第四章 货币时间价值
第四章货币的时间价值说课讲解
❖二 年金终值
❖ 年金：是指相隔期相等的系列等额收付款。
❖ （一）普通年金：年金最基本形式，是指从第一 期起，在一定时期内每期期末等额首付的系列款 项，又称为后付年金。
❖
普通年金终值是指普通年金最后一次收付
一 复利终值
❖例 现在将1000元存入银行，利息率为6%，1 年复利1次，5年后的复利终值是多少？
❖ 【正确答案】 ❖ F5=P*(1+i)n=1000*(1+6%)5
=1000*(F/P,6%,5)=1000*1.3382 ------复利终值系数 =1338.2
❖例 某人将10000元存入银行，年利率2%，求 10年后的终值，已知复利终值系数（F/P， 2%，10）=1.2190
❖ 【正确答案】 ❖ F10=p*(1+r/m)mn=1000*(1+3%)1
0 =1000*(F/P,3%,10)=1000*1.3310 ❖ =1331
❖例 本金1 000元，投资5年，年利率8％，每季 度复利一次，求实际利率。
❖1＋i＝（1＋ 8％ /4 ）4 ❖i ＝（1＋8％/4）4－1
利息计算方法
（1）单利：只对本
金计算利息。 . （2）复利：不仅要对 本金计算利息，而且 对前期的利息也要计 算利息。（即利上加 利或利滚利）
第一节总结
❖ 1、货币时间价值的概念 ❖ 2、货币时间价值的表示方法 ❖ 3、几组相关的概念
终值和现值 单利和复利
第二节 终值
❖ 复利的力量
彼得·米尼德于1626年从印 第安人手中仅以24美元就买下了 57.91平方公里的曼哈顿。这24 美元的投资，如果用复利计算， 到2006年，即380年之后，价格 非常惊人：
《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析
CHAPTER 4THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSISObjectives∙To explain the concepts of compounding and discounting, future value and present value.∙To show how these concepts are applied to making financial decisions.Outline4.1Compounding4.2The Frequency of Compounding4.3Present Value and Discounting4.4Alternative Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules4.5Multiple Cash Flows4.6Annuities4.7Perpetual Annuities4.8Loan Amortization4.9Exchange Rates and Time Value of Money4.10Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis4.11Taxes and Investment DecisionsSummary∙Compounding is the process of going from present value (PV) to future value (FV). The future value of $1 earning interest at rate i per period for n periods is (1+i)n.∙Discounting is finding the present value of some future amount. The present value of $1 discounted at rate i per period for n periods is 1/(1+i)n.∙One can make financial decisions by comparing the present values of streams of expected future cash flows resulting from alternative courses of action. The present value of cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows is called net present value (NPV). If a course of action has a positive NPV, it is worth undertaking.∙In any time value of money calculation, the cash flows and the interest rate must be denominated in the same currency.∙Never use a nominal interest rate when discounting real cash flows or a real interest rate when discounting nominal cash flows.How to Do TVM Calculations in MS ExcelAssume you have the following cash flows set up in a spreadsheet:A B1t CF20-1003150426053706NPV7IRRMove the cursor to cell B6 in the spreadsheet. Click the function wizard f x in the tool bar and when a menu appears, select financial and then NPV. Then follow the instructions for inputting the discount rate and cash flows. You can input the column of cash flows by selecting and moving it with your mouse. Ultimately cell B6should contain the following:=NPV(0.1,B3:B5)+B2The first variable in parenthesis is the discount rate. Make sure to input the discount rate as a decimal fraction (i.e., 10% is .1). Note that the NPV function in Excel treats the cash flows as occurring at the end of each period, and therefore the initial cash flow of 100 in cell B2 is added after the closing parenthesis. When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be $47.63.Now move the cursor to cell B7to compute IRR. This time select IRR from the list of financial functions appearing in the menu. Ultimately cell B7 should contain the following:=IRR(B2:B5)When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be 34%.Your spreadsheet should look like this when you have finished:A B1t CF20-1003150426053706NPV47.637IRR34%Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1.If you invest $1000 today at an interest rate of 10% per year, how much will you have 20 years from now,assuming no withdrawals in the interim?2. a. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years, starting one year from today and you earninterest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years?b.How much must you invest each year if you want to have $50,000 at the end of the 20 years?3.What is the present value of the following cash flows at an interest rate of 10% per year?a.$100 received five years from now.b.$100 received 60 years from now.c.$100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.d.$100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.e.$100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever.e.PV = $100 = $1,000.104.You want to establish a “wasting” fund which will provide you with $1000 per year for four years, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you can earn 10% interest per year?SOLUTION:5.You take a one-year installment loan of $1000 at an interest rate of 12% per year (1% per month) to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments.a.What is the monthly payment?b.What is the total amount of interest paid over the 12-month term of the loan?SOLUTION:b. 12 x $88.85 - $1,000 = $66.206.You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.a.If the interest rate is 16% per year what is the amount of the monthly payment?b.If you can only afford to pay $1000 per month, how large a loan could you take?c.If you can afford to pay $1500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months would it taketo pay off the mortgage?d.If you can pay $1500 per month, need to borrow $100,000, and want a 25 year mortgage, what is thehighest interest rate you can pay?SOLUTION:a.Note: Do not round off the interest rate when computing the monthly rate or you will not get the same answerreported here. Divide 16 by 12 and then press the i key.b.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.c.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.7.In 1626 Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested it to earn 6% per year compounded annually, how much would the Indians have had in 1986, 360 years later?SOLUTION:8.You win a $1 million lottery which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years, beginning one year from now. How much is your prize really worth assuming an interest rate of 8% per year?SOLUTION:9.Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?SOLUTION:10.You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank, what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?SOLUTION:If you must pay 2 points up front, the bank is in effect lending you only $98,000. Keying in 98000 as PV and computing i, we get:11.Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 10 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes up to 12% in the second year of the loan, what will your new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:Step 2 is to compute the new monthly payment at an interest rate of 1% per month:12.You just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving this money for graduation which is four years away. You have your choice between Bank A which is paying 7% for one-year deposits and Bank B which is paying 6% on one-year deposits. Each bank compounds interest annually. What is the future value of your savings one year from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better decision? What savings decision will most individuals make? What likely reaction will Bank B have? SOLUTION:$500 x (1.07) = $535Formula:$500 x (1.06) = $530a.You will decide to save your money in Bank A because you will have more money at the end of the year. Youmade an extra $5 because of your savings decision. That is an increase in value of 1%. Because interestcompounded only once per year and your money was left in the account for only one year, the increase in value is strictly due to the 1% difference in interest rates.b.Most individuals will make the same decision and eventually Bank B will have to raise its rates. However, it isalso possible that Bank A is paying a high rate just to attract depositors even though this rate is not profitable for the bank. Eventually Bank A will have to lower its rate to Bank B’s rate in order to make money.13.Sue Consultant has just been given a bonus of $2,500 by her employer. She is thinking about using the money to start saving for the future. She can invest to earn an annual rate of interest of 10%.a.According to the Rule of 72, approximately how long will it take for Sue to increase her wealth to $5,000?b.Exactly how long does it actually take?SOLUTION:a.According to the Rule of 72: n = 72/10 = 7.2 yearsIt will take approximately 7.2 years for Sue’s $2,500 to double to $5,000 at 10% interest.b.At 10% interestFormula:$2,500 x (1.10)n = $5,000Hence, (1.10)n = 2.0n log 1.10 = log 2.0n = .693147 = 7.27 Years.095310rry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certain deposits. Every year the interest rate is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual compounding). Last year the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much will be in his account at the end of this year?SOLUTION:$20,000 x 1.07 x 1.06 x 1.05 = $23,818.2015.You have your choice between investing in a bank savings account which pays 8% compounded annually (BankAnnual) and one which pays 7.5% compounded daily (BankDaily).a.Based on effective annual rates, which bank would you prefer?b.Suppose BankAnnual is only offering one-year Certificates of Deposit and if you withdraw your moneyearly you lose all interest. How would you evaluate this additional piece of information when making your decision?SOLUTION:a.Effective Annual Rate: BankAnnual = 8%.Effective Annual Rate BankDaily = [1 + .075]365 - 1 = .07788 = 7.788%365Based on effective annual rates, you would prefer BankAnnual (you will earn more money.)b.If BankAnnual’s 8% annual return is conditioned upon leaving the money in for one full year, I would need tobe sure that I did not need my money within the one year period. If I were unsure of when I might need the money, it might be safer to go for BankDaily. The option to withdraw my money whenever I might need it will cost me the potential difference in interest:FV (BankAnnual) = $1,000 x 1.08 = $1,080FV (BankDaily) = $1,000 x 1.07788 = $1,077.88Difference = $2.12.16.What are the effective annual rates of the following:a.12% APR compounded monthly?b.10% APR compounded annually?c.6% APR compounded daily?SOLUTION:Effective Annual Rate (EFF) = [1 + APR] m - 1ma.(1 + .12)12 - 1 = .1268 = 12.68%12b.(1 + .10)- 1 = .10 = 10%1c.(1 + .06)365 - 1 = .0618 = 6.18%36517.Harry promises that an investment in his firm will double in six years. Interest is assumed to be paid quarterly and reinvested. What effective annual yield does this represent?EAR=(1.029302)4-1=12.25%18.Suppose you know that you will need $2,500 two years from now in order to make a down payment on a car.a.BankOne is offering 4% interest (compounded annually) for two-year accounts, and BankTwo is offering4.5% (compounded annually) for two-year accounts. If you know you need $2,500 two years from today,how much will you need to invest in BankOne to reach your goal? Alternatively, how much will you need to invest in BankTwo? Which Bank account do you prefer?b.Now suppose you do not need the money for three years, how much will you need to deposit today inBankOne? BankTwo?SOLUTION:PV = $2,500= $2,311.39(1.04)2PV = $2,500= $2,289.32(1.045)2You would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 two years from today.b.PV = $2,500= $2,222.49(1.04)3PV = $2,500= $2,190.74(1.045)3Again, you would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 three years from today.19.Lucky Lynn has a choice between receiving $1,000 from her great-uncle one year from today or $900 from her great-aunt today. She believes she could invest the $900 at a one-year return of 12%.a.What is the future value of the gift from her great-uncle upon receipt? From her great-aunt?b.Which gift should she choose?c.How does your answer change if you believed she could invest the $900 from her great-aunt at only 10%?At what rate is she indifferent?SOLUTION:a. Future Value of gift from great-uncle is simply equal to what she will receive one year from today ($1000). Sheearns no interest as she doesn’t receive the money until next year.b. Future Value of gift from great-aunt: $900 x (1.12) = $1,008.c. She should choose the gift from her great-aunt because it has future value of $1008 one year from today. Thegift from her great-uncle has a future value of $1,000. This assumes that she will able to earn 12% interest on the $900 deposited at the bank today.d. If she could invest the money at only 10%, the future value of her investment from her great-aunt would only be$990: $900 x (1.10) = $990. Therefore she would choose the $1,000 one year from today. Lucky Lynn would be indifferent at an annual interest rate of 11.11%:$1000 = $900 or (1+i) = 1,000 = 1.1111(1+i)900i = .1111 = 11.11%20.As manager of short-term projects, you are trying to decide whether or not to invest in a short-term project that pays one cash flow of $1,000 one year from today. The total cost of the project is $950. Your alternative investment is to deposit the money in a one-year bank Certificate of Deposit which will pay 4% compounded annually.a.Assuming the cash flow of $1,000 is guaranteed (there is no risk you will not receive it) what would be alogical discount rate to use to determine the present value of the cash flows of the project?b.What is the present value of the project if you discount the cash flow at 4% per year? What is the netpresent value of that investment? Should you invest in the project?c.What would you do if the bank increases its quoted rate on one-year CDs to 5.5%?d.At what bank one-year CD rate would you be indifferent between the two investments?SOLUTION:a.Because alternative investments are earning 4%, a logical choice would be to discount the project’s cash flowsat 4%. This is because 4% can be considered as your opportunity cost for taking the project; hence, it is your cost of funds.b.Present Value of Project Cash Flows:PV = $1,000= $961.54(1.04)The net present value of the project = $961.54 - $950 (cost) = $11.54The net present value is positive so you should go ahead and invest in the project.c.If the bank increased its one-year CD rate to 5.5%, then the present value changes to:PV = $1,000= $947.87(1.055)Now the net present value is negative: $947.87 - $950 = - $2.13. Therefore you would not want to invest in the project.d.You would be indifferent between the two investments when the bank is paying the following one-year interestrate:$1,000 = $950 hence i = 5.26%(1+i)21.Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2,000 today and receive $200 one year from now, $800 two years from now, and $1,000 a year for 10 years starting four years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 8%.SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator:22.Your cousin has asked for your advice on whether or not to buy a bond for $995 which will make one payment of $1,200 five years from today or invest in a local bank account.a.What is the internal rate of return on the bond’s cash flows? What additional information do you need tomake a choice?b.What advice would you give her if you learned the bank is paying 3.5% per year for five years(compounded annually?)c.How would your advice change if the bank were paying 5% annually for five years? If the price of thebond were $900 and the bank pays 5% annually?SOLUTION:a.$995 x (1+i)5 = $1,200.(1+i)5 = $1,200$995Take 5th root of both sides:(1+i) =1.0382i = .0382 = 3.82%In order to make a choice, you need to know what interest rate is being offered by the local bank.b.Upon learning that the bank is paying 3.5%, you would tell her to choose the bond because it is earning a higherrate of return of 3.82% .c.If the bank were paying 5% per year, you would tell her to deposit her money in the bank. She would earn ahigher rate of return.5.92% is higher than the rate the bank is paying (5%); hence, she should choose to buy the bond.23.You and your sister have just inherited $300 and a US savings bond from your great-grandfather who had left them in a safe deposit box. Because you are the oldest, you get to choose whether you want the cash or the bond. The bond has only four years left to maturity at which time it will pay the holder $500.a.If you took the $300 today and invested it at an interest rate 6% per year, how long (in years) would ittake for your $300 to grow to $500? (Hint: you want to solve for n or number of periods. Given these circumstances, which are you going to choose?b.Would your answer change if you could invest the $300 at 10% per year? At 15% per year? What otherDecision Rules could you use to analyze this decision?SOLUTION:a.$300 x (1.06)n = $500(1.06)n = 1.6667n log 1.06 = log 1.6667n = .510845 = 8.77 Years.0582689You would choose the bond because it will increase in value to $500 in 4 years. If you tookthe $300 today, it would take more than 8 years to grow to $500.b.You could also analyze this decision by computing the NPV of the bond investment at the different interest rates:In the calculations of the NPV, $300 can be considered your “cost” for acquiring the bond since you will give up $300 in cash by choosing the bond. Note that the first two interest rates give positive NPVs for the bond, i.e. you should go for the bond, while the last NPV is negative, hence choose the cash instead. These results confirm the previous method’s results.24.Suppose you have three personal loans outstanding to your friend Elizabeth. A payment of $1,000 is due today, a $500 payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. You would like to consolidate the three loans into one, with 36 equal monthly payments, beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per year.a.What is the annual percentage rate you will be paying?b.How large will the new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:a.To find the APR, you must first compute the monthly interest rate that corresponds to an effective annual rate of8% and then multiply it by 12:1.08 = (1+ i)12Take 12th root of both sides:1.006434 = 1+ ii = .006434 or .6434% per monthOr using the financial calculator:b.The method is to first compute the PV of the 3 loans and then compute a 36 month annuity payment with thesame PV. Most financial calculators have keys which allow you to enter several cash flows at once. This approach will give the user the PV of the 3 loans.Note: The APR used to discount the cash flows is the effective rate in this case, because this method is assuming annual compounding.25.As CEO of ToysRFun, you are offered the chance to participate, without initial charge, in a project that produces cash flows of $5,000 at the end of the first period, $4,000 at the end of the next period and a loss of $11,000 at the end of the third and final year.a.What is the net present value if the relevant discount rate (the company’s cost of capital) is 10%?b.Would you accept the offer?c.What is the internal rate of return? Can you explain why you would reject a project which has aninternal rate of return greater than its cost of capital?SOLUTION:At 10% discount rate:Net Present Value = - 0 + $5,000 + $4,000 - $11,000 = - 413.22(1.10)(1.10)2 (1.10)3c.This example is a project with cash flows that begin positive and then turn negative--it is like a loan. The 13.6% IRR is therefore like an interest rate on that loan. The opportunity to take a loan at 13.6% when the cost of capital is only 10% is not worthwhile.26.You must pay a creditor $6,000 one year from now, $5,000 two years from now, $4,000 three years from now, $2,000 four years from now, and a final $1,000 five years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into five equal annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 6% compounded annually, what is the payment?SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do the first step of this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator. To find the present value of the current loan payments:27.Find the future value of the following ordinary annuities (payments begin one year from today and all interest rates compound annually):a.$100 per year for 10 years at 9%.b.$500 per year for 8 years at 15%.c.$800 per year for 20 years at 7%.d.