跨文化交际作业
跨文化交际与汉语教学-国家开放大学电大学习网形考作业题目答案
跨文化交际与汉语教学一、判断题1.文学、艺术等是文化，但桌椅、服装等物品不是文化。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B2.文化是一个变动的系统，会随着时代的变迁而改变。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A3.如果交际行为是发生在来自不同文化的人们之间的，往往会因为不同文化对于同一信息的解码和阐释不同，而在交际中发生误解。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A4.跨文化交际学诞生于法国。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B5.国际汉语教师对其他文化应该始终保持好奇和开放的态度，并宽容和尊重不同的文化行为及观念。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A6.在安排教学活动时，来自个体主义国家的人可能不适应团队合作的方式，教师需明确每个人需完成的任务，才能保证团队的效率。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A7.在多维时间文化中，结果的效率比过程的规则更重要，重点是人的参与和事务的完成，而不是僵守事先安排的日程表。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A8.有些学生为了尽快达成用汉语交际的目的，要求教师不教汉字，只教发音和拼音。
这种要求体现了长期导向思想，是可行的。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B9.“只见树木不见森林”描述的是整体思维的特点。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B10.对立思维的特点在于强调对立，不承认统一。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B11.在跨文化交际中，很多人都倾向于认为对方也用与自己同样的方式进行思维。
这种误解常会导致跨文化交际障碍。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A12.一个国家的阴柔气质程度会更清晰地反映在该国女性的价值观上，而不是该国男性的价值观上。
A. 对B. 错13.跨文化交际学研究的重点是来自不同文化背景的人所进行的面对面的交际。
它包含两个侧重点不同的研究领域：跨文化对比研究和跨文化交际过程研究。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A14.根据霍夫斯泰德的研究，拉丁美洲国家、拉丁语系的欧洲国家、地中海国家和地区、俄罗斯，亚洲的日本、韩国为不确定性规避倾向弱的国家。
跨文化交际作业
1.1眼神。
“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，无论那个国家交际活动都离不开目光交流，但是目光的交流含义又因不同的文化而不同。
中国人认为紧盯着对方的目光会令人不安；在美国，谈话时的目光接触表示自信、诚恳，但要注意的是，男人之间的长时间凝视有可能被误认为是同性恋；英国男人交往直视对方的眼睛体现绅士风度；在南美，直接的注视则表示信任；阿拉伯人在倾听尊长或宾朋谈话时，两眼总要直勾勾地注视着对方，以示敬重；法国人在公共场合凝视陌生女性见惯不怪，那是欣赏对方的美丽；日本人、韩国人认为长时间看着别人是一种粗鲁的行为，是威胁对方，或者可能是性欲暗示。
In fact, Westerners lack of eye contact as a lack of interest.要注意眼神交流，西方人的交往中特别注重眼神和肢体语言的交流，如果你常常微笑，常常给外教眼神回应，他们会觉得你真正地在参与交流，而且很尊重他，他会自然而然地很注意你的回应，并与你作更深层次的交谈。
别不相信，外教自己也会紧张，你的眼神甚至还可以帮助他觉得舒服和自然，就更容易投入交流了。
1,在欧美文化中，没有眼神的沟通几乎是不可能的，与对方讲话时，或听对方讲话时，一定眼看着对方，否者将被视为对谈话内容没有兴趣，或心理有鬼不敢正视对方，或是性格过于羞怯。
就是在低位不相等的人之间也是如此。
2.但在东方文化中，目光接触就不一定要有。
但两个地位不等的人对话时，地位低的那一个一般不看对方，因为只是会被认为是一种不尊重的行为。
中国人和西方人之间在目光交流方面的确存在一些难以具体描述的差异。
西方人的目光交流尽管不如阿拉伯国家的人那样热烈，却比中国人热情得多。
中国人总不断地抱怨西方人在交谈时总爱死盯着人，甚至在公开谈话的场合也不例外。
毋庸置疑，西方人较注重眼色交流，实际上眼色交流也比中国人频繁得多。
用反应原则作一推测，就可以预料到西方人可能会发现中国人表情羞羞答答，目光躲躲闪闪，认为其时故作腼腆。
跨文化交际大作业
Intercultural Differences of Family and Education ValuesA friend told me a phenomenon that Americans like to find ways to play, for example, driving their own car, starting from Los Angeles, braving the scorching sun of California, driving four to five hundred kilometers to spend weekends, and Chinese in the United States are still busy working. They spend weekendshaving dinner or watching TVwith their family. Why is there a huge gap between Chinese and Americans in the pursuit of enjoyment of life?This is mainly due to the traditional cultural practices of the two countries.So what is culture? A definition from D.Brown is that“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” As a result, there are many huge differences between those two counties.Someone said:”Chinese are living for others, and Americans are living for themselves.”Chinese peoplework hard for their status and reputation, then desperately to make money. However, earning money is not in order to enjoy life, but for future generations: son, daughter, or even grandchildren.Such as the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, He wanted his sons to rule on from generation to generation. So he named his son Emperor Junior. The Chinese people love to accumulate up to prepare for the next generation to do something in the future or pension. Although lots of Chinese people having got IDs in the United Statesno longer need to worry about their social welfare and health insurance, but they are still too tired, they have been hoping that their bank deposits in each of the new growth, this year there are tens of thousands, next year I hope to earn hundreds of thousands, then hope for millions of the year after.In sharp contrast to their stingy, Chinese spend very generous in their children. Because they thinkthey have experienced too much suffering, so their children are supposed to live better. The children have much pocket money and enjoy the best