经济学人杂志
功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例
功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例一、引言当今世界，经济全球化不断深入，各国在政治、经济等领域交流日益密切，了解国际市场、掌握国际经济形势成为广大群众一大诉求，因此英语财经类新闻的翻译显得尤为重要。
《经济学人》作为一本财经类杂志，具有较高的国际知名度，其新闻报道兼具权威性与实效性，该杂志的准确翻译可成为了解国际金融信息的高质量渠道之一。
奈达的功能对等理论强调信息的准确传递和强调读者反应，即在准确传递信息的基础上，原文读者与译文读者应有一致的阅读体验。
文章以功能对等理论为基础，试图探讨财经类新闻在翻译中如何实现原文与译文读者取得一致的阅读体验。
二、功能对等理论动态对等的概念是尤金•奈达于20 世纪60 年代在《翻译科学探索》一书中提出的。
动态对等指出，译者不能仅仅关注源语与目的语间的对应关系，而该关注一种动态的关系，即目的语读者和目的语信息间的关系应与源语读者和源语信息间的关系保持一致[1]。
后来，为避免公众对“动态”一词的误解，在《从一种语言到另一种语言》一书中，奈达将动态对等替换为功能对等，进一步完善了理论内容[2]。
功能对等理论强调读者反应，即目的语读者对译文的阅读反应需与源语读者对源语的阅读反应保持基本一致，这就要求译文与原文在功能上达到最贴近的对等。
然而，在翻译实践中译者不可避免地会遇到无法跨越的障碍，例如源语中的文化表述、语言形式等很难再现，根据功能对等理论，这时应首先保证信息的准确传递，即最自然的对等。
可见，功能对等理论的两大核心即是信息的准确传递与读者反应[3]。
国内对功能对等理论的研究与应用涉及广泛，包括新闻、广告、文学、影视字幕等诸多翻译领域。
而新闻具有面向大众、真实准确、及时简明的特点，因此新闻翻译应具有更高的可读性与交际性。
财经类新闻同时具有专业性与民生性，二者的对立统一关系需要译者在翻译中更需要坚持功能对等，以最大限度让目的语读者获得与源语读者相同的阅读体验。
大学英语四级强化智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年哈尔滨理工大学
第一章测试1.《卫报》(The Guardian)是（）的全国性综合内容日报。
A:美国B:澳大利亚C:加拿大D:英国答案:D2.《新闻周刊》是（）时政杂志中因评论优秀而获得荣誉最多的周刊。
A:加拿大B:英国C:澳大利亚D:美国答案:D3.《大西洋月刊》是（）最受尊敬的杂志之一。
A:美国B:英国C:加拿大D:澳大利亚答案:A4.着重财经新闻报道的是（）。
A:《纽约时报》B:《华盛顿邮报》C:《洛杉矶时报》D:《华尔街日报》答案:D5.被称为“灰色女士”(The Gray Lady)的是（）。
A:《华尔街日报》B:《洛杉矶时报》C:《华盛顿邮报》D:《纽约时报》答案:D6.大学英语四级笔试每年的考试时间是六月和十二月。
（）A:错B:对答案:B7.大学英语四级考试听力部分包括短对话。
（）A:错B:对答案:A8.《经济学人》是一份，由纽约经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志。
（）A:对B:错答案:B9.《洛杉矶时报》（Los Angles Times）是美国西部最大的对开日报。
（）A:错B:对答案:B10.《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)，是美国华盛顿最大、最老的报纸。
（）A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.If the physical, psychological and environmental demands on workers （）their capabilities, hazards arise.A:succeedB:precedeC:exceedD:proceed答案:C2.If you don’t （） what may happen, you will find yourself at a loss whensomething crops up.A:anticipateB:perceiveC:conceiveD:deceive答案:A3.But a new study suggests that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) andtexting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are （）.A:revertedB:reversedC:introvertedD:controverted答案:C4.Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day,she （） that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12.A:reclaimedB:claimedC:exclaimedD:proclaimed答案:B5.The program will offer patients several bags of food （） for their condition,along with intensive training in how to cook it.A:describedB:scribedC:prescribedD:inscribed答案:C6.Elaborate既是形容词也是动词。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(The Economist整理版4-5)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new service hopes to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet services such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by routing part or all of each call over the internet, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text messages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a British start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packets across the internet, rather than being routed through operators' textmessaging infrastructure. As a result, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per message. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particularly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bundles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, says Doug Richard, the firm's co-founder. For really intensive text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15—are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 messages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-messaging accounts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margins on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accounts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Richard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that would undermine their own efforts to push new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other countries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentum,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. But as Skype has also shown, once a disruptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not just for its users, but for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clearer imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medicine and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid bodies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imaging relies on the fact that different materials absorb the radiation to different degrees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photographic negative. But Xrays are less good at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of Nature Physics, that they have manipulated standard X-ray imaging techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays but also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative positions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easily picked up, so doctors can detect even small variations in the composition of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contrast imaging—is already used routinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thought to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between the source of the X-rays and the body under examination, and two between the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce thedetailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contrasted image—which can then be combined to produce a high-resolution picture.The researchers tested their technique on a Cardinal tetra, a tiny iridescent fish commonly found in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gut of the fish, while the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater detail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no longer be the stuff of Nobel prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased significantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDupe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a dragon in every home.GeneDupe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really quite old animals, with the twist that even when they did exist, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. But GeneDupe's team of biologists and computer scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, since both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, biochemical. Virtual cell biology aspires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts list—mitochondria for energy processing, the endoplasmic reticulum for making proteins, Golgi body for protein assembly, and so on.Armed with their virtual cell, GeneDupe's scientists can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, by loading it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the right virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividing and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a computer, it happens fast. Passing from egg to adult in one of GeneDupe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minute. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDupe's scientists can add a little evolution to their products.Each computer starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eagle for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked by random electronic mutations. When they have matured, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are culled.Using this rapid evolutionary process, GeneDupe's scientists have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on which they are just embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, with actual DNA, the genetic material that the computer models predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nucleus removed. The result, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or what have you.Tales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the unexpected. Even so, on March 13th, six volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All ended up seriously ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find out whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so serious that Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a full inquiry. On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and human-cell cultures, and despite the fact that the doses in the human trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult result for the drug business because it raises questions about the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is unusual in that it is an antibody. Most drugs are what are known as “small molecules”. Antibodies are big, powerful proteins that are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for human therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, but hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody drugs are designed to work in one of three ways: by recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecule drug or a radioactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was unusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superagonistic” antibody, designed to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell known as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a number of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antibodies seemed like a good treatment strategy. Unfortunately, that strategy fell disastrously to pieces and it will take a little longer to find out why.The result highlights concerns raised in a paper just published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a group of experts based in London. It says there are special risks associated with novel antibody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that they might not bind to their targets in humans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceTwo possible explanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neutrinos beamed at it from getting through. Yet neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All but a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are known as electron neutrinos, tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realised that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neutrinos on their journey to Earth. Two other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK particle-accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near Chicago, confirmed these results. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos by firing an intense stream of protons into a block of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab site. The neutrinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt American workers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the midst of just such a quarrel now. Congress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegalworkers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-worker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immigration's defenders claim that foreigners come to do jobs that Americans won't—as if cities with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succumbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to go around.One common argument, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally distributed, typical wages have grown surprisingly slowly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actually fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially because recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of America's pool of workers, but 28% of those without a high-school education and over half of those with eight years' schooling or less.In fact, the relationship between immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capital as well as labour. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can still shift the relative pay of workers of different types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could push down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had complementary skills, natives would be relatively better off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayThe EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when using your mobile phone abroad that you realise there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she announced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: European consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roaming margins above 90%, European mobile operators make profits of around €10 billion a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home countries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sound good. But, as the industry is understandably at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone would take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator might have a network, bu t no customers, because they've all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thought to account for around 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafo ne, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposing price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadily reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cuts, too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovum, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are right that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the same. So expect them to lobby hard against the proposals over the next couple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome that would, of course, allow both sides to claim victory.Devices and their desiresEngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a device—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biology and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly different treatments, often with little in common. But that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnology industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of surgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasing stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceutical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer gradual progress. Instead of hanging out with breathless entrepreneurs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are based, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And unlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing blitzes to tell ailing consumers about its new drugs, medical-device sales teams act more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two business cultures together. Earlier this year, for example, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply drug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from sutures and syringes to catheters, in order to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broader approaches to health care. Genzyme says that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney disease, and realised that it needed to understand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. But combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer development cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceutical firms have no such option. If a difficulty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can do about it. “You can't futz with a molecule”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care industry analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering outfits were once divisions of pharmaceutical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold Howmedica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based Stryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. Now both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, drugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. But, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Medtronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceutical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; but probably less risk of wholesale rejection.Eat less, live moreHow to live longer—maybeDIETING, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. Thisstudy, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (high resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points out that it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie restriction actually extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a drug that will stave off old age is itself as old as the hills—as is the wishful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is known to be a family of enzymes called sirtuins, which act both as sensors of nutrient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Universal service?Proponents of “software as a service” say it will wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Mi crosoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-based service via a web browser, rather than as a product that must be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is obvious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than traditional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outbreak of iconoclasm. “Traditional software is dead,” says Jason Maynard, an analyst at Credit Suisse. Just as most firms do not own generators, but buy electricity from the grid, so in future they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc Benioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while SaaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billion last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billion by 2010—but even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. But there is much debate, even among its advocates, about how quickly it will grow, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusiastic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software, which is dominated by Microsoft, or for high-end enterprise software, which is dominated by SAP and Oracle, the middle ground is still highly f ragmented, which presents an opportunity. “This is the last great software market left—the last unconsolidated market,” says Zach Nelson of NetSuite, which provides a suite of software services including accounting, sales-force automation and customer service. His firm is targeting small and medium-sized businesses by providing “verticalised” services—that is, versions of its software adapted to particular types of company, such as professional-service firms, wholesale distributors and software firms.Large companies, says Mr Nelson, have already made big investments in traditional software. “They've already been through the pain,” he says. So they will not be in a hurry to ditch their existing investments in traditional software from the likes of SAP and Or acle. “I have no fantasy of replacing those guys,” says Mr Nelson. But Mr Benioff of disagrees. His firm provides customer-relationship management (CRM) software as a service, which is already used by many big firms including Cisco, Sprint a nd Merrill Lynch. “The world's largest companies are now using for the world's largest CRM implementations,” he says. “It's the future of our industry that everything will be a service.”Even so, Mr Maynard reckons it will be some time before large companies fully embrace the service model. However,。
经济学人杂志 约翰·霍普·富兰克林
