14供应链管理
供应链管理习题库及参考答案
供应链管理习题库及参考答案1.供应链是生产及流通过程中，由上游与下游企业共同建立的网链状组织，其英文简写为SCM。
2.供应链管理的目的是既提高服务水平又降低物流总成本。
3.供应链的特征包括动态性、面向用户需求、交叉性，但不包括静态性。
4.供应链不仅是一条连接供应商到用户的物料链、信息链、资金链，而且是一条增值链。
5.商流是货物所有权的转移过程，是在供货商与消费者之间进行的双向流动。
6.供应链是一个网链结构，由围绕核心企业的供应商、供应商的供应商和用户、用户的用户组成。
7.以最低的成本将原材料转化成零部件和成品，并尽量控制供应链中的库存和运输成本，这种供应链属于有效型供应链。
8.在客户市场需求稳定，且生产的产品相对成熟的情况下，效率型供应链更能发挥竞争优势。
9.基于相对稳定、单一的市场需求而形成的供应链，我们称为稳定的供应链。
10.在市场变化加剧情况下，若供应链成本增加，库存增加、浪费增加时，企业不能在最优状态下运作，此时的供应链是倾斜供应链。
11.当企业订购的产品数量大、竞争激烈时，合作伙伴选择最适宜的方法是招标法。
12.对于长期合作需求而言，合作伙伴应选择战略性合作伙伴。
13.供应链合作关系特征不包括供应链的动态性。
1.供应链的有效运营需要考虑灵敏度、应变能力、精简、柔性和协调等方面。
2.简洁性原则是供应链设计的重要原则之一，每个节点都应该精简、具有活力，并能够快速组合业务流程以快速响应市场。
3.功能性产品和创新性产品是按市场需求模式分类的两种产品类型，钢铁属于功能性产品。
4.平均缺货率高不属于功能性产品的特征。
5.边际贡献率5％－20％、产品生命周期为3个月－1年、平均缺货率10％－40％属于功能型产品的特征。
6.季末降价率高属于创新型产品的特征。
7.在为企业寻找有效的供应链前，需要确定市场需求、企业供应链类型和业务战略，并使它们相匹配和相适应，以实现产品和供应链的有效组合。
8.产品生命周期引入期的供应链策略之一是高频率、小批量的发货。
ppt_第14章 运营管理马风才
增加对未来需求的可预见性和可控能力，长期的合作关系 使供应更加稳定
高质量的产品增强了供应商的竞争力
对采购商
增加对采购业务的控制能力
通过长期的、相互信任的订货合同满足了采购要求
减少和消除了不必要的到货物资的检查活动
运营管理
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供应商管理：双赢关系的有效管理
合理的供应商评价方法 信息的交流与共享 供应商的激励机制
集中策略
优点：容易达到整体库存水平低 缺点：协调控制难度大
运营管理
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第十四章 供应链管理
14.1 概述 14.2 物流管理 14.3 基于供应链的采购管理 14.4 基于供应链的库存控制 14.5 供应链绩效评价
运营管理
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14.5 供应链绩效评价
绩效评价的作用
掌握整个供应链的运行效果 奖优罚劣 促进节点企业之间的合作
企业已有的运营能力 专业技术 产品质量 需求特性 成本 风险
运营管理
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第十四章 供应链管理
14.1 概述 14.2 物流管理 14.3 基于供应链的采购管理 14.4 基于供应链的库存控制 14.5 供应链绩效评价
运营管理
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14.4 基于供应链的库存控制
供应商管理库存（VMI）
（3）安装，保修和现场维修服务。戴尔以预付合同为基础，提 供有限的保修和上门安装以及维修服务。当顾客购买了设备并出货 时就可以得到这些服务。
（4）网上培训服务。戴尔会提供或推荐客户使用网上培训程序。 戴尔的在线说明清晰明了，有例子和常见问答链接。对于主要的企 业和政府客户，还会设计定制化的培训软件来满足特殊客户的需求。
而且竞争多于合作
供应链管理知识点
供应链管理知识点一.名次解释1.供应链：供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的，将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构2。
供应链管理：是在整合利用资源的理念指导下，对从原始供应商到最终客户的供应链网络进行管理、协调和控制，使供应链网络能快速响应顾客需求,在合适的时间、地点提供合适数量的优质产品，进而实现供应链整体利益和成员企业利益的最大化3.库存：用于将来目的的当前处于闲置状态的资源4.牛鞭效应：指供应链上的信息流从最终客户向原始供应商端传递的时候，由于无法有效地实现信息的共享，使得信息扭曲而逐渐放大，导致需求信息出现越来越大的波动5。
供应商管理库存：是指由供应商按照预期需求以及事先达成的最高和最低库存水平，代表客户组织对客户的库存进行监督，规划和管理6.联合库存管理:Joint Managed Invetory 强调双方同时参与，共同制定库存计划，使供应链过程中的每个库存管理着(供应商，制造商，分销商）都从相互之间的协调性考虑,保持供应链相邻的两个节点之间的库存管理着对需求的预期保持一致,从而消除了需求变异放大现象7。
物流：现代物流是供应链管理的一个组成部分,是对供应链上各种物料，服务及信息从起始点到终点流动过程的计划，组织和控制活动的总称8.第三方物流:是指生产经营企业为集中精力搞好主业,把原来自己处理的物流活动，以合同形式委托给专业物流服务企业，同时通过信息系统与物流企业保持密切联系，以达到对物流全程管理的控制的一种物流运作与管理模式9。
采购：（狭义）采购时企业购买货物与服务的行为（广义）采购是企业取得货物与服务的过程,它包括了企业为取得与自身需求相吻合的货物和服务而必须进行的所有活动10.供应商开发：企业寻找符合自身要求的供应商并与之建立关系的过程11。
供应商调查：供应商调查时在收集到潜在供应商信息的基础上，通过多种渠道来获取并核实有关供应商在生产，质量，研发，财务等方面的实际能力的信息12。
供应链管理要点
供应链管理要点在现代商业环境中，供应链管理起着至关重要的作用。
有效的供应链管理可以实现供应链的高效运作，提高产品质量和客户满意度，降低成本并创造更多的商业机会。
以下是一些供应链管理的关键要点：1. 卓越的供应商关系与供应商建立卓越的合作伙伴关系至关重要。
与供应商保持密切的沟通，建立互信关系，并确保供应商能够按时交付所需的产品和服务。
通过建立长期的合作伙伴关系，企业可以获得更好的价格和质量，同时降低供应风险。
2. 数据驱动的决策数据分析对于供应链管理至关重要。
通过收集、分析和解读供应链数据，企业能够更好地了解供应链的运作情况，及时发现潜在问题，并做出相应的决策。
数据驱动的决策有助于提高供应链的效率和可靠性，提供更好的客户服务，并支持战略规划和业务增长。
3. 良好的库存管理库存管理是供应链管理中的关键环节。
良好的库存管理可以实现及时交付，减少过剩和过期库存，降低库存成本。
通过使用适当的库存管理工具和技术，企业可以更好地控制库存水平，实现供需的平衡，并确保库存持续可用。
4. 敏捷的供应链设计敏捷的供应链设计是适应市场需求快速变化的关键。
企业应该建立灵活的供应链网络，能够快速响应市场变化，及时调整生产和配送计划，以满足客户的需求。
敏捷的供应链设计可以帮助企业减少风险，提高响应能力，并提供差异化的竞争优势。
5. 可持续发展供应链管理应该注重可持续发展。
企业应该考虑环境、社会和经济的可持续性，通过采取可持续的采购和运输方式，减少资源消耗和碳排放。
可持续发展的供应链管理可以提高企业形象，满足社会和客户的期望，同时降低运营风险。
以上是供应链管理的一些关键要点，企业可以根据自身情况进行灵活应用，实现供应链的高效运作和持续改进。
供应链管理
供应链管理１、纵向一体化：大而全、小而全的纵向一体化管理模式最大限度掌握市场份额，牢牢控制用于生产经营的各种资源，1是高度自制的策略2囊括几乎所有零部件加工、装配活动3分销、零售环节纳入业务内２、横向一体化：利用企业外部资源快速响应市场需求，只抓住自己具有核心竞争力的业务，而将非核心业务委托或外包给合作伙伴企业３、供应链含义：是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商，直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网络结构（供应链不仅是一条链接供应商到用户的物料链、信息链、资金链，还是增值链）４、供应链管理含义：使供应链运作达到最优化，以最少成本让供应链从采购开始，到满足最终顾客所有过程，包括工作流、实物流、资金流和信息流等均能高效运作，把合适产品以合理价格，及时准确送到消费者手上５、供应链运作方式和特点：１推动（推动式供应链以制造商为核心，以市场预测制定生产计划，一般采用提高库存量来满足市场需求）２拉动（拉动式供应链是客户订单拉动生产，企业根据客户订单要求进行生产，使企业生产经营真正建立在消费者实际需求之上）６、供应链设计原则：自顶向下和自底向上相结合、简洁性、集优（互补性）７、虚拟企业：在经济交往中，一些独立企业为了共同利益和目标在一定时间内结成的相互协作的利益共同体８、供应链中企业角色分类：１主体企业与客体企业２核心企业与非核心企业（主体企业是供应链核心企业也是领袖企业唯一性）３潜在企业９、牛鞭效应：供应链各节点企业只根据来自其相邻下级企业的需求信息进行生产或供应决策时，需求信息的不真实性会沿着供应链逆流而上产生逐级放大的现象（达到最源头供应商，其获得的需求信息和实际消费市场中的顾客需求信息发生很大偏差，需求变异系数比分销商和零售商系数大很多。
由于这种需求放大效应的影响，上游供应商要维持比下游供应商更高的库存水平）１０牛鞭效应原因１需求预测修正２产品定价销售策略导致订单规模变动性增强３分摊订货成本４配给与短缺之间的博弈５补货供给期延长１１缓解需求变异放大（牛鞭效应）方法：１提高供应链企业对需求信息的共享性２科学确定定价策略３提高营运管理水平，缩短提前期４提高供应能力透明度（联合库存管理）５建立战略性合作伙伴关系１２曲棍球棒现象方法：１天天低价２采用总量折扣和对部分产品降价相结合方式３对不同经销商采用不同统计和考核周期４与经销商共享需求信息和改进预测方法５公司能够根据每期经销商实际销量提供折价方案１３供应链管理环境下合作伙伴选择原则及优缺点：根据合作伙伴数量决策１单一供应商原则（优点：节省协调管理的时间和精力，有助于与供应商发展伙伴关系；双方在产品开发、质量控制、计划交货、降低成本等方面共同改进；供应商早期参与对供应链价值改进贡献机会较大。
供应链管理 第三版 Unit14 习题与答案