resources. And they also pay more attention to their sons, because the traditional Chinese think their sons will feed them when they are old due to the imperfect national welfare system.Americans believe in living for themselves. Therefore, the power of Americans to make money is to enjoy life, the pursuit of a higher quality of life. The parents have their own pensions and social welfare, and children over 18 years of age begin to live independently. There is no difference between the poor and the rich in eating or shopping, and the most expensive spending areundoubtedly the acquisition of residential and tourism. Instead of giving their children money, American parents teach them to learn financial management, or to make money by themselves. American families’focus is on fostering the childrento have the ability to adapt to the environment. Based on this concept, they attach to the children's exercise. They generally believe that the children's growth must rely on their own strength. So parents prefer training exercisetheir self-awareness and ability to live independently. The so-called exercise reflects in many respects,the exercise of labor and will. But the most fundamental is to adapt to the exercise of a variety of difficult environments and the ability to work. Through physical training, the kids develop the habits of independent consciousness. And their will also develop their own capacity strengths, wisdom, patience, independent viability and social responsibility.There are also some differences in family value. We Chinese all know that there are some important festivals through a year, such as Mid-autumn Festival and Spring Festival. When the festival comes, we need to come back home to have a sumptuous dinner with all the family members. This movement shows that Chinese are collectivism which is completely different with Americans. This point of view is much broader than Westerners’ which definition is limited to parents and children, and the following definitions are talking about the "family" may be used. First, the core of three generations of Chinese-style familyincludes three generations: grandparents, parents and children. This is the most commonly basic family unit.And the traditional Chinese family also includes generations of ancestors, although they have long been buried. Many people who have the same surname are recorded in the genealogies and often have their own family rules and family motto, and descendants for generations have to comply with. Some Chinese people have a strong sense of pride and proud of their long family history, and even some family can be traced back thousands of years ago.The special feelings of the family and respect for ancestorsof Chinese people make them feel cordial for those who are from the same city or region.Chinese people's "family" also extends to the concept of "nation", and "nation" of the Chinese character includes Chinese character "home". The Chinese people they belong to the "country" as the "home". As a result Chinese people have strong concept of nation, so old man would like to go back to hometown no matter where he is.However, the traditional American family is a "nuclear family." A nuclear family refers to a couple and their children. The average American family today has two or three childrenand maybe a few pets. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. But in America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. From an early age, children gain responsibility in handling money. They may receive a weekly allowance or even work part-time jobs. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.After children being adult, they will leave their parents and even won’t come back for many years.Although we can find many differences between Chinese and American, we do not need to be afraid of communicating with them. If we can realize the differences and we can avoid being embarrassing and misunderstanding. That is why we learn Intercultural Communication.。
跨文化交际问题作业
