跨文化交际

Chapter 1Differences between Chinese and Westerners onThree ViewsBy 许佳巍BC11110813 Abstract: What are Three Views? The Outlook on Life, World views, Values. And what are the differences between Chinese and Westerners on Three Views? There must have been a lot of people talking about the differences between Chinese and Westerners on some other topics, however, recently, the new word of network is very popular among us, which is called subvert Three Views. So, an interesting idea came to my mind, to talk about differences between Chinese and Westerners on Three Views.1）The Outlook on LifeThe outlook on life can be in every aspects of someone. So, here we put our focus on the love section. From those different love attitudes, we’ll draw a conclusion of different lives.I. Definition and place of loveWesterners Chinese●Love is the first, and men in love cansacrifice everything, and the woman in lovealso will give up everything.●In western literature love is a kind ofirresistible power.●The admired is a perfect angel. ●Chinese people pay attention to marriageand despise love。

●Love is more than the relationship of twopersons.●Even if the special felling disappearedbetween them, there is still a great chancethat they choose to live together.●their relationship is not just aboutthemselves, but the whole familyincluding the child, parent, relatives, etcII. The choice of marriage partnerWesterners Chinese●The choice of the sexes and marriagepartner is based on love, regardless ofbackground, family, age, social status andother considerations.●With emotion get close together. Withoutit, they are divided●Many factors are consideredExample：The Romance of Western BowerImpressive Plot: Zhang Junrui had to meet secretly with Yingying, who was waiting for the moon over the Western Bower, by climbing over the wall into the garden. Yingying is the daughter of a rich businessman; however, Zhang is a poor intellectual.Their love was enthusiastic and sincere, but unacceptable. III. Love collideWesterners Chinese●Westerners pay more attention to theexternal beauty, namely the “lust”inhuman nature. ●The Oriental pay more attention to theinner beauty, namely “passion" side inhuman nature.Example 1:Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet falling in love at first sight is based on both sides of the beauty. They don’t have deep communications. They make judgments according to the impressions of the opposite person’s looks.Example 2:Liang Shanbo and Zhu YingtaiLiang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai have quite a long time for communications such as three years’ classmates reading. In daily contact, Zhu Yingtai was attracted by Liang’s talent and connotation and gave him her heart.IV. The expressions of loveWesterners ChineseDirect and straightforward, frankly, open,romantic, regardless of everythingImplicit and veiled.Example 1：I loved you. I never shall. That's the truth, Roy. I never shall.Example 2：The quiet woman from The Book of PoetryThe poetry depicts lover's first date, the girl sent the boy red-tube writing brush, and the boy was too excited but responded implicitly.V. Defending of loveWesterners ChineseHave great initiative Lack of courage, passively receiving the fates. Example 1：A Dream of Red MansionsImpressive Plot : the love tragedy of Jia Baoyu and Lin DaiyuAll the big decisions in young adults’ life were made by someone else, and no one can decide their own future.Example 2：Pride and PrejudiceWhen it comes to pursuing love, it was relatively much more bold and free in the west.Young adults were allowed to choose their future spouse by themselves.The general marriage system is monogamous, which means one husband one wife.Conclusion:People in ancient western society had much more open and tolerant attitude than ancient china did. Also, we can see clearly that the whole outlook on life between Chinese and westerners are totally different. Chinese are indirect, but westerners are not; Chinese prefer focusing on thoughts, but westerners are realistic.2）World viewsDo you like painting? If you do, you must can get some else from the paintings. For instance, the world views inside.Chinese and western painting have differences in concept, performance and convergence, by comparing Chinese and western painting s’content, form, and the differences between Chinese and western art ideas, it can be finally realized the Chinese and westerners common goals and different world views.The traditional concept of Chinese and westerners are different. The westerners think that the universe or the center of the world is the master of nature; the easterners especially Chinese thinks that human being is a part of nature; the two should be in harmonious coexistence.Otherwise, Chinese paintings are mainly for conception while Western paintings are mainly for realism.Then turn back to the world’s primitive world view issues. The sense of paranoia is a different substance from those two kinds of doctrine, idealism and materialism. After the Renaissance, the westerners’ world views were changed. This kind of change could also be concluded the following two points. First, such a humanitarian or humanism was established. Second, the discovery of science was developed, especially the discovery of geography and astronomy, which breaking the previous order of god as an organic view of the universe.3）ValuesThe differences between countries in values make the ways of thinking or behavior of people is different in every country. In cross-cultural communication, these differences are easy to cause the misunderstandings between the two sides. Values are the differences in cross-cultural communication. This part will analyze the differences between Chinese and Western values, with the profound understanding of Chinese and