Chapter 14Transportation in the Supply ChainTrue/False1. Transportation plays a key role in every supply chain because products areusually produced and consumed in the same location.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy2. Freight transportation costs in the United States amount to about 6 percent of theGDP.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate3. The shipper is the party that requires the movement of the product between twopoints in the supply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. The carrier is the party that moves or transports the product.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5. A distributor makes investment decisions regarding the transportationinfrastructure and then makes operating decisions to try to maximize the returnfrom these assets.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard6. A carrier uses transportation to minimize the total cost (transportation, inventory,information, and facility) while providing an appropriate level of responsiveness to the customer.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard7. The vehicle-related cost is incurred whether the vehicle is operating or not and isconsidered fixed for short-term operational decisions by the carrier.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. Vehicle-related cost includes any cost associated with terminals, airport gates,and labor that are incurred whether vehicles are in operation or not.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9. Trip-related cost depends on the length and duration of the trip but isindependent of the quantity shipped.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Trip-related cost includes loading/unloading costs and a portion of the fuel costthat varies with the quantity being transported.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11. Overhead cost includes the cost of planning and scheduling a transportationnetwork as well as any investment in information technology.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. A carrier’s decisions are affected by the prices that the market will bear, but notthe responsiveness it seeks to provide its target segment.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate13. Transportation cost depends on the prices offered by different carriers and theextent to which the shipper uses inexpensive and slow, or expensive and fast,means of transportation.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy14. Rail is the dominant mode of freight transportation in the United States andaccounts for over 75 percent of the nation’s freight bill.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15. A milk run is a route in which a truck either delivers product from a single supplierto multiple retailers or goes from multiple suppliers to a single retailer.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. Milk runs reduce outbound transportation costs by consolidating large shipments.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy17. Companies should evaluate different transportation options in terms of variouscosts as well as revenues and then rank them according to coordinationcomplexity.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Hard18. The mode of transportation that results in the lowest transportation cost will lowertotal costs for a supply chain.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate19. Ignoring inventory costs when making transportation decisions can result inchoices that worsen the performance of a supply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20. Firms can significantly reduce the safety inventory they require by physicallyaggregating inventories in one location, which will also decrease transportationcost.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate21. Temporal aggregation decreases a firm’s responsiveness because of shippingdelay but also decreases transportation costs because of economies of scalethat result from larger shipments.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy22. A firm can meet customer needs by using tailored transportation to provide theappropriate transportation choice based on customer and product characteristics, but at a higher cost.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate23. Tailored transportation is the use of different transportation networks and modesbased on customer and product characteristics.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24. The most important operational decision related to transportation in a supplychain is the routing and scheduling of deliveries.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate25. The generalized assignment method is less sophisticated than the savings matrixmethod and usually results in better solutions when there are few deliveryconstraints to be satisfied.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate26. The main disadvantage of the generalized assignment method is its simplicityand robustness.