Get prepared for intercultural communication?Communication——your ability to share your beliefs, values, ideas, and feelings ——is the basis of all human contact. Whether you live in a city in Canada, a village in India, a commune in Israel, you cannot avoid communication with each other. But how about communication between different cultures? Are you well prepared for that? Before you do that, there are a few points you’d better keep in mind as stated below.What is intercultural communicationIntercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.Intercultural communication is not new. As long as people from different cultures have been encountering one another there has been intercultural communication. What is new, however, is the systematic study of exactly what happens when cross-culture contacts and interaction take place—when message producer and message receiver are from different cultures. Increased contact among cultures makes it imperative for people to make a concerted effort to get along with and understand those whose believes and backgrounds may be vastly different from their own. Successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if humankind and society are to survive. Thus, theoretical and practical knowledge about intercultural communication process and ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to coexist peacefully with people who do not necessarily share our own life styles or values, is essential to guarantee successful communication.Language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and hasusually to be used to refer beyond itself. Language in use by particular speakers is constantly referring beyond itself irrespective at the intentions of the speaker: language cannot be used without carrying meaning and referring beyond itself, even in the most sterile environment of the foreign language class. The meanings of a particular language point to the culture of a particular social group, and the analysis of those meanings—their comprehension by learners and other speakers—involves the analysis and comprehension of that culture. It disregards the nature of language to treat language independently of the culture which it constantly refers to. No doubt all language teaching contains some explicit reference to the culture; the whole from which the particular language is taken. The interdependence of language learning and culture learning is so evident that we can draw the conclusion that language learning is culture learning and consequently that language teaching is culture teaching.What are elements of human communicationElements of human communication are the context of the communication, the participants, the messages being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. Paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal feedback allows us to behave in ways that increase understanding of our messages. Feedback serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: in provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process. Verbal communication is, "the ways in which you use the words in a language to generate meaning." It is essentially any communication that uses language, whether it is oral or written. Symbols are used throughout verbal communication as sounds combined to make words-they symbolize ideas, thoughts, etc. Without symbols, communication would be meaningless.How High-context and Low- context cultures influence intercultural communicationAccording to Hall, cultures differ on a continuum that ranges from high to low context. High-context cultures prefer to use high- context messages which are implicit, indirect, conveyed primarily through the context or the social situation. Low-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. There are manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence intercultural communication. for example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. If there are not enough data, or if the point being made is not apparent, members of these cultures will ask very blunt, even curt, questions. They feel uncomfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity often associated with limited data. On the other hand, high-context people are not apt to become impatient and irritated when low- context people insist on giving them information