$1,000 per year for 5 years at 0%.e.Now find the present values of the annuities in a-d.f.What is the relationship between present values and future values?SOLUTION:Future Value of Annuity:e.f.The relationship between present value and future value is the following:FV = PV x (1+i)n28.Suppose you will need $50,000 ten years from now. You plan to make seven equal annual deposits beginning three years from today in an account that yields 11% compounded annually. How large should the annual deposit be?SOLUTION:You will be making 7 payments beginning 3 years from today. So, we need to find the value of an immediate annuity with 7 payments whose FV is $50,000:29.Suppose an investment offers $100 per year for five years at 5% beginning one year from today.a.What is the present value? How does the present value calculation change if one additional payment isadded today?b.What is the future value of this ordinary annuity? How does the future value change if one additionalpayment is added today?SOLUTION:$100 x [(1.05)5] - 1 = $552.56.05If you were to add one additional payment of $100 today, the future value would increase by:$100 x (1.05)5 = $127.63. Total future value = $552.56 + $127.63 = $680.19.Another way to do it would be to use the BGN mode for 5 payments of $100 at 5%, find the future value of that, and then add $100. The same $680.19 is obtained.30.You are buying a $20,000 car. The dealer offers you two alternatives: (1) pay the full $20,000 purchase price and finance it with a loan at 4.0% APR over 3 years or (2) receive $1,500 cash back and finance the rest at a bank rate of 9.5% APR. Both loans have monthly payments over three years. Which should you choose? SOLUTION:31.You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced financing rate of 2.9% APR on new car purchases for three year loans, with monthly payments. A second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would of course be ineligible for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the balance of the purchase price from the local bank at the 9%annual rate. How large must the cash rebate be on this $23,000 car to entice a customer away from the dealer who is offering the special 2.9% financing?SOLUTION:of the 2.9% financing.32.Show proof that investing $475.48 today at 10% allows you to withdraw $150 at the end of each of the next 4 years and have nothing remaining.SOLUTION:You deposit $475.48 and earn 10% interest after one year. Then you withdraw $150. The table shows what happensAnother way to do it is simply to compute the PV of the $150 annual withdrawals at 10% : it turns out to be exactly $475.48, hence both amounts are equal.33.As a pension manager, you are considering investing in a preferred stock which pays $5,000,000 per year forever beginning one year from now. If your alternative investment choice is yielding 10% per year, what is the present value of this investment? What is the highest price you would be willing to pay for this investment? If you paid this price, what would be the dividend yield on this investment?SOLUTION:Present Value of Investment:PV = $5,000,000 = $50,000,000.10Highest price you would be willing to pay is $50,000,000.Dividend yield = $5,000,000 = 10%.$50,000,00034. A new lottery game offers a choice for the grand prize winner. You can receive either a lump sum of $1,000,000 immediately or a perpetuity of $100,000 per year forever, with the first payment today. (If you die, your estate will still continue to receive payments). If the relevant interest rate is 9.5% compounded annually, what is the difference in value between the two prizes?SOLUTION:The present value of the perpetuity assuming that payments begin at the end of the year is:$100,000/.095 = $1,052,631.58If the payments begin immediately, you need to add the first payment. $100,000 + 1,052,632 = $1,152,632.So the annuity has a PV which is greater than the lump sum by $152,632.35.Find the future value of a $1,000 lump sum investment under the following compounding assumptions:a.7% compounded annually for 10 yearsb.7% compounded semiannually for 10 yearsc.7% compounded monthly for 10 yearsd.7% compounded daily for 10 yearse.7% compounded continuously for 10 yearsa.$1,000 x (1.07)10 = $1,967.15b.$1,000 x (1.035)20 = $1,989.79c.$1,000 x (1.0058)120 = $2,009.66d.$1,000 x (1.0019178)3650 = $2,013.62e.$1,000 x e.07x10 = $2,013.7536.Sammy Jo charged $1,000 worth of merchandise one year ago on her MasterCard which has a stated interest rate of 18% APR compounded monthly. She made 12 regular monthly payments of $50, at the end of each month, and refrained from using the card for the past year. How much does she still owe? SOLUTION:Sammy Jo has taken a $1,000 loan at 1.5% per month and is paying it off in monthly installments of $50. We could work out the amortization schedule to find out how much she still owes after 12 payments, but a shortcut on the financial calculator is to solve for FV as follows:37.Suppose you are considering borrowing $120,000 to finance your dream house. The annual percentage rate is 9% and payments are made monthly,a.If the mortgage has a 30 year amortization schedule, what are the monthly payments?b.What effective annual rate would you be paying?c.How do your answers to parts a and b change if the loan amortizes over 15 years rather than 30?EFF = [1 + .09]1238.Suppose last year you took out the loan described in problem #37a. Now interest rates have declined to 8% per year. Assume there will be no refinancing fees.a.What is the remaining balance of your current mortgage after 12 payments?b.What would be your payment if you refinanced your mortgage at the lower rate for 29 years? SOLUTION:Exchange Rates and the Time Value of Money39.The exchange rate between the pound sterling and the dollar is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar interest rate is 7% per year, and the pound interest rate is 9% per year. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that allows you to choose between either currency, and it pays the corresponding interest rate.a.If you expect the dollar/pound exchange rate to be $1.40 per pound a year from now and are indifferentto risk, which currency should you choose?b.What is the “break-even” value of the dollar/pound exchange rate one year from now?SOLUTION:a.You could invest $1 today in dollar-denominated bonds and have $1.07 one year from now. Or you couldconvert the dollar today into 2/3 (i.e., 1/1.5) of a pound and invest in pound-denominated bonds to have .726667(i.e., 2/3 x 1.09) pounds one year from now. At an exchange rate of $1.4 per pound, this would yield 0.726667(1.4) = $1.017 (this is lower than $1.07), so you would choose the dollar currency.b.For you to break-even the .726667 pounds would have to be worth $1.07 one year from now, so the break-evenexchange rate is $1.07/.726667 or $1.4725 per pound. So for exchange rates lower than $1.4725 per pound one year from now, the dollar currency will give a better return.。
第四章 货币时间价值及其在金融
例2：贺先生中了彩票，税后收入20000元存入银行， 计划存4年，每半年支取一次。如果银行年名义利率 为８%，每半年计息一次，试问：贺先生每次取款多 少？ 解：这是一个普通年金现值问题。
设每次支取pmt ,因为每半年有效利率为４%
则pmt = 20000/年金现值系数（n=8，i=0.4） =20000/6.733 =2970(元)
如利率为6%，期数为5的期末年金终值系数
5.63709, 则期数为4的期初年金终值系数 =
（5.63709 - 1）= 4.63709
举例1
定期定额投资计算几年后可以累积的理财目标：
周先生每年投资6万元于定期定额基金，假设平均投资
报酬率为5%，请问3年后可累积多少金额？
年金终值系数 =6*(1+5%)3 -1 5%
第六节
货币的时间价值个人金融 理财中的应用
第六节 查表法
一、复利终值
通过复利终值系数表迅速求出复利终值 教材335页附上基本的复利终值系数表
但当利率复杂时，该表有局限
和绅存100万，为期3年，年利率3%，查表系数为1.093,到期 109.3万
二、复利现值
通过复利现值系数表迅速求出复利现值
二、单期中的终值
假设利率为5％，你准备将拿出1万元进行投资， 一年后，你将得到10,500元。
¥ 500 利息收入(¥ 10,000 × 5%) ¥ 10,000 本金投入(¥ 10,000 × 1) ¥ 10,500 全部收入， 算式为：¥ 10,500 = ¥ 10,000×(1+5%).