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27. The savings matrix method is simple enough to be easily modified to includedelivery time windows and other constraints, and robust enough to give areasonably good solution that can be implemented in practice.Answer: TrueDifficulty: ModerateMultiple Choice1. The movement of product from one location to another as it makes its way fromthe beginning of a supply chain to the customer’s hands is referred to asa. transportation.b. retailing.c. distribution.d. manufacturing.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate2. Transportation plays a key role in every supply chain becausea. products are normally produced and consumed in the same location.b. products are rarely produced and consumed in the same location.c. the cost of transportation is inconsequential.d. transportation is not a factor in determining profitability.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy3. Freight transportation costs in the United States amount toa. about 60 percent of the GDP.b. about 16 percent of the GDP.c. about 6 percent of the GDP.d. less than 1 percent of the GDP.e. none of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard4. The key players in any transportation that takes place within a supply chain area. the shipper and the receiver.b. the shipper and the supplier.c. the shipper and the manufacturer.d. the shipper and the carrier.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate5. The party that requires the movement of the product between two points in thesupply chain isa. the shipper.b. the supplier.c. the manufacturer.d. the carrier.e. the receiver.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate6. The party that moves or transports the product isa. the shipper.b. the supplier.c. the manufacturer.d. the carrier.e. the receiver.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7. Investment decisions regarding the transportation infrastructure (rails,locomotives, trucks, airplanes, etc.) are the primary concern ofa. the shipper.b. the supplier.c. the manufacturer.d. the carrier.e. the receiver.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate8. Which of the following uses transportation to minimize the total cost(transportation, inventory, information, and facility) while providing an appropriate level of responsiveness to the customer?a. the shipperb. the supplierc. the manufacturerd. the carriere. the receiverAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate9. Which of the following is not a factor that affects carrier decisions?a. vehicle-related costb. fixed operating costc. trip-related costd. quantity-related coste. transportation costAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate10. The cost a carrier incurs for the purchase or lease of the vehicle used totransport goods isa. vehicle-related cost.b. fixed operating cost.c. trip-related cost.d. quantity-related cost.e. overhead cost.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy11. The cost associated with terminals, airport gates, and labor that are incurredwhether vehicles are in operation or not isa. vehicle-related cost.b. fixed operating cost.c. trip-related cost.d. quantity-related cost.e. overhead cost.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate12. The price of labor and fuel incurred for each trip independent of the quantitytransported is included ina. vehicle-related cost.b. fixed operating cost.c. trip-related cost.d. quantity-related cost.e. overhead cost.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy13. Loading/unloading costs and a portion of the fuel cost that varies with thequantity being transported is included ina. vehicle-related cost.b. fixed operating cost.c. trip-related cost.d. quantity-related cost.e. overhead cost.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy14. The cost of planning and scheduling a transportation network, as well as anyinvestment in information technology is included ina. vehicle-related cost.b. fixed operating cost.c. trip-related cost.d. quantity-related cost.e. overhead cost.Answer: eDifficulty: Moderate15. Which of the following costs should a carrier consider to be variable for strategicand planning decisions?a. trip-related costb. quantity-related costc. overhead costd. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate16. Which of the following costs should a carrier consider to be variable foroperational decisions?a. vehicle-related costb. trip-related costc. quantity-related costd. all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate17. Which of the following costs should a carrier consider to be fixed for operationaldecisions?a. vehicle-related costb. trip-related costc. quantity-related costd. all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy18. Which of the following is not a cost the shipper needs to consider when makingtransportation decisions?a. transportation costb. inventory costc. facility costd. quantity-related coste. processing costAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate19. The total amount paid to various carriers for transporting products to customersisa. transportation cost.b. inventory cost.c. facility cost.d. processing cost.e. service level cost.