研究生一年级上学期期末考试英语期末考试翻译
外研版一年级上册英语期末试卷(一年级起点)
外研版小学一年级英语上册期末测试卷听力部分（70分）一、听录音，给下面的图片用数字排序。
（10分）（）（）（）（）（）二、听录音，选择正确的单词。
（10分）( )1.A. book B. look C. good( )2.A. pen B. pencil C.pink( )3.A. monster B. monkey C. morning( )4.A. hat B. car C. cat( )5. A. four B. three C. five三、听一听，选择正确的图片打“√”。
（10分）1、2、3、4、5、四、听音，把你所听到的小朋友的年龄写在括号里。
（10分）1. 2. 3. 4. 5.( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )五、根据你所听问句判断，与图片相符的打“√”，不相符的打“X”。
（10分）1. 2. 3. 4. 5.（）（）（）（）（）六、听音，圈出你所听到的句子序号。
（10分）1、A．Now, it’s blue.B．Now, it’s black.2、A．It’s a red dog.B．It’s a yellow dog.3、A．This is a cat.B．That is a cat.4、A．That is her bag.B．That is his bag.5、A. This is my sister.B. This is my brother.七、听音，在对应的图片下圈出Yes 或No。
（10分）1. 2. 3. 4.学校班级姓名Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No笔试部分(30分)八、读句子，连线。
（10分）1、Please open the window.2、Please sit down.3、Goodbye.4、Stand up, please.5、Open the door.九、读句子，把正确的图片圈起来。
（10分）1. That is a panda.2. Is it a cat? Yes, it is.3. It’s a black car.4. This is a kite.5.This is my father.十、根据情境选择正确的答案（10分）1. 当你想知道对方几岁了，你可以问：___________A. How are you?B. How old are you.2.当你介绍离你很近的姐姐时，你可以说：____________A. This is my sister.B. That is my sister.3.下午遇见老师你应该说：________A. Good morning.B. Good afternoon.4.当你想知道对方的名字时，你可以问：_________A. What’s your name?B. How are you?5.当你想知道这件东西的颜色时，你可以问：________A. What colour?B. What’s this?。
研究生一年级上学期期末考试英语作文
Single or MarriedNowadays, with the development of the society, great changes have taken place in people’s mind. For example, the question to select single or married with today’s social pressure surge. Single or married, this is a question.In my opinion,there are still a lot of people that they are eager to have their own happy marriage. If this is not the case, Eleanor Rigby won’t pick up the rice in the church where the wedding has been. If this is not the case,there will be some unmarried people crazy for the lucky flowers which is thrown from from the bride in their friend’s weeding. When I face the question about single or married, I will not hesitate to choose to get married. Firstly, I want to get married because I don’t want to let my life is full of lonely. Secondly, when I faced with difficulties, I know that there is a woman I loved to support me. We overcome the difficulties with our common efforts. Moreover, I want to have a child, if I choose to be a single, I won’t know the feeling of a father forever.No matter how single people aging gracefully and pass away gracefully, they will leave some regrets. Before their bed, there aren’t other people in addition to the medical workers when they leave, no son, no daughter, no wife, leaving this world in silence. I think the value of marriage is still a lot , at least I won’t leave some regrets.Treat or Let Die?In Shakespear’s “Hamlet”, there is a classic line: To be or not to be, this is a problem. This sentence likes the problem that the doctors faced in the world: Treat or let die, this is also a problem.Medical has made a great progress in modern society, but it also has become a double-edges word. These let doctors face the dilemma. From the law, professional ethics and public opinion make doctors facing a difficult situation. Making the choice of treat or not treat is the basic question in modern