如果在1626年底，美国土著人按每年8%的 利率把这笔钱进行投资，到2006年底（380年 后），这24美元将会变成超过120.6万亿美元。 无疑已经足够买回整个曼哈顿！！ 对于一个拥有超过120.6万亿美元的人来说， 买回整个曼哈顿花费900-1000亿美元简直就是 微不足道！
第四章货币的时间价值详解
下图是香港恒生指数从1975-2005年的历史数据
长线投资回报稳定
• 投资15年的表现：
• 1975 – 1989 年平均回报 16% • 增长 9 倍
• 1980 – 1994 年平均回报 21% • 增长 17 倍
• 1985 – 1999 年平均回报 18% • 增长 12 倍
• 1990 – 2005 年平均回报 12% • 增长 6 倍
4.1 货币的时间价值
公司理财的一个基本原则就是：今天的1美 元比明天的1美元值钱。
• 货币的时间价值：指当前所持有的一定量 货币比未来获得的等量货币具有更高的价 值。 思考：为什么货币有时间价值？
注意：由于货币具有时间价值，不同时期 的现金流就不能简单地相加。这就是说， 为了比较两个不同时间实现的现金流的大 小，必须将它们换算到同一个时点。
终值（Future Value）：一定数额的资金 在未来某个时刻的价值。
现值（Present Value）：与终值相反，指 的是为了实现将来某个终值而现在需要投 入的资金量。
4.2 单利与复利
• 将现值转换成终值可以采用两种方法：
1. 单利
每期的利息不计入下一期的本金，即
• 例：某政府按面值发行5年面值为100 元国债，票面利率为5%，按单利计息， 每年付息一次，A投资者购买了这种债 券，计算其本利和。
FV PV (1 r)t 2 1 (1 r)8 r 9.05%
财富翻一番 72法则
每年投资回报增幅
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
计算方式
72/5 72/10 72/15 72/20 72/25 72/30 72/35
多少时间增值一倍
14.4年 7.2年 4.8年 3.6年 2.88年 2.4年 2.04年
《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析
CHAPTER 4THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSISObjectives•To explain the concepts of compounding and discounting, future value and present value.•To show how these concepts are applied to making financial decisions.Outline4.1 Compounding4.2 The Frequency of Compounding4.3 Present Value and Discounting4.4 Alternative Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules4.5 Multiple Cash Flows4.6 Annuities4.7 Perpetual Annuities4.8 Loan Amortization4.9 Exchange Rates and Time Value of Money4.10 Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis4.11 Taxes and Investment DecisionsSummary•Compounding is the process of going from present value (PV) to future value (FV). The future value of $1 earning interest at rate i per period for n periods is (1+i)n.•Discounting is finding the present value of some future amount. The present value of $1 discounted at rate i per period for n periods is 1/(1+i)n.•One can make financial decisions by comparing the present values of streams of expected future cash flows resulting from alternative courses of action. The present value of cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows is called net present value (NPV). If a course of action has a positive NPV, it is worth undertaking. •In any time value of money calculation, the cash flows and the interest rate must be denominated in the same currency.•Never use a nominal interest rate when discounting real cash flows or a real interest rate when discounting nominal cash flows.How to Do TVM Calculations in MS ExcelAssume you have the following cash flows set up in a spreadsheet:Move the cursor to cell B6 in the spreadsheet. Click the function wizard f x in the tool bar and when a menu appears, select financial and then NPV. Then follow the instructions for inputting the discount rate and cash flows. You can input the column of cash flows by selecting and moving it with your mouse. Ultimately cell B6should contain the following:=NPV(0.1,B3:B5)+B2The first variable in parenthesis is the discount rate. Make sure to input the discount rate as a decimal fraction (i.e., 10% is .1). Note that the NPV function in Excel treats the cash flows as occurring at the end of each period, and therefore the initial cash flow of 100 in cell B2 is added after the closing parenthesis. When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be $47.63.Now move the cursor to cell B7to compute IRR. This time select IRR from the list of financial functions appearing in the menu. Ultimately cell B7 should contain the following:=IRR(B2:B5)When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be 34%.Your spreadsheet should look like this when you have finished:Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1. If you invest $1000 today at an interest rate of 10% per year, how much will you have 20 years from now,assuming no withdrawals in the interim?2. a. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years, starting one year from today and you earninterest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years?b. How much must you invest each year if you want to have $50,000 at the end of the 20 years?3. What is the present value of the following cash flows at an interest rate of 10% per year?a. $100 received five years from now.b. $100 received 60 years from now.c. $100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.d. $100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.e. $100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever.e. PV = $100 = $1,000.104. You want to establish a “wasting” fund which will provide you with $1000 per year for four years, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you can earn 10% interest per year?SOLUTION:5. You take a one-year installment loan of $1000 at an interest rate of 12% per year (1% per month) to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments.a. What is the monthly payment?b. What is the total amount of interest paid over the 12-month term of the loan?SOLUTION:b. 12 x $88.85 - $1,000 = $66.206. You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.a.If the interest rate is 16% per year what is the amount of the monthly payment?b.If you can only afford to pay $1000 per month, how large a loan could you take?c.If you can afford to pay $1500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months would it taketo pay off the mortgage?d.If you can pay $1500 per month, need to borrow $100,000, and want a 25 year mortgage, what is thehighest interest rate you can pay?SOLUTION:a.Note: Do not round off the interest rate when computing the monthly rate or you will not get the same answerreported here. Divide 16 by 12 and then press the i key.b.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.c.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.7. In 1626 Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested it to earn 6% per year compounded annually, how much would the Indians have had in 1986, 360 years later?SOLUTION:8. You win a $1 million lottery which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years, beginning one year from now. How much is your prize really worth assuming an interest rate of 8% per year?SOLUTION:9. Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?SOLUTION:10. You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank, what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?SOLUTION:If you must pay 2 points up front, the bank is in effect lending you only $98,000. Keying in 98000 as PV and computing i, we get:11. Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 10 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes up to 12% in the second year of the loan, what will your new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:Step 2 is to compute the new monthly payment at an interest rate of 1% per month:12. You just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving this money for graduation which is four years away. You have your choice between Bank A which is paying 7% for one-year deposits and Bank B which is paying 6% on one-year deposits. Each bank compounds interest annually. What is the future value of your savings one year from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better decision? What savings decision will most individuals make? What likely reaction will Bank B have? SOLUTION:$500 x (1.07) = $535Formula:$500 x (1.06) = $530a.You will decide to save your money in Bank A because you will have more money at the end of the year. Youmade an extra $5 because of your savings decision. That is an increase in value of 1%. Because interestcompounded only once per year and your money was left in the account for only one year, the increase in value is strictly due to the 1% difference in interest rates.b.Most individuals will make the same decision and eventually Bank B will have to raise its rates. However, it isalso possible that Bank A is paying a high rate just to attract depositors even though this rate is not profitable for the bank. Eventually Bank A will have to lower its rate to Bank B’s rate in order to make money.13.Sue Consultant has just been given a bonus of $2,500 by her employer. She is thinking about using the money to start saving for the future. She can invest to earn an annual rate of interest of 10%.a.According to the Rule of 72, approximately how long will it take for Sue to increase her wealth to $5,000?b.Exactly how long does it actually take?SOLUTION:a.According to the Rule of 72: n = 72/10 = 7.2 yearsIt will take approximately 7.2 years for Sue’s $2,500 to double to $5,000 at 10% interest.b.At 10% interestn i PV FV PMTSolve10 - $2,500 $5,0007.27 YearsFormula:$2,500 x (1.10)n = $5,000Hence, (1.10)n = 2.0n log 1.10 = log 2.0n = .693147 = 7.27 Years.095310rry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certai n deposits. Every year the interest rate is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual compounding). Last year the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much will be in his account at the end of this year?SOLUTION:$20,000 x 1.07 x 1.06 x 1.05 = $23,818.2015.You have your choice between investing in a bank savings account which pays 8% compounded annually (BankAnnual) and one which pays 7.5% compounded daily (BankDaily).a.Based on effective annual rates, which bank would you prefer?b.Suppose BankAnnual is only offering one-year Certificates of Deposit and if you withdraw your moneyearly you lose all interest. How would you evaluate this additional piece of information when making your decision?SOLUTION:a.Effective Annual Rate: BankAnnual = 8%.Effective Annual Rate BankDaily = [1 + .075]365 - 1 = .07788 = 7.788%365Based on effective annual rates, you would prefer BankAnnual (you will earn more money.)b.If BankAnnual’s 8% annual return is conditioned upon leaving the money in for one full year, I would need tobe sure that I did not need my money within the one year period. If I were unsure of when I might need the money, it might be safer to go for BankDaily. The option to withdraw my money whenever I might need it will cost me the potential difference in interest:FV (BankAnnual) = $1,000 x 1.08 = $1,080FV (BankDaily) = $1,000 x 1.07788 = $1,077.88Difference = $2.12.16.What are the effective annual rates of the following:a.12% APR compounded monthly?b.10% APR compounded annually?c.6% APR compounded daily?SOLUTION:Effective Annual Rate (EFF) = [1 + APR] m - 1ma.(1 + .12)12 - 1 = .1268 = 12.68%12b.(1 + .10)- 1 = .10 = 10%1c.(1 + .06)365 - 1 = .0618 = 6.18%36517.Harry promises that an investment in his firm will double in six years. Interest is assumed to be paid quarterly and reinvested. What effective annual yield does this represent?EAR=(1.029302)4-1=12.25%18.Suppose you know that you will need $2,500 two years from now in order to make a down payment on a car.a.BankOne is offering 4% interest (compounded annually) for two-year accounts, and BankTwo is offering4.5% (compounded annually) for two-year accounts. If you know you need $2,500 two years from today,how much will you need to invest in BankOne to reach your goal? Alternatively, how much will you need to invest in BankTwo? Which Bank account do you prefer?b.Now suppose you do not need the money for three years, how much will you need to deposit today inBankOne? BankTwo?SOLUTION:PV = $2,500 = $2,311.39(1.04)2PV = $2,500 = $2,289.32(1.045)2You would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 two years from today.b.PV = $2,500 = $2,222.49(1.04)3PV = $2,500 = $2,190.74(1.045)3Again, you would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 three years from today.19.Lucky Lynn has a choice between receiving $1,000 from her great-uncle one year from today or $900 from her great-aunt today. She believes she could invest the $900 at a one-year return of 12%.a.What is the future value of the gift from her great-uncle upon receipt? From her great-aunt?b.Which gift should she choose?c.How does your answer change if you believed she could invest the $900 from her great-aunt at only 10%?At what rate is she indifferent?SOLUTION:a. Future Value of gift from great-uncle is simply equal to what she will receive one year from today ($1000). Sheearns no interest as she doesn’t receive the money until next year.b. Future Value of gift from great-aunt: $900 x (1.12) = $1,008.c. She should choose the gift from her great-aunt because it has future value of $1008 one year from today. Thegift from her great-uncle has a future value of $1,000. This assumes that she will able to earn 12% interest on the $900 deposited at the bank today.d. If she could invest the money at only 10%, the future value of her investment from her great-aunt would only be$990: $900 x (1.10) = $990. Therefore she would choose the $1,000 one year from today. Lucky Lynn would be indifferent at an annual interest rate of 11.11%:$1000 = $900 or (1+i) = 1,000 = 1.1111(1+i) 900i = .1111 = 11.11%20.As manager of short-term projects, you are trying to decide whether or not to invest in a short-term project that pays one cash flow of $1,000 one year from today. The total cost of the project is $950. Your alternative investment is to deposit the money in a one-year bank Certificate of Deposit which will pay 4% compounded annually.a.Assuming the cash flow of $1,000 is guaranteed (there is no risk you will not receive it) what would be alogical discount rate to use to determine the present value of the cash flows of the project?b.What is the present value of the project if you discount the cash flow at 4% per year? What is the netpresent value of that investment? Should you invest in the project?c.What would you do if the bank increases its quoted rate on one-year CDs to 5.5%?d.At what bank one-year CD rate would you be indifferent between the two investments?SOLUTION:a.Because alternative investments are earning 4%, a logical choice would be to discount the project’s cash flowsat 4%. This is because 4% can be considered as your opportunity cost for taking the project; hence, it is your cost of funds.b.Present Value of Project Cash Flows:PV = $1,000 = $961.54(1.04)The net present value of the project = $961.54 - $950 (cost) = $11.54The net present value is positive so you should go ahead and invest in the project.c.If the bank increased its one-year CD rate to 5.5%, then the present value changes to:PV = $1,000 = $947.87(1.055)Now the net present value is negative: $947.87 - $950 = - $2.13. Therefore you would not want to invest in the project.d.You would be indifferent between the two investments when the bank is paying the following one-year interestrate:$1,000 = $950 hence i = 5.26%(1+i)21.Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2,000 today and receive $200 one year from now, $800 two years from now, and $1,000 a year for 10 years starting four years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 8%.SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator:22.Your cousin has asked for your advice on whether or not to buy a bond for $995 which will make one payment of $1,200 five years from today or invest in a local bank account.a.What is the internal rate of return on the bond’s cash flows? What additional information do you need tomake a choice?b.What advice would you give her if you learned the bank is paying 3.5% per year for five years(compounded annually?)c.How would your advice change if the bank were paying 5% annually for five years? If the price of thebond were $900 and the bank pays 5% annually?SOLUTION:a.$995 x (1+i)5 = $1,200.(1+i)5 = $1,200$995Take 5th root of both sides:(1+i) =1.0382i = .0382 = 3.82%In order to make a choice, you need to know what interest rate is being offered by the local bank.b.Upon learning that the bank is paying 3.5%, you would tell her to choose the bond because it is earning a higherrate of return of 3.82% .c.If the bank were paying 5% per year, you would tell her to deposit her money in the bank. She would earn ahigher rate of return.5.92% is higher than the rate the bank is paying (5%); hence, she should choose to buy the bond.23.You and your sister have just inherited $300 and a US savings bond from your great-grandfather who had left them in a safe deposit box. Because you are the oldest, you get to choose whether you want the cash or the bond. The bond has only four years left to maturity at which time it will pay the holder $500.a.If you took the $300 today and invested it at an interest rate 6% per year, how long (in years) would ittake for your $300 to grow to $500? (Hint: you want to solve for n or number of periods. Given these circumstances, which are you going to choose?b.Would your answer change if you could invest the $300 at 10% per year? At 15% per year? What otherDecision Rules could you use to analyze this decision?SOLUTION:a.$300 x (1.06)n = $500(1.06)n = 1.6667n log 1.06 = log 1.6667n = .510845 = 8.77 Years.0582689You would choose the bond because it will increase in value to $500 in 4 years. If you tookthe $300 today, it would take more than 8 years to grow to $500.b.You could also analyze this decision by computing the NPV of the bond investment at the different interest rates:In the calculations of the NPV, $300 can be considered your “cost” for acquiring the bond since you will give up $300 in cash by choosing the bond. Note that the first two interest rates give positive NPVs for the bond, i.e. you should go for the bond, while the last NPV is negative, hence choose the cash instead. These results confirm the previous method’s results.24.Suppose you have three personal loans outstanding to your friend Elizabeth. A payment of $1,000 is due today, a $500 payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. You would like to consolidate the three loans into one, with 36 equal monthly payments, beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per year.a.What is the annual percentage rate you will be paying?b.How large will the new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:a.To find the APR, you must first compute the monthly interest rate that corresponds to an effective annual rate of8% and then multiply it by 12:1.08 = (1+ i)12Take 12th root of both sides:1.006434 = 1+ ii = .006434 or .6434% per monthOr using the financial calculator:b.The method is to first compute the PV of the 3 loans and then compute a 36 month annuity payment with thesame PV. Most financial calculators have keys which allow you to enter several cash flows at once. This approach will give the user the PV of the 3 loans.Note: The APR used to discount the cash flows is the effective rate in this case, because this method is assuming annual compounding.25.As CEO of ToysRFun, you are offered the chance to participate, without initial charge, in a project that produces cash flows of $5,000 at the end of the first period, $4,000 at the end of the next period and a loss of $11,000 at the end of the third and final year.a.What is the net present value if the relevant discount rate (the company’s cost o f capital) is 10%?b.Would you accept the offer?c.What is the internal rate of return? Can you explain why you would reject a project which has aninternal rate of return greater than its cost of capital?SOLUTION:At 10% discount rate:Net Present Value = - 0 + $5,000 + $4,000 - $11,000 = - 413.22(1.10) (1.10)2 (1.10)3c.This example is a project with cash flows that begin positive and then turn negative--it is like a loan. The 13.6% IRR is therefore like an interest rate on that loan. The opportunity to take a loan at 13.6% when the cost of capital is only 10% is not worthwhile.26.You must pay a creditor $6,000 one year from now, $5,000 two years from now, $4,000 three years from now, $2,000 four years from now, and a final $1,000 five years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into five equal annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 6% compounded annually, what is the payment?SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do the first step of this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator. To find the present value of the current loan payments:27.Find the future value of the following ordinary annuities (payments begin one year from today and all interest rates compound annually):a.$100 per year for 10 years at 9%.b.$500 per year for 8 years at 15%.c.$800 per year for 20 years at 7%.d.$1,000 per year for 5 years at 0%.e.Now find the present values of the annuities in a-d.f.What is the relationship between present values and future values?SOLUTION:Future Value of Annuity:e.f.The relationship between present value and future value is the following:nbeginning three years from today in an account that yields 11% compounded annually. How large should the annual deposit be?SOLUTION:You will be making 7 payments beginning 3 years from today. So, we need to find the value of an immediate annuity with 7 payments whose FV is $50,000:29.Suppose an investment offers $100 per year for five years at 5% beginning one year from today.a.What is the present value? How does the present value calculation change if one additional payment isadded today?b.What is the future value of this ordinary annuity? How does the future value change if one additionalpayment is added today?SOLUTION:$100 x [(1.05)5] - 1 = $552.56.05If you were to add one additional payment of $100 today, the future value would increase by:$100 x (1.05)5 = $127.63. Total future value = $552.56 + $127.63 = $680.19.Another way to do it would be to use the BGN mode for 5 