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy20. The cost of holding inventory incurred by the shipper’s supply chain network isa. transportation cost.b. inventory cost.c. facility cost.d. processing cost.e. service level cost.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy21. The cost of various facilities in the shipper’s supply chain network isa. transportation cost.b. inventory cost.c. facility cost.d. processing cost.e. service level cost.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy22. The cost of loading/unloading orders, as well as other processing costsassociated with transportation, is considereda. transportation cost.b. inventory cost.c. facility cost.d. processing cost.e. service level cost.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy23. The cost of not being able to meet delivery commitments isa. transportation cost.b. inventory cost.c. facility cost.d. processing cost.e. service level cost.Answer: eDifficulty: Moderate24. Which mode of transportation is the most expensive?a. airb. truckc. raild. watere. pipelineAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy25. Which mode of transportation is the least expensive?a. airb. truckc. raild. watere. pipelineAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate26. Which mode of transportation is the dominant form of freight transportation?a. airb. truckc. raild. watere. pipelineAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy27. Which mode of transportation is used primarily for petroleum and natural gas?a. airb. truckc. raild. watere. pipelineAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy28. Which of the following is not a design option for a transportation network?a. direct shipping networkb. direct shipping with milk runsc. all shipments via central DCd. shipping via DC using milk runse. All of the above are design options.Answer: eDifficulty: Easy29. Which transportation network design option has the elimination of intermediatewarehouses and its simplicity of operation and coordination as its majoradvantage?a. direct shipping networkb. direct shipping with milk runsc. all shipments via central DCd. shipping via DC using milk runse. tailored networkAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy30. Which transportation network design option establishes an extra layer betweensuppliers and retailers to store inventory and to serve as a transfer location?a. direct shipping networkb. direct shipping with milk runsc. all shipments via central DCd. shipping via DC using milk runse. tailored networkAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate31. Which transportation network design option uses a combination of other optionsto reduce the cost and improve responsiveness of the supply chain?a. direct shipping networkb. direct shipping with milk runsc. all shipments via central DCd. shipping via DC using milk runse. tailored networkAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy32. What trade-offs do managers need to consider when making transportationdecisions?a. transportation cost versus inventory costb. transportation cost versus customer responsivenessc. inventory cost versus customer responsivenessd. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate33. The fundamental supply chain decision(s) involving the trade-off betweentransportation and inventory costs is (are)a. choice of transportation mode.b. inventory aggregation.c. level of customer responsiveness.d. all of the abovee. both a and bAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate34. Cheaper modes of transport typically havea. shorter lead times and smaller minimum shipment quantities.b. shorter lead times and larger minimum shipment quantities.c. longer lead times and smaller minimum shipment quantities.d. longer lead times and larger minimum shipment quantities.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy35. Temporal aggregationa. is the process of combining orders across time.b. increases a firm’s responsiveness.c. decreases transportation costs because of economies of scale.d. all of the abovee. a and c onlyAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate36. Tailored transportation is the use of different transportation networks and modesbased ona. customer density.b. customer distance from warehouse.c. customer size and location.d. all of the abovee. a and c onlyAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate37. The most important operational decision related to transportation in a supplychain isa. minimizing cost of transportation.b. maximizing profitability of the supply chain.c. reducing the level of cycle inventory.d. the routing and scheduling of deliveries.