50. A. little B. small C. large D. greatPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 MINUTES, 30 POINTS)Passage OneWe use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings. We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we wantthem to do; and of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighted up by our powers of reasoning.We should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us ? What do they want us to do ? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is Churchill's wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as a national leader in those dark days their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group -- to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made.51. The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are to______A. extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purposeB. advertise and produce the wanted social effectsC. show one's Feelings and appeal to those of othersD. make others believe in us and respond to our feeling52. It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that we______A. should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasions of various kindsB. need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or badC. have to carefully use our emotive languageD. should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others53. The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is______A. the mass mediaB. the educational institutionsC. the religious circlesD. the advertising business54. Churchill is mentioned in the passage as______A. an example of how people weighted up persuasion with reasoningB. a national leader who brought out people's best feelingsC. a positive example of appealing to people's emotionD. a politician who has been known as a good speaker55. What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage ?A. SocialB. Personal experienceC. The personality of national leadersD. Religious belief56. It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must______.A. find out what group his audience is attached toB. vary his speech patterns from time to timeC. know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audienceD. be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or notPassage TwoAs goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expense. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs (and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car (or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle)made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many field things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very, very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times : but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant ? Again, in the context of a 70 m.p.h. limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly;and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars --- or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets-- which are made to last, and not to be replaced. Significant, progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to model-change is not.57. The author obviously is challenging the social norm that______A. it is important to improve goods and servicesB. development of technology makes our life more comfortableC. it is reasonable that prices are going up all the timeD. slightly modified new products are worth buying58. According to this passage, air fares may rise because______.A. people tend to travel by new airplanesB. the airplane has been improvedC. the change is found to be reasonableD. the service on the airplane is better than before59. According to the author, passengers would be happier if they ______.A. could fly in the latest model of reputable planesB. could get tickets at much lower pricesC. see the airlines make vital changes in their servicesD. could spend less time flying in the air60. When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, then it would be _____.A. justified for them to cut the priceB. unnecessary for them to make any new changesC. difficult and costly to further better themD. insignificant for them to cut down the research costs61. In the case of cars, the author urges that we______A. cancel the speed limitB. further improve their performanceC. improve their durabilityD. change models every two years 62 The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that______A. we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life todayB. many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferiorC. inflation is becoming a big problem in the world todayD. people are wasting their money on trivial technological progressPassage ThreeRecent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupation- service and clerical- that pay less than traditional male jobs .It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's .63. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap _____.A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women's pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same , occupation will be equal in the nearfuture64. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they______A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with ,their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves65.Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain occupations?A. Social division of laborB. Social prejudice against themC. Employment lawsD. Physiological weakness66. The word "forge" in Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by______A. give upB. drop outC. throw awayD. cut out67. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______A. men's jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men's chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed ail the year round68. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Women's market skills have improved greatly.B. child care is still chiefly women's work .C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.Passage FourIt seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into any one subject-he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and "getting up" a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation any one thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does-there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings. He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever. I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say something like: "Well, that's all those days / weeks / months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it comes to seem like blowing bubbles- entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.Third, the pace of the life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life; one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough time to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets an altogether unfamiliar sense of solidity and well--being.Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off here on the next plane. Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings -- the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not decide for himself what he would like to do , where he would like to go, what he would like to work on . He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.69. A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject because______A. he usually gets one side of the pictureB. the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to anotherC. he does not know how to develop it to its full-scaleD. that is the life that suits him70. It is implied but not stated that many people______A. know nothing about the work of a TV reporterB. think the life of a TV reporter dull and boringC. have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporterD. tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter71. TV reporting, according to this passage , is something______A. profitable for a person to take upB. interesting to do but quick to fade outC. causing a person to forget his previous workD. producing a lasting effect72. A TV reporter is in most need of______A. being a master of his timeB. proper consideration of his professionC. a comfortable life of his ownD. disengaging himself from work73. The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to______A. his motivationB. his working styleC. current affairsD. reflex to pressure74. The title of this passage would best be given as______A. What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot AccomplishB. The Sorrows of TV ProfessionalsC. The Confession of a TV ReporterD. The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV ReporterPassage FiveThe urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go. A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, endure untold hardships -- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.The hard way to answer the question, why should Man bother about conquering space, is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new things in space, that will increase our store of scientific knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power, transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.75. Exploration of the unknown______A. often results in Man's power of imaginationB. is not common throughout human historyC. is generally sought after by men with courage and strengthD. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man76. Which of the following best sketches the process of Man's probe into the unknown world?A. Surface of the earth, the air and spaceB. Waters, mountains and forestsC. Waters, mountains and forestsD. Urge, imagination and courage77. The benefits of space exploration are basically something______A. well-specifiedB. hypotheticalC. practicalD. inevitable78. According to this passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in______A. its testimony Man's courage and resolutionB. the knowledge it may help us to gain about our earthC. the results it may bring about in the interests of ManD. Man's mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space79. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring space because______A. we have directed our attention to the right object of studyB. we have accumulated experience from previous success to other fields.C. we have found the correct answer to the question of why Man should bother about conquering spaceD. we have already made it possible for people to benefit from his endeavor80. The idea express in this passage can be use in an argument ______A. in favor of criticism on space exploration.B. against spacing million of money on space argument.C. supported of paralleling man’s conquest with of space .D. to justify space exploration with its for reaching significant in life.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (40 MINUTES, 20 POINTS )Section A (20 minutes, l0 points)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.Many stories in the history of science show that chance plays a definite part in scientific discovery. However, a further analysis of these stories also reveals that chance alone is not sufficient for findings of primary importance. Scientific discovery also depends on how a scientist utilizes accidental opportunities. To ensure success, a scientist must, first of all, be able to react in a positive manner to unexpected and even apparently adverse results, taking them as stimulation for further investigation. Secondly, he must possess a superior power of observation to recognize the significance of those phenomena which often seem trivial and, therefore, may easily escape notice. This power of observation consists in a dual quality of' being sensitive to, and curious about, small accidental occurrences and of possessing a frame of reference capable of suggesting the true significance of those phenomena. Finally, he should be equipped with the capacity to plan and undertake careful and systematic experimentation.Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.为了解决人类在发展过程中出现的较为难以解决的问题,全球范围内最优秀的科学家,有必要开展有效的合作。