Western culture, we can avoid the mistakes of cross-cultural communication.First, values on culture. Culture is a rich multi-dimensional extension, it includes the material culture life, social life and spiritual life of the three major areas, generally it refer s to human beings’ abilit ies and creates results that in the process of social practice .Culture include value systems and values are the cornerstone of culture. Values are also the most profound and difficult part of understanding, and they guide and cont rol people’s behavior all the time. Values are the essential spirit of national culture they decide the characteristics and style of culture.Second, values on performance. Four points:1. The mainstream of values. The mainstream of Western cultural values is the spiritof fighting for self-satisfaction. Western culture publicizes personality, emphasizes theprotection of individual interests, focus on the potential of independent individuals and strengthens the awareness of individual rights. The values of mainstream Chinese culture are the spirit of harmony. In the relationship between human and nature, Chinese advocate’s harmony between human and nature, human and nature can live in harmony. In human relations, emphasize the importance of harmony with the human good .The Chinese nation is a peace-loving and friendly one.2. Unified and pluralistic values. Chinese people are deeply affected by the Confucian. They think that the more conducts a person makes in his life, the more meaningful. Therefore, people who has the largest political vision are affected by such a unitary value of life, most people do not want to be the one who is interested in Natural Science, which were trapped in the embryonic stage of scientific. Also, people have the wisdom to concentrate on political power, so that can create a real political culture super-solid model in a unique world. In this particular model, the Chinese will have a unique historical phenomenon. The value of life in Western culture was the diversification, politics is a realization of the life value and business is also considered to be very valuable.3. Relationship and humans to nature. In Western country, relationship and humans to nature is: humans control nature. As follows: make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved once we know the facts. The Western experience of human life being separate from nature can be found in the Bible story of creation. As masters of nature .humans are encouraged to control it and exploit it in any way they choose to master the natural world, people need to study and explore it to figure out how it works, much as you might figure out how a machine works before you use it .This attitude of looking at the natural world as an object contributed to the development of Western science. In China, relationship and humans to nature is: harmony with nature, as follows: live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character; be balanced. Chinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature.4. Sense of time. In Western country , sense of time is :future orientation, as follows: control the future by planning for it ;what is past is past and not important ;the youngknow what is happening ;study history to shape the future .In their mind, each of us has such a bank. Its name is time. Each day it opens a new account for you. Each night it burns the remains of the day. If you fail to use the day’s deposits, the loss if yours. There is no going back. There is no drawing against the “tomorrow” .You must live in the present on today’s deposits. Invest it so as to get from it the utmost in heath, happiness, and success! The clock is running. Make the most of today. And remember that time waits for no one. In China, sense of time is: past orientation, as follows: tradition if the best teacher; what happened in the past is important today; the old are wise; break with the past to change society.Chapter 2Differences Between Chinese and Westerners onWineBy 付强BC11110801 Abstract: In cross-cultural communication activity, as people live in different social environment, so their cultural background, thinking mode, the religious belief is not the same. And as cultural background, ways of thinking and religion is very important to people's understanding on specific something, led to different feelings and morals. Drinking is common cultural phenomenon by people from all over the world; each nation has its own "wine culture". This article mainly discusses something differences about the wine in Chinese and western culture.1）The tendency to the wine is different.In Chinese traditional sense, people prefer to choose the liquor and rice wine which are brewed by grain as the drink in the formal occasions. Such as the Mao-Tai. When Chinese government holds the party to fete the foreign guests, Mao-Tai and WuLiangYe are always the featured drink on the table. Although in recent years, the beer's sales volume were expanded gradually in China's market, and people will choose beer to enhance the atmosphere when they sit together, yet, in formal occasion, people will use liquors to realize this function. For instance, at a wedding, in order to meet different guests' need, there would be liqueurs, beers and drinks. But when the new couple to propose a toast, the wine must be the liquors.In western, undoubtedly, the grape wine and the brandy, which brewed by the grape are much more popular. No matter to adjust the atmosphere, to warm the body, to celebrate or in the formal party. The grape wine is the best choice. And the grape becomes one of the indispensable things in their lives.I．