they don’t need. The communication differences between high-context and low-context cultures are also apparent in the manner in which each approach conflict. For example, because high-context cultures tend to be less open, they hold that conflict is damaging to most communication encounters. For them, conflict should be dealt with discreetly and subtly.What is the relationship between language and cultureAccording to Sapir (1921), “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” Language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior. It is obvious that language plays a paramount role in developing, elaborating and transmitting culture and language, enabling us to store meanings and experience to facilitate communication. The function of language is so important in communication that it is even exaggerated by some scholars. The most famous one is the hypothesis of linguistic determinism concerning the relationship between language and culture, which Nida regards as misconceptions constituting serious difficulties forcross-cultural understanding.Each culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character“狗”; Chinese has the phrase“走狗”while English has the e xpression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog”（幸运儿）, “top dog”（胜利者）, “old dog”（老手）, “gay dog”（快乐的人）, and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog”（爱屋及乌），“Every dog has its day”（凡人皆有得意日）. But in Chinese“走狗”refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character“狗”depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific.A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the U.S. refused to eat a hot dog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat. Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness andeven conflict in cross-cultural communication.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudicesStereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or thoughts about a particular human group. A stereotype is an ensemble of characteristics that sums up a human group usually in terms of behaviour, habits, etc.The objective of stereotypes is to simplify reality: "they are like that". Bosses are tyrannical; these people are lazy, those are punctual; the people in that part of town are dangerous - one or some of them may have been, but all? Sometimes we use stereotypes about the group to which we feel we belong in order to feel stronger or superior to others. (Or, indeed, to excuse faults in ourselves - "What can I do about it? We are all like that!"). Stereotypes are usually based on some kind of contact or images that we have acquired in school, through mass media or at home, which then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly be linked.A prejudice is a judgement we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. Prejudices can be negative or positive in character. Prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process and they are very difficult to modify or eradicate. Therefore it is important that we are aware that we have them.To explain this concept more directly it could help to examine how deeply we know all of our friends. We may have different friends for different occasions, for going to the cinema, going walking, helping with homework, playing football, going to concerts. Do we know what music our football friends enjoy? Or do we just guess? Making assumptions is easy and common. If it is that simple to make assumptions about friends, think how easy it is to make false judgments about people you don't know.How to adapt to a new cultureThere are a few stages for you to experience if you want to experience a new culture. And later I’ll give some practical suggestions for you to better settle in a new culture.HoneymoonVisitors in the honeymoon stage view the new culture as something exciting and fresh. Differences in culture and appearance seem fascinating, while similarities stand out as common bonds. The energy associated with this stage often leads visitors to explore their surroundings and treat their new environment as a source of joy. The honeymoon can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Vacationers and