medicine. In my opinion, all problems shouldn’t treat as the same. We should treat different problems with different standards, so should medical. Of course, this is not to say that doctors can go-as-you-please over the patients’ life. However, if the cost of the saving patients is to let the patients faced with great pain in their rest life, the doctors should be well considered. Firstly, they should solicit the opinions of the patients. Because the life belong to the patients,it is their own rights that how to make a decision, so we should respect their decisions. Secondly, doctors also need to solicit the opinion of the patients’ families. Because, if the patient made a decided to give up treatment, which means that their families’ love ones will be soon to leave, and it is also a kind of sad for families. Last but not the least, we should also consider the legal requirements, cannot cross the law to make a decision.As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the dilemma will continue to exist. In my opinion, this is not a question-treat or let die-that doctors should be think, the government and society should participate in it. Only in this way, we can better solve this problem.。
2023-2024学年湖北新人教版(一起)一年级上英语期末试卷(含解析)
2023-2024学年全国一年级上英语期末试卷考试总分：66 分考试时间： 120 分钟学校：__________ 班级：__________ 姓名：__________ 考号：__________注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息;2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上;卷I（选择题）一、单选题（本题共计 5 小题，每题 3 分，共计15分）1. I'm hungry. I'd like some ________. ( )A.juiceB.waterC.bread2. —Mike didn’t come to school yesterday. But we didn’t know ________. ( )—Really?A.whyB.howC.whatD.where3. You mustn't ________ in the street. ( )A.runningB.run4. These uniforms are old but ________ are nice. ( )A.itB.theirC.they5. 你想说：“你的房间太棒了。
”应该说：( )A.Your bedroom is really nice.B.It's really nice.C.Your bedroom really nice.卷II（非选择题）二、填空题（本题共计 12 小题，每题 3 分，共计36分）6. 打开你的书包。
(汉译英)________________7. 根据图片选择合适的单词________A． farmerB． doctor8. 数字类单词拼写。
（1）四十________（2）五十________（3）六十________（4）七十________（5）八十________（6）九十________9. 重组下列单词。
（1）(e, d, t, r, i)（2）(o, o, r, p)（3）(o, t, o, h, p)（4）(a, u, m, b, r, e, l, l)（5）(o, o, z)（6）(y, r, n, a, g)（7）(y, u, n, o, g)（8）(r, t, e, a, s, w, e)10. They are going to the ________ (超市) to buy some food.11. Ben is playing soccer at school. （用 every day 改为一般现在时）Ben________ ________ at school every day.12. want， be， healthy， I ， to （．）________13. A: Good ________, Mr Zhang.B: Good morning, ________.(同学们)14. 判断对话是(T)否(F)正确：—Do you like apples? —No, I don’t. （________）15. 判断对话是(T)否(F)正确：—How many birds are there? —Five. （________）16. you， why， a， are， hat， wearing，（？）________17. 它是什么颜色的？(汉译英)________________三、书面表达（本题共计 1 小题，共计15分）18. （15分）看图，把你看到的写下来。
一年级英语期末考试试卷【含答案】
一年级英语期末考试试卷【含答案】专业课原理概述部分一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. 英语字母表中共有多少个字母？A. 24B. 26C. 28D. 302. "I am" 是什么时态？A. 过去进行时B. 现在进行时C. 过去完成时D. 现在完成时3. "She _______ to the party last night." (go)A. goesB. goneC. wentD. going4. "This is my _______." (brother)A. brothersB. brotherC. brother'sD. brothers'5. "I _______ a book yesterday." (buy)A. buyB. buysC. boughtD. buying二、判断题（每题1分，共5分）1. 英语中名词只有单数和复数两种形式。
( )2. "He don't like apples." 是正确的句子。
( )3. "I'm going to the library." 表示将来时。