LTE典型信令过程

LTE典型信令过程
NAS: Attach Request NAS:PDN connectivity request NAS: Attach Request
NAS:PDN connectivity request
Authentication and NAS security procedure
S6a: Update Location request
S11: Modify bearer response S1AP: Path Switch Response
X2AP: UE Context Release
Flush DL Buffer
Data Forwarding End Marker
Switch DL Path
S1 Handover
➢This type of handover takes place when there is no X2 connectivity between source eNB and target eNB.
S10: Forward SRNS Context Notification
UE Detach from old cell and sync to new cell
S10: Forward SRNS Context Ack
S1AP: MME Status Transfer
RRC: Connection Reconfiguration Complete
➢The release of resources at the source side is directly triggered from the target eNB.
UE
S-eNB
RRC: Measurement Control
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实验四 FIR 数字滤波器的设计
一、 实验目的
(1) 掌握用窗函数法设计FIR 滤波器的原理及方法,熟悉相应的MATLAB 编程。

(2) 熟悉线性相位FIR 滤波器的幅频特性和相频特性。

(3) 了解各种不同窗函数对滤波器性能的影响。

二、 实验内容
(1) N=45,计算并画出矩形窗、汉明窗、布莱克曼窗的归一化幅度谱,并比较各自
的特点。

(2) N=15,带通滤波器的两个通带边界分别为 12,0.30.5ππωω==。

用汉宁窗
设计线性相位带通滤波器,观察它的实际3dB 和20dB 带宽。

N=45,重复着一设计,观察幅度和相位特性的变化,注意长度N 变化的影响。

(3) 分别改用矩形窗和布莱克曼窗,设计(2)中的带通滤波器,观测并记录窗函数
对滤波器幅独特性的影响,比较三种窗的特点。

三、 实验报告要求
(1) 简述实验目的及理论。

(2) 按照实验步骤附上所设计滤波器的h[n]及相应幅频及相频特性曲线,比较他们的
性能,说明不同设计方法对滤波器性能的影响。

参考:
1.窗函数:
窗函数在设计FIR 数字滤波器中有很重要的作用,正确的选择窗函数可以提高所设计的数字的性能,或者在满足设计要求的情况下,减小FIR 数字滤波器的阶数。

常见的窗函数有:
a) 矩形窗; b) hanning window; c); Blackman window ; d) hamming window; e) Kaiser window; f) Bartlett window. 2.一般希望窗函数满足两项要求:
a) 窗函数频谱得主瓣尽可能窄,以获得较陡的过渡带;
b) 尽量减少窗函数的最大旁瓣的相对幅度,也就是能量尽量集中于主瓣,这样使肩峰和波纹减小,可增大阻带的衰减。

但是这两项要求是不能同时得到满足的,往往是增加主瓣宽度以换取对旁瓣的抑制。

因而选用不同形状的窗函数就是为了得到平坦的幅度响应和较小的阻带波纹(也就是加大阻带衰减)。

3.用窗函数法设计FIR 数字滤波器:
设计FIR 数字滤波器最简单的方法是窗函数法,也称傅里叶级数法。

其设计思想是: a) 先给出要求的理想滤波器的频率响应 ()j d
H e ω

b) 设计一个FIR 数字滤波器频率响应()j H
e ω
,去逼近理想频率响应()j d
H e ω。

因窗函数法设计FIR 数字滤波器是在时域进行的,所以应按以下方法进行设计: a) 由理想频率响应()j d
H
e ω
推导出对应的单位取样响应[]d
h n ;
b) 设计一个FIR 数字滤波器的单位取样响应[]h n 去逼近[]d h n 。