similar casual visitors rarely move past this stage, since the length of their stay is limited and they focus their activities in service-oriented areas such as hotels and tourist sites.RejectionAs the first stage fades, the visitor confronts feelings of frustration and resentment. Cultural and language differences create complications in mundane tasks. Feelings of inadequacy predominate, and the reality of the visitor's new life starts to hit home. Disappointments tend to build upon each other, while members of the surrounding culture may treat the visitor like a child or a fool. The visitor becomes extremely sensitive and may develop significant fears about the surrounding culture. IsolationThe disillusionment created by the second stage causes the visitor to retreat into a shell. He becomes extremely critical of the surrounding culture and thinks of his home culture in idealized terms. Homesickness can become pronounced and emotional anxiety increases dramatically. The visitor may experience crying jags, changes in sleep patterns and continued irritation over comparatively minor issues. The exact length of this stage varies from case to case, but often lasts from one to two months, according to Bellini.Assimilation and AcceptanceIn order to function, the visitor begins adapting to his new circumstances. Slowly, the new culture begins to make more sense. He finds fellow countrymen who have adapted to their new culture, or makes new friends in the surrounding culture who help him feel more at home. He integrates more readily into his surroundings: basic tasks become easier and the local language and customs present fewer problems thanthey did before. Eventually, he's able to function in both his new and old circumstances with ease, balancing his cherished past with the promise of his future. Here are some suggestions for you:Maximize exposure to the host culture before departure. Read about everyday life in the destination. Visit appropriate hometown ethnic restaurants and grocery stores to gain exposure to the new culture's food and develop familiarity with the flavors. In addition to gaining as much linguistic proficiency as possible, develop familiarity with popular music and entertainment in the host country. Watch films and stream radio broadcasts or music videos for exposure.Upon arrival, develop a daily routine as quickly as possible. Establish a sleep schedule, eat healthfully and exercise at regular times. Make a point to establish familiarity by finding favorite local coffee shops and parks to avoid culture shock that can arise due to feelings of complete loss of control over life. Some choices may be limited due to language barriers or having to adjust to being the guest of a host family. But maximize available choices through reading materials and ways to spend free time.Maintain relationships with family and friends at home through video chat, letters and email. Create a website or share photographs electronically to engage longtime friends in your experience. Building new friendships in the host culture can also be critical to happiness. Be friendly and invite schoolmates, workmates or neighbors to go walking or out for coffee.Strive to maintain a flexible, positive attitude. Living in a foreign country is an invaluable opportunity full of excitement and challenges. Though it may seem extremely difficult, remember to be a student of the host country's way of life. Laugh at your social or linguistic mistakes. Experience new foods and traditions with an open mind. Flexibility is a critical component of successful adjustment.When you get all theses questions settled, you will be on your smooth way to experiencing a rather new culture and being a qualified cross-cultural communicator.。
跨文化交际作业一
跨文化交际作业一．Race和ethnicaccording to the dictionary：race：each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristicsethnic：Individuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behavior, form an ethnic group.简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。
种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。
所以少数民族是minority ethnic group，种族歧视我们说是racial discrimination二．Cross-cultural / inter-culture/ intra-cultural communication1.intercultural，不同文化间的。