The etiquette about wine.The etiquette in China and western is different. And one of the most differences is urging somebody to drink at a party. While a group of Chinese are drinking together.The atmosphere will be much higher than a group of foreigners. Because Chinese are good at urging somebody to drink (we called Quanjiu), and the desire is very strong. Even want to fuddle others. This is not only reflecting Chinese people's hospitality, but also have a big relation with Chinese people's collective mind. In the past, countryman were poor, the wine was very infrequent. If guests came to their home, they would let the guest drink first. This is one of another reason for Chinese people's urging somebody to drink.As one of the special way to toast, Chinese people's urging somebody to drink was the custom which formed in a long time. This custom rooted in China's traditional culture. This could not see in western countries, and could not understand by western people. Western people stress democracy and freedom, and never force and interfere other people. They drink as they like. Others have no right to interfere.So, this is the difference between China and western. When a Chinese guy say he can not drink. It is not really mean he can not drink any more. Then, the host needs to propose a toast to express respect and sincerity. But in western, this phenomenon is not existed. When the guest says he can not drink, the host will not encourage him to drink any more.Besides, Chinese people are particular about toasting. The rule is, the host should propose a toast the guest first. And then the guest can toast to the host. The older and Identity honor people should be toasted first. The process is filled with law and interactivity. However, when western people hold a party. Only the host would propose a toast to all the guests at the beginning.In addition to this, Chinese people's drinking is related with the degree of mutual emotion. When you drink with a Chinese good friend, if he ask you to drink. You should not refuse. And the only thing you can do is drinking. Drinking is the only way to your firm friendship. In China, the friendship is based on the dining-table. Many people make their final determine after drinking. Thus, there is a set of very intact drinking table culture in China.Chapter 3Differences Between Chinese and Westerners onMarriage CustomBy 付强BC11110801 Abstract: Marriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).1）Chinese Marriage CustomI. Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.II. Asking the NameIt aims to ask for gi rl’s name and pray. In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage.First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s pare nts also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s fami ly. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s p roposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.III. Asking for FortuneAfter asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three o bedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.IV. Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girls FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side. The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.V. Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new lifeVI. Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom.2）Western Marriage CustomI. ProposalWhen the prospective groom had obtained his father’s consent to marry, a formal marriage proposal had to be made. The prospective groom did not propose in person but sent his friends or members of his family to represent his interest to the prospective bride and her family. If they saw a blind man, a monk or a pregnant woman during their journey, it was believed that the proposal would not be accepted as these signs were thought to bring bad luck. If, however, they saw nanny goats, pigeons or wolves, this was a good omen which would bring good fortune to themarriage.II. Changing SurnamesIt was thought unlucky for a woman to marry a man whose surname began with the same letter as hers. The sentiment was summarized in the following thyme:To change the name and not the letter is to change for the worst and not the better.The bride should not practice writing her new name before the wedding. This was thought to bring bad luck by tempting fate.III. Choosing the DayAlthough most weddings now take place on a Saturday, it was considered unlucky in the past. Fridays were also considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th. The famous old rhyme advised a wedding in the first half of the week:Monday for wealthTuesday for healthWednesday the best day of allThursday for lossesFriday for crosses (= funerals)Saturday for no luck at allIV. Holding the WeddingThe wedding ceremony was finally held. The ceremony proceeded with the priest saying, “N (amen) wilt though have this woman to thy wedded wife, wilt the love her, and honor her, keep her and guard her, in health and in sickness, as a husband should a wife, and forsaking all others on account of her, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?” Then the priest, changing the wording of “as a husband should a wife”, asked the same of the woman. Both the man and the woman should answer by saying” I will.” At this time the woman was given by her father. The wedding continued with the saying of vows. Both the man and the woman, with the exception of the words wife and husband, said, “I N. take thee N. to my wedded wife,to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness, and in health, till death do us part, if the holy church will ordain it. And thereto I plight thee my troth.” At this time the ring exchange occurred. They bowed their heads and the priest gave them a blessing. As husband and wife they entered the church, where they knelt before the altar. At the altar the priest gave a prayer and a blessing, thus ending the marriage ceremony.。