( )4. "She can singing." 是正确的句子。
( )5. "They are watching TV now." 表示现在进行时。
( )三、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. This is _______ apple.2. She _______ (go) to the supermarket yesterday.3. I _______ (have) a cat and a dog.4. _______ you like tea or coffee?5. They _______ (play) football now.四、简答题（每题2分，共10分）1. 请写出英语字母表中的五个元音字母。
级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案
级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案2017级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案为进一步推动我国大学英语教学，适应国家改革开放的'需要，使大学生更加重视英语学习。
下面是店铺带来的2017级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案，希望对你有帮助。
Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneScience is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience.It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After an experiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues,who review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”In August 1996, NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite(流星) from Mars that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. As President Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time.After the excitement wore down and initial papers were published, other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. Some concluded that the “evidence of life” was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock.Was this a failure of science, as some news reports trumpeted?No! It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to. Scientists spend years on research, announce their findings, and these findings are examined by other scientists. That’s how we learn. Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two. It’s a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead.21. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to state that ____________.A) most scientific discoveries are not reliableB) mass media is misleading because it looks at the research results onlyC) scientific research is a process filled with reverses and requires slow and patientworkD) repeated experiments are necessary before medicine canbe used in patients22. Publication of a scientific finding signifies __________.A) a challenge to fellow scientists to prove it wrongB) the end of a processC) the beginning of a new scientific inquiryD) the soundness of the result23. Einstein’s words are used to show that he thought___________.A) experiments have proved him rightB) scientists do not need so many experimentsC) one experiment is not enough to prove him wrong.D) scientific ideas are never free from challenge24. NASA’s announcement of the discovery of evidence of ancient life on Mars shows _________.A) the way human beings learn about natureB) the failure of the scientific methodC) the fruitlessness of human search for life on another worldD) the excitement brought by scientific findings25. It can be inferred from the passage that the media is interested in __________.A) the process of scientific researchB) the results of scientific researchC) the scientists who do the researchD) the effects of scientific research on human lifePassage TwoNormally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consistsof three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.26. Normally a student would at least attend __________classes each week.A) 36B) 12C) 20D) 1527. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed _______.A) to live in a different universityB) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classesD) to get two degrees from two different universities28. American university students are usually under pressure of work because_________.A) their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to observe university disciplineD) they want to run for positions of authority29.Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because_________.A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid30. The student organizations seem to be effective in _________.A) dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students’ performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students’ enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage ThreeDoreen Sykora is now a junior at Mcgill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But I would go in to class to take the exam, and I would fall apart. I could not answer the questions correctly-----even though I knew the answers! I would just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” HitoshiSakamoto, an anthropology student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is ima gine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully.I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”For Hitoshi in T okyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.31. Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto were filled withnervousness and fear during examinations because they were__________.A) not ready and unaware of the answersB) physically so weak that they fell apartC) subject to test anxietyD) unable to write or think clearly32. The higher the students’ worry level is, __________.A) the less calm and relaxing they areB) the more difficult they will be trained to manage fearC) the more stressed and tense they areD) the longer courses they will take to manage fear33. What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?A) To help students to reduce test anxiety.B) To show a stress level experienced by students.C) To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.D) To have a better understanding of test anxiety.34. What’s the meaning of “blank out” in paragraph one?A) To be like a blanket.B) To be sure of an answer.C) To be relaxed.D) To be unable to think clearly.35.Which of the following best sums up the organization of the passage?A) Examples----theories----ideas.B) Problem----strategy----examples----results.C) General statement----examples----result.D) Strategy----experiment----examples.Part III Vocabulary and Structure (15 %)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.36. The president made a _______ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A) vigorousB) tediousC) flatD) harsh37. It is not easy to learn English well but if you _______, you will succeed in the end.A) hang upB) hang aboutC) hang onD) hang onto38. Remember that customers don’t _______ about prices in that city.A) debateB) bargainC) disputeD) consult39. The newcomers found it impossible to _______ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A) suitB) adaptC) regulateD) coordinate40. A _______ to this problem is expected to be found before long.A) resultB) functionC) settlementD) solution41. You have nothing to _______ by refusing to listen to our advice.A) gainB) graspC) seizeD) earn42. One day I _______ a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.A) came acrossB) came aboutC) came afterD) came at43. A peculiarly pointed chin is his memorable facial _______.A) markB) featureC) traceD) appearance44. I hope that you’ll be more careful in typing the letter. Don’t _______ anything.A) omitB) leakC) lackD) withdraw45. Our new house is very _______ for me as I can get to theoffice in five minutes.A) adaptableB) convenientC) availableD) comfortable46. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _______.A) appreciatedB) approvedC) appealedD) applied47. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches, chairs or boxes.A) having seatedB) seatingC) seatedD) having been seated48. He is _______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A) optimisticB) optionalC) outstandingD) obvious49. The clothes a person wears may express his _______or social position.A) curiosityB) statusC) determinationD) significance50. I don’t know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.A) throw upB) make outC) refer toD) take over51. Look at these beautiful Japanese stamps. Roger gave them to me in _____ for two sets of 1988 British special issue.A) exchangeB) changeC) shiftD) switch52. It is rather _____ that the research team as a whole still has little idea about the cause of that fatal disease.A) rewardingB) demandingC) embarrassingD) requiring53. The people of African interior began to _____ gold in exchange for the goods they needed from abroad.A) desireB) affordC) offerD) receive54. We should not blame her for what happened yesterday, because that was outside her _____of responsibility.A) fieldB) limitC) extentD) range55. The students put forward some suggestions _____ consideration.A) worthlessB) worthyC) worthD) worthy of56. The author of the report is well _____ with the problem in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.A) acquaintedB) informedC) enlightenedD) advised57. After years of hard work, he finally gained ______ to the university which he longed for many years.A) accessB) commitmentC) opportunityD) reward58. _____ you have passed the driving test successfully, you can drive on your own.A) By nowB) Now and againC) Now thenD) Now that59. Within first seven seconds of meeting, people will form their opinion about others through unspoken communication like _____, postures and attitudes.A) signsB) gesturesC) symptomsD) symbols60. It had never _____ to me that our football team won thegame.A) struckB) occurredC) hitD) meant61. The students ______ in cleaning the classroom according to the arrangement.A) alternateB) adaptC) adoptD) admit62. Have you any ______plans about how to deal with these difficulties? We need to be practical-minded.A) abstractB) consistentC) concreteD) contrary63. The professor was afraid that unless the train speeded up he would miss his _______ to New York.A) junctionB) connectionC) seatD) carriage64. When writing about controversial topics, some authors try to be _______ without