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard38. Which of the following are computational procedures that can be used to makedecisions regarding the routing and scheduling of deliveries?a. the savings matrix methodb. the generalized assignment methodc. the loss prevention methodd. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate39. Which of the following is not a major step in the savings matrix method?a. identify the distance matrixb. identify the savings matrixc. assign seed points for each routed. assign customers to vehicles or routese. sequence customers within routesAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40. The generalized assignment methoda. is more sophisticated than the savings matrix method.b. usually results in solutions where there are fewer deliveries to be satisfied.c. usually results in better solutions when there are few delivery constraintsto be satisfied.d. a and b onlye. a and c onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard41. Which of the following is not a step in the generalized assignment method?a. identify the distance matrixb. assign seed points for each routec. evaluate insertion cost for each customerd. assign customers to routese. sequence customers within routesAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42. The main disadvantage of the generalized assignment method isa. the quality of the solution.b. that it has difficulty generating good delivery schedules as moreconstraints are included.c. its lack of simplicity and robustness.d. none of the abovee. a and c onlyAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard43. The main strength of the savings matrix method isa. the quality of the solution.b. that it has difficulty generating good delivery schedules as more constraintsare included.c. its simplicity and robustness.d. none of the abovee. a and c onlyAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard44. The main weakness of the savings matrix method isa. the quality of the solution.b. that it has difficulty generating good delivery schedules as more constraintsare included.c. its simplicity and robustness.d. none of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate45. Managers should ensure that a firm’s transportation strategya. involves cost minimization.b. involves profit maximization.c. supports its competitive strategy.d. is separate from competitive strategy.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard46. Ignoring uncertainty in demand encourages a greater use ofa. expensive but flexible transportation modes.b. inexpensive and inflexible transportation modes.c. inexpensive and flexible transportation modes.d. expensive and inflexible transportation modes.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate47. Inexpensive and inflexible transportation modes tend toa. perform poorly.b. perform very poorly when plans change.c. perform well when everything goes as planned.d. all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: cDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1. Discuss the two key players involved in any transportation in the supply chain.Answ er: There are two key players in any transportation that takes place within a supply chain. The shipper is the party that requires the movement of the product between two points in the supply chain. The carrier is the party that moves ortransports the product.When making transportation-related decisions, factors to be considered varydepending on whether one takes the perspective of a carrier or shipper. A carrier makes investment decisions regarding the transportation infrastructure (rails,locomotives, trucks, airplanes, etc.) and then makes operating decisions to try to maximize the return from these assets. A shipper, in contrast, uses transportation to minimize the total cost (transportation, inventory, information, and facility)while providing an appropriate level of responsiveness to the customer.Difficulty: Moderate2. What trade-offs do managers need to consider when making transportationdecisions?Answ er: The cost of coordinating operations is generally hard to quantify.Companies should evaluate different transportation options in terms of variouscosts as well as revenues and then rank them according to coordinationcomplexity. A manager can then make the appropriate transportation decision.Managers must consider the following trade-offs when making transportationdecisions:• Transportation and inventory cost trade-off• Transportation cost and customer responsiveness trade-off The trade-off between transportation