（文化间，跨文化）强调的是对等和相互，而这往往暗示各文化间的价值平等和共性，比如intercultural communication/ understanding / appreciation / exchange；intercultural communication文化交际，强调不同，突出对比2.Cross-cultural，（跨文化）似乎更多的承认不同文化的异质，继而需要以某种特别的方式、技巧和能力来打破这种隔阂，达成目的，比如the cross-cultural techniques that enable cross-cultural evangelism / cross-cultural interaction 等等。
跨文化交际作业
1. Then try to explain why people in countries like Japan and China often refuse to say “ no” directly. In the English language,“yes”may mean very differently in different situations. Both Japan and China are regarded as cultures in which people tend to convey messagesin an implicit way. The most conspicuous case is the way they say —no II . People from Japan and China often refuse to say —no II directly. The reasons can be accounted in many ways. Firstly, Japan and China are humble cultures which teach their people to be modest and mild. They always keep off expressing strong emotions against the other party; instead, they prefer to issue disapprovals tactfully by implication. Besides, in Japanese and Chinese cultures, —face I is highly valued in the course of communication. People are bound to protect their own face from threatening; meanwhile, they feel obliged not to threaten the other party ‘fasce. Still, harmony has been attached great importance to in Japanese and Chinese cultures. People are expected to make every effort to keep a harmonious relationship with each other. They have to try their best to avoid being aggressive which may result in direct conflict.2. Different meanings of the color terms in Chinese and English culture RED/ 红色Chinese: ① festive, jubilant, celebrate e.g. 红娘，红火② advancing,bright e.g. 红军，红色政权③ successful, smooth e.g. 红人，走红④beautiful, nice e.g.红颜，红妆English:① violent, cruel e.g. red revenge; a red battle ② armed revoluti on e.g.: a red revolutio n; ③ dan ger, tension e.g. a red adventure story; red alert; a red flag ③ profligate, immoral e.g. a red waste of his youth; GREEN/绿色Chin ese:①you ng, e.g.绿窗（指少女闺阁）;红男绿女②kni ghtly, chivalrous, feral e.g.绿林好汉；绿林大盗③ low-classified, shamefule.g.:戴绿帽子English:① young e.g. in the green; a green ole age ② fresh, new e.g. a gree n wound; gree n recollecti on; keep the memory gree n ③ lack of experience e.g.: a green hand; green recruits ④ wealth, money e.g.: In America n political electi ons the can didates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them ⑤ jealous, envy e.g.: gree n-eyedY ELLOW/ 黄色Chinese:① royalty, power e.g.黄袍，黄马褂，黄榜② erotic, base, sen sual e.g.黄色书干刊English:① erotic, sensual, base e.g. yellow journalism; yellow back; yellow press ② funk, sneak, spiritless e.g. yellow lived; yellow dog; WHITE/白色Chi nese:WHITE/ 白色① funeral, sadness e.g.红白喜事② failure, unvalued, foolish e.g.白干，白旗，白搭，白痴③tricky, crafty e.g.白脸④ politically reacti onary e.g.:白专道路，白匪English:① pure, bright, happy, cleanness e.g. whit soul; a white wedding ② faithful, honest e.g. a white spirit; white hand white man ③ good luck, fortune e.g. a white day; days marked with a white stone ④ legal, no harmful e.g. white market; white list a white litBLACK/黑色Chi nese:① sadness, funeral e.g.葬礼上所佩带的黑纱② serious, solemn e.g. “黑脸”包公③ secretly, tricky e.g.黑幕，黑名单④ illegal, crimes, evil e.g.黑手，黑店，黑市，黑货English:① death, disaster, unfortunate e.g.: Black Mass; black world black death ② evil, crimes e.g. black deed; Black Man black guard; B-hands ③ angry, depressed e.g. black dog; a black look PURPLE/紫色Chinese:① nobility, dignity e.g.紫气东来，紫禁城English:① nobility, dignity e.g. be born in the purple; marry in the purple; be raised to the purplePINK/粉红Chinese①symbolized for girls e.g.六宫粉黛无颜色人面桃花相映红② illegal or unu sual sen sual relati on ships e.g.桃色事件English:① homosexual e.g. a product developed for the pink customer ② upper class e.g. pink lady pink teaP 169.(4). What does the author thi nk is the reas on able way to react to cultural differe nces? We should know that the way the other speaks may be differe nt from our way of speaki ng because he or she must have had a differe nt cultural upbringing. We shouldn j udge the other according to our own sta ndards of what is an acceptable com muni cati on style.