加窗后对滤波器的理想特性有以下一些影响: ●
()d H ω的截止频率处的间断点变成了连续的曲线,出现了过渡带,宽度等于窗函数的
主瓣宽度。

所以,窗函数的主瓣宽度越宽,过度带越宽。

由于窗函数旁瓣的影响,是滤波器的幅度频率特性有波动,波动的幅度与窗函数的旁瓣的相对幅度有关,旁瓣范围的面积越大,同带波动和阻带波动越大,即阻带的衰减越小,波动的多少取决于旁瓣的多少。

增加窗函数的长度,只可减少窗函数的幅频特性的主瓣宽度,不能减少主瓣和旁瓣的相对幅度,该值取决于窗函数的形状。

为了满足需要,可以通过改变窗函数的形状来改善滤波器的幅频特性。

选窗函数的原则是:
● 具有较低的旁瓣幅度,特别是第一旁瓣的幅度;旁瓣的下降速度要快,以利于增加阻带的衰减;
● 主瓣宽度要窄,以利于得到窄的过渡带。

下面介绍一些常用的窗函数:
1. 矩形窗:这是一种最简单的窗函数,但从阻带衰减的角度看,其性能最差。

他的定义为:
[]10
01
n
n M w n ≤≤-=⎧⎨
⎩其它
他的频率响应函数为:
(
)()
12
sin 22
N j j R N W e
e
N
ω
ω
ωω--=
⎛⎫
⎪⎝⎭

2. hanning 窗:又称升余弦窗,它的时域函数形式为: []121cos ,221w n n M n M
M π=
+-≤≤+⎡⎤⎛⎫ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣

他的频率响应函数为:
()
()(
)(
)220.50.251
1
R
R
R
W
W W
W
N N ωωωωππ=
-
+
++--⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣

其中()R
W ω为矩形窗函数的幅度频率特性函数。

在MATLAB 中可以用 wvtool(hann(N))显示hanning 窗函数[]w n 和它的幅度响应()W ω(选择窗函数长度N=64)。

3. hamming 窗:是一种改进的余弦窗,它的时域函数形式为: []0.5420.46cos ,
21w n n
M n M
M π=+-≤≤+⎛⎫
⎪⎝⎭
它的频率响应函数为:
()
()(
)(
)
220.540.231
1R
R
R
W
W W
W
N N ωωωωππ
=
-
+
++--⎡⎤
⎢⎥⎣

其中()R
W ω为矩形窗函数的幅度频率特性函数。

在MATLAB 中可以用 wvtool(hamm(N))显示hamming 窗函数[]w n 和它的幅度响应()W ω(选择窗函数长度N=64)。

4.Blackman window 窗:为了进一步抑制旁瓣,对hanning 函数 加一个二次谐波的余弦分量,得到 Blackman window 窗函数。

它的时域函数形式为: []0.420.524cos cos ,
21210.08w n n
n M n M
M M ππ=+-≤≤+++⎛⎫⎛⎫
⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭
它的频率响应函数为:
()
()(
)(
)
(
)(
)
22440.420.251
11
10.04R
R
R
R
R
W
W W
W
W
W
N N N N ωωωωωωππ
ππ
=
-
+
-
+
+++----⎡
⎤⎡

+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣
⎦⎣

其中()R
W ω为矩形窗函数的幅度频率特性函数。

在MATLAB 中可以用 wvtool((N))显示hamming 窗函数[]w n 和它的幅度响应()W ω(选择窗函数长度N=64)。

产生这些窗函数的MATLAB 函数如下:
Rectangular Window: boxcar(n); Triangular Window: triang(n); Hanning Window : hanning(n): Hamming Window: hamming(n): Blackman Window: blackman(n);
还有一个重要的MATLAB 函数: wvtool(winname(n))
wvtool(winname(n)) opens WVTool with the time and frequency domain plots of the n-length window specified in winname, which can be any window in the Signal Processing Toolbox.
实现FIR 滤波的MATLAB函数有:
1. filter( ):Filter data with an infinite impulse response (IIR) or finite impulse response (FIR) filter.
The filter function filters a data sequence using a digital filter which works for both real and complex inputs.
y=filter(b,a,X)filters the data in vector X with the filter described by numerator coefficient vector b and denominator coefficient vector a. If a(1) is not equal to 1, filter normalizes the filter coefficients by a(1). If a(1) equals 0, filter returns an error. If X is a matrix, filter operates on the columns of X.If X is a multidimensional array, filter operates on the first nonsingleton dimension.
2. conv(u,v): Convolution and polynomial multiplication.
w=conv(u,v) convolves vectors u and v. Algebraically, convolution is the same operation as multiplying the polynomials whose coefficients are the elements of u and v.。

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