and inventory costs is significant whendesigning a supply chain network. Two fundamental supply chain decisionsinvolving this trade-off are:• Choice of transportation mode• Inventory aggregationWhen selecting a mode of transportation, managers must account for inventorycosts. Modes with high transportation costs can be justified if they result insignificantly lower inventories. Firms can significantly reduce the safety inventory they require by physically aggregating inventories in one location. Transportation cost, however, increases when inventory is aggregated.The transportation cost a supply chain incurs is closely linked to the degree ofresponsiveness the supply chain aims to provide. If a firm has highresponsiveness and ships all orders within a day of their receipt from thecustomer, it will have small outbound shipments resulting in a high transportation cost. If it decreases its responsiveness and aggregates orders over a longer time horizon before shipping them out, it will be able to exploit economies of scale and incur a lower transportation cost because of larger shipments.Difficulty: Moderate3. Explain why transportation systems should be tailored.Answ er: Tailored transportation is the use of different transportation networksand modes based on customer and product characteristics. A firm can meetcustomer needs at a lower cost by using tailored transportation to provide theappropriate transportation choice based on customer and product characteristics.Firms must consider customer density and distance from warehouse whendesigning transportation networks. Firms must consider customer size andlocation when designing transportation networks. The degree of inventoryaggregation and the modes of transportation used in a supply chain networkshould vary with the demand and value of a product.Tailoring transportation based on customer density and distance, customer size,or product demand and value allows a supply chain to achieve appropriateresponsiveness and cost.Difficulty: Moderate4. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the savings matrix method andthe generalized assignment method of assigning and sequencing customerorders.Answ er: This method is simple to implement and can be used to assigncustomers to vehicles even when delivery time windows or other constraints exist.The generalized assignment method is more sophisticated and generally gives abetter solution than the savings matrix method when the delivery schedule hasno constraints other than vehicle capacity. The main disadvantage of thegeneralized assignment method is that it has difficulty generating good deliveryschedules as more constraints are included.The main strength of the savings matrix method is its simplicity and robustness.The method is simple enough to be easily modified to include delivery timewindows and other constraints and robust enough to give a reasonably goodsolution that can be implemented in practice. Its main weakness is the quality ofthe solution. It is often possible to find better delivery schedules using moresophisticated methods. The savings matrix method is recommended in casethere are many constraints that need to be satisfied by the delivery schedule.Difficulty: Moderate5. Discuss the relationship between transportation strategy and competitive strategy.Answ er: Transportation strategy needs to be aligned with competitive strategy.Managers should ensure that a firm’s transportation strategy supports itscompetitive strategy. They should design functional incentives that help achievethis goal. Historically, the transportation function within firms has been evaluatedbased on the extent to which it can lower transportation costs. Such a focusleads to decisions that lower transportation costs but hurt the level ofresponsiveness provided to customers and may raise the firm’s total cost.Difficulty: Moderate6. Discuss the importance of designing flexibility into the transportation network.Answ er: Flexibility needs to be designed into the transportation network.Whendesigning transportation networks, managers should take into accountuncertainty in demand, as well as availability of transportation. Ignoringuncertainty encourages a greater use of inexpensive and inflexible transportation modes that perform well when everything goes as planned. Such networks,however, perform very poorly when plans change. When managers account foruncertainty, they are more likely to include flexible, though more expensive,modes of transportation within their network. Although these modes may be moreexpensive for a particular shipment, including them in the transportation options allows a firm to reduce the overall cost of providing a high level of responsiveness.Difficulty: Moderate。
天大14秋《供应链管理》在线作业一答案
《供应链管理》在线作业一
一,单选题
1. 供应链管理的目的在于追求效率和（）费用有效性
A. 业务部门
B. 采购部门
C. 生产部门
D. 整个系统
?