(8). How is “ Ping-Pong‘ conversational style different from “ Bowling” style?In an American Ping-Pong' conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game continues. Each part of the conversation follows this patter n: the greet ing and the ope ning, the discussi on of a topic, and the closing and farewell. However, in a Japanese Bowling” conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they know their place in line. In Japanese conv ersati on, long sile nces are tolerated. For America ns, eve n two orthree sec onds of sile nee can become un comfortable.Dialogue 1Questions 1. What does the Chinese employee mean by saying “I see ”Does it mean agreeme nt, accepta nee or promise?By saying “see” th e Chinese employee means agreement which is “Iagree that there is need for keeping the production line running onSaturday. ”2. To the direct request “ Can you come in on Saturday ” , what should Chi nese employee say to avoid further mis un dersta ndi ng?To avoid further misunderstanding that caused by saying “ see ” theChi nese employee should say: “1 ‘ d love to, but I‘ ve promised my son tcelebrate his birthday with him on this Saturday. I ‘ m sorry I may not able to come in3. Why does the American boss fail to understand what the Chinese employee implies by saying “lt?smy sons birthday ”Why does the Chinesefail to say “ no” ？The American boss fails to understand what the Chinese employee actually means by saying ft ‘ s my son ‘ s birthday ”. because he is cultivated in a low-c on text culture in which meaning comes from the words being exchanged and messages are expected to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. However, the Chinese employee fails to say no” because he comes from a high-c on text culture in which meaning depends very upon the setting and any speech act that may threaten other people 'face is usually avoided as much as one can. In gen eral, the Chi nese mode of com muni cati on is ofte n in direct and implicit while the Western mode of com muni catio n tends to be direct andexplicit.。
跨文化交际作业
• 再来说说张绍刚，尊称一声张老师吧。我在这里 淡定客观的用两种情绪分析（最后另一种是代表 一些网民的声音）。首先说说鄙人自己的看法： 张老师作为一个著名的主持人不该在节目中带入 个人的情绪，更不该在比自己年轻很多且是一个 女孩子面前失去风度，随之也会让自己在公众面 前失去更多，一个有着20多年的主持经验和人生 阅历的你这些没想到过？如此就hold不住岂不是 落人笑柄？ 作为一名公众人物，主持人应该多一些睿智 和风趣，还有就是要大度，不然就贻笑大方了。
•关于刘俐俐 不张绍刚
刘俐俐一出场还是很正常的，没有什么特别。她给我的印象是态度 积极，口齿清晰。三年海外游学经历是一个亮点。但是有一点不伒丌 同的是她说她喜欢莎士比亚的“英雄体”诗。这引起了张的兴趣，提 了提问题。这个我想讨论这个问题双方都有些困难，毕竟主持人丌懂， 而刘俐俐充其量是个票友，所以没有太多扯的。而下面很快场上风云 突变，主持人不刘俐俐关系紧张起来，也就是从这个时候起，刘俐俐 开始显示出她独特的一面。 • 面对主持人的提问她显得戒备十足，戒泛泛而答，戒反唇相讥。面对 那些老板她也是真锋相对，为自己辩护。而主持人被她的反客为主， 步步占先的应对弄得心情大坏，有时无言以对。立时间，应聘现场如 同两军对垒，空气极为紧张。表面看，张绍刚和“评委”们都在指责 刘俐俐的缺点，攻势有点一面倒。刘俐俐人孤势单，岌岌可危。但实 际上，这种批评戒责难丌但没有让她退缩，反而更加激収了她的自卫 意识，反击更加强烈，对所有批评一律丌接受，逐一反驳。那种自信 不丌屑已经完全占据了理性的空间。她的这种强大的气场将对方人数 和年龄的伓势完全逼退。整个舞台仿佛在无形中围绕她旋转，边上所 有人都成了她的配角。节目此时也达到了高潮，刘俐俐光芒四射的同 时，周围亮着的灯却都灭掉了。
今年年初，一段源于天津卫视求职类节 目《非佝莫属》的视频“海归女对掐主 持人”在网络爆红，事件主角张绍刚因 “毒舌”言论遭到伒多网友的口诛笔伐， 而作为“弱势群体”的刘俐俐则引来伒 人的同情和力撑。刘俐俐借势活跃于荧 屏上，先后在《非常了得》《东方直播 室》等节目里亮相。时隔两月，任职于 中国传媒大学的张绍刚终于打破沉默， 接受了与访。对于那天的表现，他淡定 回应：“如果重新来一次，结果一样。” 我一点都丌装
跨文化交际案例
一、谁没有负责？一项调查针对日本母亲和美国母亲的调查：如果孩子没有把应缴回的单子交到学校，谁应该负责？日本母亲大都觉得是自己的过失，美国母亲大都认为是学校没有尽责。
二、飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁（美国人）与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。
想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。
中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。
讲了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。
副总有些大惑不解，没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了，因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。
“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了，可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢？”谈话结束后，副总忍不住向人力资源总监甲抱怨道。
“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也向甲谈苦。
作为人力资源总监，甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂，虽然他极力想双方解释，但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。
三、一个美国女学生处于好意把泰国同屋洗干净的内衣和袜子叠放在她的枕头上，结果这个泰国女生觉得受到了侮辱，一定要搬离宿舍。
四、一对美国夫妇到巴基斯坦度假，住在一个看起来蛮吸引人的市场旁的旅馆。
夫妇决定隔天到市场去看看有没有值得买的纪念品。
一觉醒来，闷热的天气，叫人有点透不过气。
先生一身轻便的短袖休闲衣裤，太太穿着短袖花纹上衣，粉红美观的紧身短裤，两人脚底都套着凉鞋。
到市场时，这对夫妇发觉几乎每个人都严厉地瞪着他俩，指指点点，有的甚至口发恶言。
俩夫妇觉得很纳闷，赶紧转头，回到旅馆。