favoring either side.A) reflectiveB) persuasiveC) impressiveD) objective65. Many factors such as too much stress, bad living habitscan lead to poor ______ and ill health.A) experienceB) appearanceC) performanceD) competencePart IV Cloze (10 %)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let’s look at this 66______ in more detail, because it is language, more than anything else, 67_____ distinguishes man from the rest of the 68_____ world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by 69_____ of cries: for example, many birds utter (发声) 70_____calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter 71_____ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 72_____ these various means of communication differ in important ways 73_____ human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not 74_____ thought and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 75_____ us to divide a human utterance (发声) into 76_____.We can change an utterance by 77_____ one word in it with 78_____: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, 79_____ who can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or“tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, 80_____ means “danger!”This is why the number of 81_____ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case 82_____ point; it has about twenty different calls, 83_____ in human language the number of possible utterances is 84_____. It also explains why animal cries are very 85_____ in meaning.66. A) recognitionB) function67. A) itB) that68. A) nativeB) animal69. A) waysB) methods70. A) datingB) exciting71. A) identicalB) different72. A) ButB) Therefore73. A) fromB) about74. A) inferB) explain75. A) encouragesB) enforces76. A) soundsB) words77. A) spellingB) saying78. A) oursB) another79. A) soB) but80. A) thisB) that81. A) signsB) signals82. A) inB) at83. A) sinceB) while84. A) limitlessB) boundless85. A) ordinaryB) alikeC) classificationD) definitionC) asD) whatC) humanD) physicalC) meansD) approachesC) warningD) boringC) similarD) unfamiliar C) AfterwardsD) FurthermoreC) withD) inC) interpretD) expressC) enablesD) ensuresC) voicesD) speechesC) replacingD) pronouncingC) theirsD) othersC) orD) andC) whichD) itC) gesturesD) marksC) ofD) forC) anyhowD) somehowC) changeableD) ceaselessC) commonD) generalPart V Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Online Self-accessLearning. You should write at least 120 words. And you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 一些人认为上机自主学习方式好;2. 也有一些人认为传统的授课方式好;3. 我的看法。
一年级英语期末试卷带答案
一年级英语期末试卷带答案考试范围：xxx ；考试时间：xxx 分钟；出题人：xxx 姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息 2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、选择题1.This place was very interesting. A.How old is it? B.How far is it? C.How about the place?2.We (去上学) by bike.A ．walk to schoolB ．go outC ．go to schoolD ．go home3.( ) go to the zoo! A. Let B. Let’s C. Let are4.This ________. my nose A. is B.are5.I'd chicken.A.amB.likeC.are 6.根据英语选汉语。
( )1.女士 A. girl B. Mr. C. Ms ( )2.请 A .thank B. point C. please ( )3.猫 A. hat B. cat C. cap( )4.十二 A. twelve B. eleven C. eight ( )5.女孩 A. girl B. boy C. Ms7.请找出下面单词中不同类的选项。