正确答案：D
2. 通过供应商来管理客户的库存一般称之为（）
A. VMI
B. JIT
C. VME
D. MMI
?
正确答案：A
3. 随着经济全球化的发展，企业为了保持市场竞争优势，逐渐从传统的注重个别企业管理转变成重视（）
A. 业务管理
B. 信息管理
C. 财务
D. 供应链管理
?
正确答案：D
4. （）指的是供应链各节点企业均以其能够产生竞争优势的资源来参与供应链的资源集成，在供应链中以其优势业务的完成来参与供应链的整体运作
A. 资源横向集成
B. 系统原理
C. 多赢互惠原理
D. 合作共享原理
?
正确答案：A
5. QR是（）纺织服务业发展起来的一种供应链管理方法，它是该国零售商、服装制造商以及纺织品供应商开发的整体业务概念
A. 日本
B. 美国
C. 荷兰
D. 芬兰。
天大14秋《供应链管理》在线作业二答案
《供应链管理》在线作业二
一,单选题
1. MRP中，如果零部件需从企业外部采购的，则要根据各自的订货（）来确定提前发出各自订货的时间、采购的数量，形成采购计划
A. 金额
B. 次数
C. 数量
D. 提前期
?
正确答案：D
2. 供应链核心企业产品出产循环期（），说明整个供应链的在制品库存量和成品库存量都比较少，总的库存费用都比较低
A. 一周
B. 越长
C. 越短
D. 一个月
?
正确答案：C
3. 在物流管理中，第一目标是（）
A. 生产绩效
B. 企业总价值
C. 顾客满意
D. 提高效率
?
正确答案：C
4. SCOR采用（）模式，包括分析公司目标和流程的现状，对作业绩效量化，把其与目标数据对照分析
A. 流程参考
B. 职能参考
C. 业绩参考
D. 收益参考
?
正确答案：A
5. JIT采购是一种准时化采购模式。
它有最大限度地消除浪费、降低库存、实现（）的优点
A. 零库存
B. 最佳库存
C. 最低库存
D. 合理库存。
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(Supply Chain Management)
第１节 竞争环境对企业管理者的挑战及 传统管理模式的弊端 竞争环境对企业管理者的挑战
信息时代的挑战 有限的资源的挑战 环保压力日益增长的挑战 制造全球化与贸易自由化的挑战 消费观念变革的挑战 电子商务：效益只发挥了15%，成本却高了15倍
传统管理模式的弊端
传统管理模式的主要特征 传统管理模式的主要弊端
传统管理模式的主要特征
• 市场环境特征：以规模化需求和区域性的卖方市场为主 • 生产方式特征：少品种、大批量生产，刚性、专用流水
线
• 管理组织特征：多级递阶控制的组织结构，管理跨度小、
层次多
• 管理思想和管理制度特征：集权式，以追求稳定和控
• • • • • • 运输渠道分析不够 库存成本评价不正确 组织间的障碍 产品/流程设计不完整 没有度量供应链的绩效的标准 供应链不完整
推理过程
供 应 链 管 理 系 统 运 作 中 的 主 要 问 题 及 联 系
委托 实现 决策 层
确定合作对象
“大而全”、“小而全”的“纵向一体化”管理模
传统“纵向一体化(Vertical Integration)‖ 管理模式的主要弊端
• • • • • • 增加企业投资负担 承担丧失市场时机的风险 迫使企业从事不擅长的业务活动 在每个业务领域都直接面临众多竞争对手 增大企业的行业风险 电子商务集约化对于节省交易费用的潜力不能发挥出来 ——电子商务在中国，理想状态下应节省76.59%的交易费 用，但实际情况，中国电子商务只能节省11.61%的交易 费用
供应链管理的特点
供应链与传统的供应系统(Logistics：后勤体系) 的区别。传统的供应系统体系是“从采购到销 售”，而供应链是“从需求市场到供应市场”。 供应链管理的概念是一个观念上的创新，需要人 们摒弃以往妄自尊大的观念。 供应链对企业资源管理的影响，是一种资源配置 的创新。 供应链上有5种基本“流”在流动：
• 供应链管理(Supply Chain Management):