为什么市场里的人对这对夫妇的态度如此恶劣呢？五、An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full. Why?六、One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It’s rather cold. You’d better put on more clothes.”But the professor didn’t appear happy on hearing this.七、张斌作为汉语志愿者在泰国的小学教汉语。
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《跨文化交际学》选修课试卷2011-2012学年第二学期题目：中西方非言语交际的差异姓名：*********学号：********院系：******专业：应用心理学中西方非言语交际的差异【摘要】：世界全球化、一体化进程日益加快,中西文化的交流与合作越来越多,非言语交际的重要性也越来越明显。
但是,中西文化赋予非言语行为的不同内涵,也带来了交际上的障碍。
本文通过理解非言语交际的定义，着重论述了非言语交际中中国和西方国家上差异，以发现非言语行为在中西文化的交流与合作活动中不同的文化含义及作用,从而避免文化冲突,增强跨文化交际能力，帮助人们踏平社交的道路，成功实现跨文化交际。
【关键词】：非言语交际；中西方；差异；跨文化交际一、非言语交际定义人类交流有两种形式：言语交际和非言语交际，这两种形式在人类沟通的过程中都发挥了重要的作用。
非言语交际是指所有超越语言的交际行为（1），它充和完善了言语交际的不足，是整个沟通过程中必不可少的重要组成部分。
非言语有目光接触、面部表情、姿势表达、空间语言手语等多种表现形式。
人类在进行交流、表达思想、传递信息时，除了使用语言进行传达外，大量的信息还依靠非语言符号。
非言语在传递信息和表达情感中具有语言所不能替代的功能。
萨莫瓦曾说：“在面对面的交际中，信息的社交内容只有35％左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。
”（2）(Samovar，1985：155)人们通过服神、面部表情、手势、身姿等诸多无声的体态语，将有声语言形象化、情感化、生动化，以达到先声夺人、耐人寻味的效果，且能充分弥补有声语言表达的乏力和不足，特别是人类在“词不达意”“只可意会不可言传”的情况下，非言语就能发挥其独特的作用，圆满表达情意，达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。
礼仪，是物质文明和精神文明共同作用产生的成果，是特殊的文化组成形式，其实质还是文化。
不同国家之间的诸多差异造就了各自独特的礼仪文化。
中国和西方国家在很多方面都有所不同，如地理环境、历史发展、生产方式和社会制度、宗教和传统习俗、民族心理和思维方式、语言和文字以及价值观念（3）等。
然而正是这些普遍存在的差异性导致了各国礼仪的不同。
因此，在研究跨文化交际之前，我们最重要的任务就是尽量多地了解不同的国家或地区的不同礼仪。
二、中西方差异在非言语交际中的体现1、正式的就餐礼仪筷子是中国人就餐时使用最多的餐具，所有的食物都置于餐桌中央，搭配米饭的菜肴也不止一种。
菜肴由人们各自从盘中夹食。
然而在西方，通常一套正式的餐具会包括许多个不同用途的叉子、汤匙和餐刀。
每个人都会有自己的一份食物，他们不会从同一个盘子里共同夹食。
西方国家也有独特的就座礼仪：最尊贵的男宾坐在女主人的右边，次之的坐在她的左边，最尊贵的女宾则坐在男主人的右边，次之的坐在男主人的左边。
男士和女士应分别就座。
在西方，主人待客的餐桌通常是圆形的，意为在座每个人的地位都是平等的。
2、安排拜访或约会在中国，人们往往不提前联系就直接登门拜访。
但在西方，在探访朋友或熟人之前，通常都要提前打电话告知主人，这样做一方面可以确保拜访的对象在家，以免对主人造成不便。
有些西方人并不介意中国人的突然造访，然而有些西方人却更希望拜访者能够提前预约。
总之，接受与否在某种程度上取决于双方的关系如何（4）。
在大多数中国的高等院校，师生之间没有正式的预约制度，学生如果有问题可以直接去找他们的老师。
但对于西方人而言，如果这次会面是一次正式的而普通的约会，他们可能更愿意双方提前安排好时间。
3、性别差异性别文化与非言语交际行为有着不可分割的特点。
在以男性为主的文化中，全社会普遍接受关系。
男性主导的文化体现出果断、坚决和积极观念都偏向男性，贬低女性。
而女性文化则更加感性化，更加优雅（5）。
西方礼仪的一个显著特点是强调女士优先。
这种礼仪要求男士在每一个社交场合尊重女士，照顾她们，帮助她们，并保护她们。
相反中国传统崇尚的观念是“男尊女卑”，在封建社会，妇女几乎被剥夺了政治、经济、文化权利，这种情况使妇女始终遭受压迫。
以前妇女甚至没有她们应有的社会地位，更不要提社交场合女士优先的社会礼仪。
新中国成立后，妇女终于站起来，成为自己命运的主人，改变了歧视妇女的封建思想，但要实现“女士优先”仍有很长的路要走（6）4、眼神接触模式目光的投向和交流是信息传递的重要组成部分，也是非言语交际的一个重要方面。
中国人在交谈过程中，为了表示礼貌和尊敬，避免始终直视对方的眼睛相反的是，美国的成年人要求孩子与他们讲话时要直视他们的眼睛，理由是会话中过少的目光接触传达的负面信息是“缺乏兴趣，注意力不集中，甚至不信任”（7）。
互相熟悉的人交谈时，西方人希望有频繁的目光接触，这是听话人注意力集中的表现。
在西方有句俗话“永远不要相信一个不敢直视你眼睛的人”更加肯定了眼神接触的重要性。
即使在公开演讲，也应该有大量的目光接触以显示公开演讲投入及对大众的关。
5、面部表情。
人们在高兴时会露出笑容，生气时会拉长脸，害羞时会脸红，思考或忧虑时会皱起眉头，这可说是人类文化的共性，但面部表情的展示规则却有不同（8）。
感情显露，喜怒哀乐往往现于脸部; 他们面部表情丰富，手势动作多，而且讲究面部表情与交谈对象的感情呼应以及与自己说话内容的配合。
英国人持重克制，内心感情往往不形于色。
在这方面，中国人比较接近于英国人。
6、手势在手势语中，中西方文化差异特别突出。
中国人手心向外，手指同时向下弯曲，表示招呼对方过来; 而美国人的手势为手心向内，仅用食指或食指和中指向内弯曲。
另外，同一种手势在不同国家的文化中，代表不同含义，例如:中国人同时伸出拇指和食指表示“8”，而英美国人表示“2”; 美国人用拇指和食指围成一个圈，其余三个手指向上伸直，表示“ok”，在日本，这一手势表示钱，阿拉伯人用其表示深恶痛绝; 中国人用手指在太阳穴划圈表示正在思考，美国人和巴西人用这一手势表示神经不正常。
因此，在交流过程中，需要了解对方文化才能准确的传递信息。
7、触摸触摸是通过触觉手段，即身体部位的触碰来传达和接受信息。
触摸可以给人们诸多暗示，如喜爱、攻击以及人们之间存在着的地位差别或关系等。
牙医、医生或理发师在工作时接触工作对象的方式和他们接触同事、朋友和家人的方式是完全不同的。
而且，人与人之间的握手、拥抱、亲吻这些动作在特定的文化场景都有着不同的含义（9）在西方，同样要避免随意触摸婴儿和儿童。
随便抚摸、轻拍、拥抱或亲吻婴儿和儿童将被视为鲁莽的行为，并很可能引起他人强烈的反感，甚至厌恶（10）。
为什么西方的母亲看到中国人接触她们的孩子时感到难堪和尴尬。
在中国的文化中，这种亲密的举动，表达的是友善、喜爱，甚至是称赞，同时也是给孩子们的父母一个很大的面子。
然而，有趣的是在西方国家异性在公共场所亲吻或拥抱反而是一种常见的行为，但这会让中国人感到不安和羞愧。
由此可见，不同的文化决定了不同的触摸方式，在跨文化交际中要认真了解每一种触摸行为的含义及其文化差异，否则会影响交际的成功。
8、空间的利用和组织。
非言语交际的一个分支学科叫体距学( proxemics ) ，这一术语是爱德华·霍尔提出来的，他将人际距离分为: 亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离和公众距离（11）intimate distance 0 － 45cm) : 即可以用手触摸到的距离，是与少数最亲密的人诸如夫妻情侣之间所保持的距离; 个人距离( personal distance 5 －120cm) : 即双方手臂伸直可以互相接触的距离，通常与朋友交谈属于这个距离; 社交距离( socialdistance 120 － 360cm) : 一般公事交往的距离，通常用来处理公共关系; 公众距离( public distance360 － 750cm) : 一般公开演讲或表演等公众场合都在这个距离之内。
不同的文化决定了不同的空间距离。
一般来说，阿拉伯人和拉丁美洲人交谈时相距较近，日本人和美国人相距较远，中国人介乎两者之间。
印度的男青年常挽手同行，以表示亲密和友谊，但在美国，如果男青年勾肩搭背，却可能被视作同性恋者。
因此，至于什么时候该有多远的社交距离，什么时候应该有身体接触，我们应该具体情况具体分析。
三、结论一个民族用什么样的人体语言表达什么样的意思是约定俗成的。
违反了这个约定的规则，不是引起交际的中断，就是产生误解”(本可廉等1990)。
所以我们在跨文化交际时，首先要了解双方的文化特点、民族心理和习惯，对体态语在中西文化中的礼貌规范，要“入国问禁，入门问俗”，避免交际失误。
非言语交际行为是文化的一个重要组成部分，我们应该通过对非言语交际的研究进一步了解不同国家的礼节文化，通过了解这些文化差异帮助我们采用不同的方式与来自不同文化背景的人们进行交流，尊重他人，而不是因差异责怪他人进而损害交际（12）。
许多语言学家，社会学家，语文学专家交际专家们就非言语交际都做了大量的研究，但是非言语交际研究仍然是一个年轻的科学，需要我们进一步探讨。
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