经济学人杂志约翰·霍普·富兰克林John Hope Franklin, historian of race in America, died on March 25th, aged 94美国种族问题史学家J.H.富兰克林于3月25日去世，享年94岁HIS chief pleasures were contemplative and patient. With watering can and clippers, he would potter in his greenhouse among hundreds of varieties of orchids. Or, standing in a river, he would wait for hours until a fish tickled his line. These were, one could say, typical historian’s amusements; very close, in rhythm and character, to the painstaking, careful accumulation of tiny pieces of fact.劳神费心的事儿，冥思苦想的活儿，都成了J.H.富兰克林平生最主要的乐儿。
若是给他一个浇花壶，再加一把剪子，他就会忘情地泡在自家的花房里，悠游于那数百株品种各异姹紫嫣红的兰花中。
或者，他又会整个人插在河里，石雕般地站上好几小时，直到那鱼儿“胳肢”他的鱼线。
有人说，这没什么，一个历史学家的典型消遣不就是这些么；那种节奏舒缓而又心无旁骛的娱乐精神，与他在认真聚拢、梳理那些极琐碎的真人真事中所表现出来的细腻之风是合拍的，也是融通的。
And yet what John Hope Franklin collected, over a lifetime of scholarship, were scraps of horror. Five dollars for the cost of a branding iron. A deed of sale, in Virginia in 1829, for a male slave “of a yellow colour” who “is not in the habit of running away”. Or the testimony from 1860 of Edward Johnson, a black child apprentice:不过，终其学术生涯一生，富氏所收集的却是零散的惊怖之材：一块价值五美元的烙铁；一桩发生在1829年的弗吉尼亚的奴隶买卖，该名待售的“黄皮肤”男奴“并不惯于潜逃”；抑或是幼小的爱德华·约翰逊于1860年提供的一段证词。
经济学人杂志一期
考研精读|The Economist Compounding 利滚利————————————————————————————The super-rich get richer and everyone else gets poorer印度超级富豪财源滚滚而普通百姓生存愈艰【Para.1】Some people have almost all the luck. Over the past year, as India’s economy has shrunk by around a tenth and tens of millions of Indians have lost jobs or sunk into poverty, fortunes of the country’s two richest people have Gautam Adani, whose conglomeratesome $32bn. Mukesh Ambani’s riches, which derive fromjust 25%, albeit to an intimidating $75bn or so.所有的好运似乎都集中在少部分人的头上。
在过去的一年里，印度经济萎缩了约十分之一，数千万印度人失去工作或陷入贫困，而与此同时，这个国家最富有的两个人的财富却在膨胀。
高塔姆·阿达尼(Gautam Adani)，名下财团业务覆盖港口、煤矿以及食品等领域的大富豪，一年里个人财富翻了一番不止，增长到320亿美元左右。
另一位富豪，穆凯什·安巴尼的财富则来自炼油、电信和零售等行业，尽管增长到了令人生畏的750亿美元上下，却也只是增长了25%。
The share of wealth and income going to the top 1% has beenrising rapidly in recent years in India, as it has been in manycountries. Last year they hoovered up21.4% of earnings, justahead of their counterparts in Russia, according to the WorldInequality Database. Credit Suisse, a bank, puts their share ofIndia’s wealth at 39%, well ahead of the richest 1% of Americansor Chinese. Most alarmingly, in India some of the rich havebecome super-rich by using their heft to crush smallercompetitors and thus corner multiple chunks of the economy.The tilt in fortunes has rewarded not so much technicalinnovation or productivity growth or the opening of new marketsas the wielding of political influence and privileged access tocapital to capture and protect existing markets.和许多其他国家一样，印度最富有的1%的人所拥有的财富和收入份额近年来一直在急速上升。
英文期刊《经济学人》汉译英时政词语点评
英文期刊《经济学人》汉译英时政词语点评As one of the most influential English-language periodicals, The Economist not only provides insightful analysis and commentary on economics, business, and finance, but also offers comprehensive coverage of global politics and current affairs. With its unique perspective and distinctive style, The Economist has been a valuable source ofinformation and inspiration for people around the world, especially for those who are interested in understanding the latest developments and trends in the ever-changing world.In recent years, the translation of political terms and phrases from Chinese to English has become a hot topic in the academic and professional circles. Many scholars, translators, and language experts have devoted considerable efforts to studying and analyzing the challenges and opportunities of translating political discourse from Chinese to English, as well as exploring the cultural and linguistic factors thatmay influence the translation process and the reception ofthe translated texts.Against this backdrop, this paper aims to provide acritical review and analysis of the translation of political terms and phrases from English to Chinese in The Economist, with a focus on the linguistic and cultural difficulties and the strategies and techniques adopted by the translators to overcome them. Specifically, the paper will examine five selected articles from The Economist that cover various aspects of global politics and current affairs, and analyzethe translation of the key terms and phrases in thesearticles from English to Chinese.The five articles selected for this study are: "The Rise of Populist Nationalism in Europe", "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis", "The Future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership", "The Rohingya Refugee Crisis", and "The Catalan Independence Referendum". These articles touch upon some of the most pressing and complex issues facing the world today, such as the rise of populism and nationalism in Western Europe, the nuclear threat posed by North Korea, the challenges and opportunities of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the humanitarian crisis in Myanmar, and the political turbulence in Catalonia. By examining the translation of these articles, we can gain a deeper understanding of the linguistic and cultural difficulties involved in translating political discourse, as well as the strategies and techniques that can be used to produce effective and accurate translations.One of the most important challenges of translating political discourse from English to Chinese is the linguistic and cultural gap between the two languages and cultures. English is a highly idiomatic and metaphorical language that often uses complex and abstract terms and phrases to convey its meanings. Chinese, on the other hand, is a relatively more literal and concrete language that relies more on context and syntax to convey its meanings. As a result, translating political discourse from English to Chinese requires a deep understanding of both languages and cultures, as well as a great deal of creativity and flexibility.In the article "The Rise of Populist Nationalism in Europe", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key phrase "populist nationalism" into Chinese. Thetranslator decides to use the term "民粹主义"(min4cui4zhu3yi4), which combines the Chinese words for "people" (民) and "pure" (粹), and the English word "ism". This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "minzhu" (民主), which means "democracy" in Chinese, may cause confusion among Chinese readers who are notfamiliar with the concept of "populist nationalism" in the Western context.In the article "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key term "denuclearization" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "无核化" (wu2he2hua4), which literally means "removal of nuclear weapons". This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "he" (核), which means "nuclear" in Chinese, may cause confusion among Chinese readers who are not familiar with the context of the North Korean nuclear crisis.In the article "The Future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key term "free trade" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "自由贸易"(zi4you2mao4yi4), which combines the Chinese words for "freedom" (自由) and "trade" (贸易). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "maoyi" (贸易), which means "trade" in Chinese, may not fully capture the complexity and depth of the term "free trade" in the Western context.In the article "The Rohingya Refugee Crisis", thetranslator faces the challenge of translating the key term "ethnic cleansing" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "种族清洗" (zhong3zu2qing1xi3), which combines the Chinese words for "ethnic group" (种族) and "cleaning" (清洗). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "qingxi" (清洗), which means "cleaning" in Chinese, may not fully capture the brutality and violence of the term "ethnic cleansing" in the Western context.In the article "The Catalan Independence Referendum", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key phrase "illegal referendum" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "非法公投" (fei1fa3gong1tou2), which combines the Chinese words for "illegal" (非法) and "referendum" (公投). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "gongtou" (公投), which means "referendum" in Chinese, may not fully capture the political significance and implications of the term "referendum" in the Western context.In conclusion, the translation of political terms and phrases from English to Chinese is a complex and challenging task that requires a deep understanding of both languages and cultures, as well as a great deal of creativity and flexibility. The five articles selected for this study provide a comprehensive and diverse sample of the political discourse in English and Chinese, and offer valuable insights and lessons for translators, scholars, and language learners who are interested in bridging the linguistic and cultural gap between the two languages and cultures.。
巨无霸指数
巨无霸指数
经济学人》杂志曾经用更加形象的例子解释过PPP的概念。
1986年9月，这本英国杂志提出了“巨无霸指数”，就是以麦当劳同样一款汉堡为标的，考察用当地货币购买这同一产品需要多少钱，从而衡量这些国家货币的购买力。
这个指标的含义是：麦当劳的巨无霸汉堡无论在世界各地，它的用料质量和重量都有同一标准，因此从购买力来看，它的成本应该都是相同的。
一个巨无霸汉堡在美国的各地平均价格大约4美元，而在中国是15元，那么美元与人民币的购买力平价汇率就是15元=4美元。
英语报刊选读
英语报刊选读一、阅读材料1. The Economist (经济学人)The Economist is a weekly international business magazine published in London. It provides objective reporting, analysis and opinion to help business people and policy makers understand the global economy. The magazine covers a wide range of topics including business, politics, technology, culture and international affairs. It is a good source of news and analysis for English learners.2. New York Times (纽约时报)The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City. It is one of the most influential English-language newspapers in the world, covering news, culture, sports and other topics. The newspaper publishes high-quality reporting, analysis and opinion on current events, and it is a good source of reading practice for English learners.3. Wall Street Journal (华尔街日报)The Wall Street Journal is a daily business newspaper published in New York City. It provides objective reporting and analysis on the financial markets, business news, economics and other topics. The newspaper is written in a formal style and is a good choice for students who want to improve their writing skills.二、回答问题1. What are the main differences between The Economist and the New York Times?The Economist is a weekly international business magazine published in London, providing objective reporting, analysis and opinion to help business people and policy makers understand the global economy. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City, covering news, culture, sports and other topics. Therefore, The Economist is more focused on business and international affairs, while the New York Times covers a wider range of topics.2. What are the advantages of reading Wall Street Journal for English learners?Reading the Wall Street Journal has several advantages for English learners. Firstly, it provides objective reporting and analysis on the financial markets, business news, economics and other topics, which helps learners improve their understanding of financial and economic issues. Secondly, the newspaper is written in a formal style, which provides learners with opportunities to improve their writing skills. Finally, reading the Wall Street Journal is a good source of reading practice for learners who want to improve their reading comprehension and vocabulary skills.三、个人观点In my opinion, reading English newspapers and magazines is an effective way for English learners to improve their language proficiency. By reading different types of newspapers and magazines, learners can broaden their horizons, improve their writing skills, and gain a better understanding of current events and international affairs. Additionally, reading newspapers and magazines in a foreign language provides learners with opportunities to practice their reading, listening, speaking and writing skills, which helps them develop a more natural fluency in the target language. Therefore, I recommend that English learners regularly read English newspapers and magazines to improve their language proficiency.。
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经济学人杂志
Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。
菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。
在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后，他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票，从而获得领导权。
菅义伟先生（曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官）承诺继续安倍的政策。
但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。
Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.
泰国成为第一个东南亚国家放松由于新冠疫情提出的旅游禁令。
游客只要同意14天的隔离和最少逗留时间，将会允许进入泰国。
相反，马来西亚的首相说会收紧对于边境的管控。
新加坡将会给所有的成年居民价值100新加坡元（73美元）的优惠券用来花在当地的酒店和观光。
r es·ig·na·tion /ˌrezəɡˈnāSH(ə)n/表示“辞职，辞职信，辞呈”
（an act of retiring or giving up a position.）
例句：" he announced his resignation"
resign 动词
If you resign from a job or position, you formally announce that you are leaving it.
due to 由于同义词：owing to.... as a result of .....
Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter.
其中蓝色的部分是一个定语从句修饰visitors这个先行词
by contrast 相反地contrast本身可以做名词或者动词
Contrast the two major characters of the novel
对比小说的主要两个人物
the contrast between the two forms of government 两种政府形式的对比。