借助信息技术(IT)和管理技术，将供应链上业务 伙伴的业务流程相互集成，从而有效地管理从原材料 采购、产品制造、分销，到交付给最终用户的全过程， 在提高客户满意度的同时，降低整个系统的成本、提 高各企业的效益。
供应链示例(IBM欧洲公司)
物流 资金流 信息流 增值流 工作流
供应链应是集成系统。
供应链管理导致零部件制造业发展迅速， “中场产业”正在崛起……
虽然整车装配性企业发展缓慢，出现衰退，但是汽
车零部件制造企业却发展迅速，尤其是那些制造高功 能零件和中间材料的企业。日本学者借助足球比赛中 的“中场”一词，把处于最终装配企业和基础材料工 业之间的中间部分，称为“中场产业”
争夺“中场”的战斗越来越激烈
企业之间的竞争已不再是一个企业对一个企业 的竞争，而是已经发展成为一个企业的供应链 同竞争对手的供应链之间的竞争
实施供应链管理的必要性
• 1998年，美国公司在包装、处理、卸车分类、再装车、 运输商品方面花费了6700亿美元（占GDP的10.5%）; • 以食品杂货业为例，不必要的库存卷走了300亿美元; • 以麦片粥为例，从工厂到超级市场，途经一连串各有 库房的批发商、分销商、集运人，居然要走上104天。 • 在英国举办的98‗供应链管理专题会议上，一位与会者 提到，在他的欧洲日杂公司，从渔场码头得到原材料， 经过加工、配送到产品的最终销售需要150天时间，而 产品加工只需要45分钟。 • 最常见的现象：订货量在供应链上被逐级放大
生产计划 直接销售 地方 分销 中心 用户
制造
制造 制造
制造
销售 渠道
制造
制造
制造
订单 供应商 信息 库存 在制品
订货计划
市场调查 与分析 预测
集中采购
MRP
生产计划
Байду номын сангаас企业计划
供应链网链结构示意图
源
零件供应商 制造商 分销 零售 用户 供应商 核心企业 分销商
汇
供应商的供应商
物流 信息流 资金流
核心企业：制造商、零售商，等等
制为主
• 竞争模式：以规模求效益
• 资本的高投入和教育、科技的低投入：大规模生产需要大 量土地和设备。劳动的特点是简单重复劳动
• 信息特征和系统特征：静态、开环、相 对封闭的刚性系统 • 企业与社会的关系、企业与企业的关系： 以企业为中心，企业间是纯粹的竞争关 系 • 文化特征：雇佣文化和经济人
订货量在供应链上被逐级放大（Bullwhip）
数量
时间
供应商 批量
制造商 批量
分销商 订货
零售商 订货
消费者 需求
实施供应链管理的效益
• 降低成本
¤ 库存下降10-15% ¤ 减少削价处理的损失40-50% ¤ 提高资源利用率10-20%
• 改善客户服务水平
¤ 改进交付可靠性99-99.9% ¤ 缩短交付时间10-20%
• • • •
供应链的含义 供应链管理的含义与特点 供应链管理的效益 实施供应链管理需要解决的问题
• 供应链*(Supply Chain) :
是在相互关联的部门或业务伙伴之间所发生的物 流、资金流和信息流、覆盖从产品(或服务)设计、原 材料采购、制造、包装到支付给最终用户的全过程。 *注：国内有人将Supply Chain翻译为“供需链”， 国外也有人使用Supply/Demand Chain
管理思想与组织模式的转变
管理模式的转变
从“纵向一体化”向“横向一体化”转化 Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration 从“大而全、小而全”向“分散网络化制 造”转化 从“封闭式”向“开放式”的设计、开发 与生产转化
第２节 供应链管理—— “横向一体化”的代表
• 加快资金周转
¤ 比一般企业的资金周转时间缩短40-60%
• 增加市场占有率 • 成为受欢迎的业务伙伴
实施供应链管理需要解决的问题
• • • • • 供应链企业间的合作与信任程度较低 缺乏对用户服务的明确定义 信息系统效率低 库存控制策略过于简单 配套企业订单完成缺乏协调
实施供应链管理需要解决的问题（续）