(10分) (1)A. Monday B. Friday C. Sunday D. day (2)A. Miss B. music C. Mr D. Mrs (3)A. fat B. tall C. big D. bag (4)A.tomato B.pork C. potato D.cabbage (5)A.salty B.tofu C.sweet D.sour8.( ) is the bird?A. WhatB. WhoC. Where9.( ) Let’s sing and .A. danceB. to danceC. dancing10.How old are you ?的意思是？A.你叫什么名字？B.你好C.你几岁了？二、填空题11.选词填空。
研究生一年级英语课本翻译
Unit 11.The impact of saying good-bye and actually leaving did not hit me until the day of my departure.1.直到动身的那一天，我才感到告别和真正离家对我所产生的影响。
2.Its strength woke me an hour before my alarm clock would.2. 这是我比闹钟预定的时间提前一小时醒来。
3.The entire day was like that: a powerful awakening of whom and what I would truly miss.3.一整天都是这样：我突然感到自己将会怀念许多人和事。
4. Most importantly, I would be forced to say farewell to the ones who raised me.4.最重要的是，我将被迫与生我养我的人分别。
5. All at once, the glorious hype about becoming independent and free became my sole, scary reality.5.突然间，我那些渴望独立和自由的豪言壮语变成了可怕的事实。
6. I suppose that goes with the territory of enrolling in a university six hours from home.6.我想那可能是因为我要到一所离家又六小时车程的大学去上学的缘故。
7.Upon my decision to do so, in fact, all my personal problems had seemed to fade.7.事实上，在我决定离家的时候，我所有的个人问题仿佛都烟消云散了。
8.No one ever said divorce was easy.8.谁都知道离婚不是件容易的事。
小学英语一年级(上册)期末测试卷测试题练习题(全八套)
小学英语一年级(上册)期末测试卷测试题练习题(全八套)第一套测试题1. 请选择正确的单词填空：a. My ___ is red.b. This is a ___.c. I have a ___ pencil.2. 请写出下列单词的首字母缩写形式：a. Saturdayb. Januaryc. October3. 选择正确的译文：a. 苹果对应的英文是什么？- A. Orange- B. Apple- C. Banana4. 连接相应的问句和答句：a. How are you?b. What's your name?c. How old are you?- 1. My name is Amy.- 2. I'm nine years old.- 3. I'm fine, thank you.5. 补充完整下列对话：A: What's your name?B: ___6. 阅读理解：阅读下列句子选择正确的图片。
a. The cat is on the chair.b. The dog is running.c. The bird is singing.7. 写出下列单词的中文意思：a. bookb. schoolc. apple8. 根据图片选择正确的单词填空：a. b. c. ---第二套测试题1. 请选择正确的句子：a. I am like apples.b. I likes apples.c. I like apples.2. 根据图片选择正确的词汇：a. b. c. 3. 补充下列单词的正确形式：a. cat - 猫们b. this - _那_c. go - __走_4. 阅读短文，回答问题：My name is Tim. I am seven years old. I have a sister, her name is Lily. She is five. We like to play together. I like apples, and Lily likes bananas.a. How old is Tim?b. What is Tim's sister's name?c. What does Tim like to eat?5. 选择正确的词填空：a. I ___ a ball.b. She ___ a cat.c. We ___ at school.6. 写出下列单词的首字母缩写形式：a. Februaryb. Marchc. December7. 请根据句子选择合适的图片：a. I am reading a book.b. They are playing soccer.c. She is eating an apple.8. 根据图片选择正确的单词填空：a. b. c. ---第三套测试题1. 写出下列单词的中文意思：a. boyb. catc. tree2. 选择正确的单词填空：a. I ___ a dog.b. She ___ an apple.c. We ___ school.3. 连接相应的问句和答句：a. How are you?b. What's your name?c. How old are you?- 1. I'm fine, thank you.- 2. My name is Sarah.- 3. I'm five years old.4. 根据图片选择正确的词汇：a. b. c. 5. 阅读短文，选择正确的句子：Hello, my name is Jack. I have a red car. I like to play with my car.a. I have a blue car.b. My car is red.c. I like to play with a ball.6. 补充完整下列对话：A: ___ your name?B: My name is Lily.7. 阅读理解：根据图片选择正确的句子。
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上瘾性毒品与犯罪的经济学
犯罪率的攀升一个流行解释是毒品的泛滥。
诸如海洛因、可卡因和PCP等上瘾性毒品的使用，从三个方面增加了犯罪。
首先，有些瘾君子需要实施犯罪获取收入。
毒瘾让他们虚弱到无法胜任合法岗位上的工作，抑或合法工作的收人不足以支付吸毒的支出。
其次，和饮酒类似，毒品可能通过降低自我控制能力或使情绪波动加剧，从而人们更容易犯罪。
大约70%的美国大城市中由于抢劫、枪支犯罪和盗窃被捕的罪犯，经检查都发现曾吸食海洛因、可卡因或PCP。
再次，毒品买卖是一项利润丰厚的生意，因而，也值得为之展开保护和争夺。
于是，毒贩子将对其竞争对手实施暴力犯罪。
毒品导致犯罪显著增加，因而降低犯罪的社会成本也应包括减少上瘾性毒品的使用。
我们已经发现，至今超过200万的美国监禁犯人中。
有很高比例都是因为与毒品犯罪有关。
惩罚贩毒
当前，美国的政策试图通过截断毒品供给和减少毒品的需求，破解上瘾性毒品使用与犯罪之间的关联。
减少非法毒品供给和使用的一个方法是，提高贩卖和吸食毒品的预期成本。
一些毒品供给商将离开贩毒行业，转而投向风险更低的合法活动中。
与此同时，由于供给控制所导致的高昂市场价格，也让消费者减少毒品的购买。
一些经济学家们辩称，因为事实性前提不正确，所以这个政策不对。
批评者指出，上瘾使得毒品的需求缺乏弹性。
因此，供给控制所导致的非法毒品的市场价格上升，将不会显著减少瘾君子的毒品消费。
相反，这将促使瘾君子增加犯罪数量获取更多收入，以支撑其吸食之恶习。
图12.1描述了这种论断。
这个图分成两个部分，分别代表两种毒品使用者。
左边图表示瘾君子的毒品需求为D，右边图表示未上瘾时的毒品需求为D'。
“未上瘾”的意思是偶尔的毒品吸食者，生理上并未对毒品产生依赖。
图12.1显示了一个成功的阻断毒品、惩罚毒品贩子和吸毒者行动的影响.行动之前，毒品价格为p1，瘾君子和非瘾君子的毒品使用量分别表示为x1和x'1。
对毒品采取行动之后，价格上升到p2。
这个价格包括了购买价格，以及购买非法毒品所带来的惩罚风险的货币当量。
x2比x1并没有下降多少，这意味着瘾君子的需求缺乏弹性。
价格为p2时，非瘾君子的毒品使用景为x'2。
x'2相比x'1减小很多，这表明非瘾君子的毒品需求富有弹性。
价格从p1上升到p2对瘾君子的吸毒量没有多大影响，相反非瘾君子的毒品需求下降很多。
现在考虑价格上升对吸毒支出的影响，瘾君子购买x1数量毒品时的较低价格为P1，总支出为x1×p1,，即图12. 1中B+C的面积。
禁毒行动之后，瘾君子以p2的价格购买x2数量的毒品，总支出为p2×x2，即图1 2. 1中的A十B的面积。
因而，禁毒行动导致瘾君子毒品支出的大幅增加，具体增加额为A-C。
总支出之所以增加，那是因为瘾君子购买的毒品数量几乎不变，而支付的价格却大大提高。
结果，瘾君子们将需要更多的金钱支付毒品，而大多数的钱财都可能来源于财产犯罪。
因此，提高瘾君子吸毒成本的公共政策，可能导致更多犯罪的增加(禁毒行动提升了毒品价格.也导致非瘾君子的吸毒总支出下降了A'-C')。
以上分析揭示了一个两难困境:公共政策提高毒品价格，好的效应是减少非瘾君子的毒品使用。
非瘾君子吸毒减少，大概意味着他们的犯罪量也将下降，同样也减少非瘾君子变成瘾君子的数量。
然而，提高毒品价格的公共政策，不好的影响是显著增加了瘾君子的毒品支出。
瘾君子支出增加意味着，他们为了获得更多钱财购买毒品，将会实施更多的犯罪。
针对这些事实，显而易见的一个反应就是，尽量抽取两个世界的好的方面，即提高非瘾君子的毒品价格，而瘾君子的毒品价格不能上升。
就这句话来说，显而易见的对策就是，毒品政策必须对瘾君子和非瘾君子进行价格歧视。
成功的价格歧视，致使图12.1中的瘾君子
面临的是低价格p1，而非瘾君子的价格则是高价p2。
正如英国和其他一些地方实施的情况，瘾君子可以接受医疗检验登记其上瘾性。
登记后，他们可以按照处方购买到合法低廉的毒品，与人们从医生处获取处方买药大体类似。
结果，瘾君子可以得到安全充足的毒品以维持其恶习。
然而，非瘾君子(或未登记的瘾君子)就不能从药房合法的获得毒品，相反他们只能诉诸于价格高昂的非法毒品。
我们已经讨论了一套上瘾毒品的销售方案，即在瘾君子和非瘾君子之间形成价格歧视。
值得注意的是，这个体系中的价格歧视，和利润最大化厂商所奉行的价格歧视方向刚好相反。
这个方案旨在降低缺乏弹性的上瘾消费者的价格，而利润最大化的厂商则是对缺乏需求弹性的商品课以高价。
理性犯罪
我们已经就为何必须用刑法补充侵权法给出几个经济理由。
接下来，将首先通过分析一个理性且无道德约束的人如何决策是否实施犯罪，提出一个犯罪行为的预测理论（后面将会考虑理性程度下降与犯罪之间的关系）。
“理性、无道德约束的人”，是指那些不受罪恶或内在道德约束，刻意选择犯罪手段以达到非法目的的人。
犯罪可以根据严重程度排序，而惩罚则按严厉程度排序。
典型的情况是，犯罪越严厉惩罚相应越严厉。
我们把这些事实刻画在图11.2中。
我们把犯罪的严重程度沿着横轴排列，惩罚的严厉程度排列在纵轴。
标记“实际惩罚”的曲线显示，刑法规定的惩罚的严厉程度为犯罪严重程度的函数。
惩罚曲线右上倾斜表明，随着犯罪越严重惩罚越严厉。
为了更具体的说明这个图的含义，我们考虑一下非法占用犯罪和它在图11.2的曲线。
非法占用犯罪的严重程度，有时候是按照挪用的数量衡量。
按照这个假设，图11.2横轴的度量单位就是美元。
类似的，假定当下的惩罚是罚金，因而更严厉的惩罚就对应更高的罚金。
根据这个假定，图11.2纵轴的度量单位也是美元。
由于两个度量单位都是美元，因而图11.2中的曲线代表的是不同的惩罚表。
45度线代表了非常典型的一种旨在威慑的惩罚表。
沿着45度线，惩罚的罚金与非法占用的数量完全等同。
举例来说，某个人非法占用了1000美元就必须支付1000美元。
当惩罚的严厉程度等于犯罪的严重程度时，惩罚将实现完美追缴。
因而，图11.2中的45度线被标记为“完美追缴”。
非法占有者一旦被抓就退还所偷的金额，可能无法实现威慑的效果。
因而，非法占有的实际惩罚，必须超过完美追缴。
图11.2中完美追缴线的上方，是另一条标记为“实际惩罚”的曲线。
假定这条线代表既定司法系统的实际惩罚表。
因此，非法占用数额x0的实际惩罚是x1。
（具体的实际惩罚表形状由法律制定者决定。
图11.2中的曲线形状只表现了其中的一种可能性。
）
罪犯受到惩罚是一个概率事件。
罪犯可能逃脱侦查或逮捕，或者被逮捕但却未被定罪。
一个理性的决策者在谋划任何一个犯罪时包括非法占有时，已经将这种惩罚的可能性考虑在内。
我们可以说理性的非法占有者计算非法占有的预期价值，这等于收益减去被抓获定罪的可能性乘以相应的惩罚。
为了说明这一点，如果非法占有1000美金罚金为2000美元，而犯罪被抓获定罪的可能性为0.75，那么预期惩罚等于0.75×2000=1500美元。
为了体现这个不确定因素，我们在图11.3第一条惩罚曲线的下方增加第二条惩罚曲线（标记为“预期惩罚曲线”）。
图中更低的惩罚曲线，等于高惩罚曲线减去惩罚的不确定性打折的部分。
一个理性的罪犯如何应对预期惩罚表呢？在某些假设条件下，一个理性无道德约束的决策者将选择非法占有，只有收益超过预期的惩罚。
即便根据假定惩罚存在不确定，图11.3中的预期惩罚依旧超过完美追缴。
当预期惩罚超过完美追缴，罪犯犯罪的预期境况将恶化。
因此，
非法占有将不会出现。
大致想来，即便对那些理性自利、没有道德约束的人而言，犯罪往往也并非有利可图。
图11.3所代表的情形，大多数人实际都对得上号。
图11.4显示的是另一种情况。
在这个例子里，预期惩罚在非法占有数额处于x1和x2之间时均小于完美追缴。
在这个范围里面，犯罪的收益超过预期的损失，所以犯罪有利可图。
这些条件下，一个无德的约束的决策者将会非法占有一些金钱。
从图中我们可以清楚地看出最有利可图的犯罪将有多严重。
犯罪的预期收益等于完美追缴与预期惩罚之间的差距，即图中完美追缴线和预期惩罚线之间的垂直距离。
当犯罪的严重程度等于x*的时候，垂直距离达到最大。
我们可以认为理性的决策者将占有x*数量的金钱。
这个结论可以用边际价值加以表达。
罪犯从犯罪严重程度提升一点所得到的边际收益，由完美追缴线的斜率给出，即45度线。
罪犯的预期边际成本等于犯罪严重程度提高一点相应预期惩罚提高的数量，即由预期惩罚曲线的切线斜率给出。
对小于x*的所有x的值，罪犯的边际收益超过预期的边际成本，因而罪犯将提高犯罪的严重程度。
而超过x*的那些x，预期边际成本超过预期收益，所以罪犯将降低犯罪的严重程度。
而x等于x*时，边际收益等于预期边际成本，因此不改变犯罪的严重程度，罪犯将实现净收益最大化口。