payments of $100 at 5%, find the future value of that, and then add $100. The same $680.19 is obtained.30.You are buying a $20,000 car. The dealer offers you two alternatives: (1) pay the full $20,000 purchase price and finance it with a loan at 4.0% APR over 3 years or (2) receive $1,500 cash back and finance the rest at a bank rate of 9.5% APR. Both loans have monthly payments over three years. Which should you choose? SOLUTION:31.You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced financing rate of 2.9% APR on new car purchases for three year loans, with monthly payments. A second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would of course be ineligible for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the balance of the purchase price from the local bank at the 9%annual rate. How large must the cash rebate be on this $23,000 car to entice a customer away from the dealer who is offering the special 2.9% financing?SOLUTION:of the 2.9% financing.32.Show proof that investing $475.48 today at 10% allows you to withdraw $150 at the end of each of the next 4 years and have nothing remaining.SOLUTION:You deposit $475.48 and earn 10% interest after one year. Then you withdraw $150. The table shows what happensAnother way to do it is simply to compute the PV of the $150 annual withdrawals at 10% : it turns out to be exactly $475.48, hence both amounts are equal.33.As a pension manager, you are considering investing in a preferred stock which pays $5,000,000 per year forever beginning one year from now. If your alternative investment choice is yielding 10% per year, what is the present value of this investment? What is the highest price you would be willing to pay for this investment? If you paid this price, what would be the dividend yield on this investment?SOLUTION:Present Value of Investment:PV = $5,000,000 = $50,000,000.10Highest price you would be willing to pay is $50,000,000.Dividend yield = $5,000,000 = 10%.$50,000,00034. A new lottery game offers a choice for the grand prize winner. You can receive either a lump sum of $1,000,000 immediately or a perpetuity of $100,000 per year forever, with the first payment today. (If you die, your estate will still continue to receive payments). If the relevant interest rate is 9.5% compounded annually, what is the difference in value between the two prizes?SOLUTION:The present value of the perpetuity assuming that payments begin at the end of the year is:$100,000/.095 = $1,052,631.58If the payments begin immediately, you need to add the first payment. $100,000 + 1,052,632 = $1,152,632.So the annuity has a PV which is greater than the lump sum by $152,632.35.Find the future value of a $1,000 lump sum investment under the following compounding assumptions:a.7% compounded annually for 10 yearsb.7% compounded semiannually for 10 yearsc.7% compounded monthly for 10 yearsd.7% compounded daily for 10 yearse.7% compounded continuously for 10 yearsa.$1,000 x (1.07)10 = $1,967.15b.$1,000 x (1.035)20 = $1,989.79c.$1,000 x (1.0058)120 = $2,009.66d.$1,000 x (1.0019178)3650 = $2,013.62e.$1,000 x e.07x10 = $2,013.7536.Sammy Jo charged $1,000 worth of merchandise one year ago on her MasterCard which has a stated interest rate of 18% APR compounded monthly. She made 12 regular monthly payments of $50, at the end of each month, and refrained from using the card for the past year. How much does she still owe? SOLUTION:Sammy Jo has taken a $1,000 loan at 1.5% per month and is paying it off in monthly installments of $50. We could work out the amortization schedule to find out how much she still owes after 12 payments, but a shortcut on the financial calculator is to solve for FV as follows:37.Suppose you are considering borrowing $120,000 to finance your dream house. The annual percentage rate is 9% and payments are made monthly,a.If the mortgage has a 30 year amortization schedule, what are the monthly payments?b.What effective annual rate would you be paying?c.How do your answers to parts a and b change if the loan amortizes over 15 years rather than 30?EFF = [1 + .09]1238.Suppose last year you took out the loan described in problem #37a. Now interest rates have declined to 8% per year. Assume there will be no refinancing fees.a.What is the remaining balance of your current mortgage after 12 payments?b.What would be your payment if you refinanced your mortgage at the lower rate for 29 years? SOLUTION:Exchange Rates and the Time Value of Money39.The exchange rate between the pound sterling and the dollar is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar interest rate is 7% per year, and the pound interest rate is 9% per year. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that allows you to choose between either currency, and it pays the corresponding interest rate.a.If you expect the dollar/pound exchange rate to be $1.40 per pound a year from now and are indifferentto risk, which currency should you choose?b.What is the “break-even” value of the dollar/pound exchange rate one year from now?SOLUTION:a.You could invest $1 today in dollar-denominated bonds and have $1.07 one year from now. Or you couldconvert the dollar today into 2/3 (i.e., 1/1.5) of a pound and invest in pound-denominated bonds to have .726667(i.e., 2/3 x 1.09) pounds one year from now. At an exchange rate of $1.4 per pound, this would yield 0.726667(1.4) = $1.017 (this is lower than $1.07), so you would choose the dollar currency.b.For you to break-even the .726667 pounds would have to be worth $1.07 one year from now, so the break-evenexchange rate is $1.07/.726667 or $1.4725 per pound. So for exchange rates lower than $1.4725 per pound one year from now, the dollar currency will give a better return.。
第四章货币时间价值(6).
毕业48年后，你收到一封母 校的来信，告知你没有付清 最后一学期的学费10 000元， 学校按照6％的年利率加收利 息，学校希望你能在不久的 毕业班48年聚会时付清。作 为一个忠实的、有地位的校 友，你觉得有义务付清，那 么你到底欠学校多少呢？
FV=PV*FVIFi，n =PV*FVIF8%，5=10 000×1.469 =14 690 I=14 690-10 000=4 690
（二）复利终值与现值
（4）复利现值 （5）现值的计算公式：
如何推导 复利现计 算公式？
（6）其中，
为现值系数
（7）复利现值系数表
CASE：
若计划在3年以后得到20 000元，年利息率8%， 复利计息，则现在应存金额多少？
1.普通年金的终值和现值
思考：某公司拟购置一项设备，目 前有A、B两种可供选择。A设备的 价格比B设备高50000元，但每年可 节约维修费10000元。假设A设备的 经济寿命为6年，利率为8%，问该 公司应选择哪一种设备？
答案： PVA6 ＝A·PVIFA8%,6 ＝10000×4.623＝46230＜50000
（一）时间价值的概念——现象
明明只贷款 50万元，为 什么要我还 贷85万啊？
太不公平 啊！
为什么？
一、货币时间价值
（一）时间价值的概念——现象
今天的一元钱与一年后的一元钱相等吗？
想想
如果一年后的1元变为1.1元，这0.1元代表的是什么？
货币时间价值的表面上现象是：即使在没有任何风险和通货 膨胀的情形下，今天的1元钱价值也大于1年后1元钱的价值。 思考：货币真的会自然“增值”吗？
货币时间价值--注册会计师考试辅导《财务成本管理》第四章讲义1
注册会计师考试辅导《财务成本管理》第四章讲义1
货币时间价值
【知识点1】货币时间价值基础知识
1.终值又称将来值，是现在一定量现金在未来某一时点上的价值，俗称“本利和”，
通常记作F 。
2.现值，是指未来某一时点上的一定量现金折合到现在的价值，俗称“本金”，通常记作“P”。
【知识点2】一次性款项的现值和终值
【知识点3】普通年金的终值与现值
一、有关年金的相关概念
1.年金的含义
年金，是指等额、定期的系列收支。
具有两个特点：一是金额相等；二是时间间隔相等。
2.年金的种类
二、普通年金的计算
1.普通年金终值计算：（注意年金终值的含义、终值点）
式中：被称为年金终值系数，用符号（F/A，i，n）表示。
【提示】普通年金的终值点是最后一期的期末时刻。
2.普通年金现值的计算。
货币时间价值
(二)复利计算
1、复利计算：是指在规定的期限内，不仅本金计算利息, 而获得的利息在下期转为本金，与原来的本金一起计算利息 的一种计息方法。（本能生利，利再生利） 2、复利终值：就是一定数量的本金，在一定的利率下， 按照复利的方法，计算出若干时期以后的本金和利息之和。 设企业年初存入银行P元资金，存入期限n年，存款利率为 i， 则： 第一年末复利终值=P+P×i=P(1+i) 第二年末复利终值=P(1+i)+ P(1+i）×i= P(1+i)2 …. 第n年末复利终值=P(1+i)n-1+ P(1+i）n-1×i= P(1+i)n
(三)年金的计算
1、年金概述 ①年金定义 年金是指在相同的时间间隔期内，收到或支付同等数
额的款项。（满足“两个”相等即可----间隔期相等；金额 相等） 在实际工作中，分期收付款、分期偿还贷款、发放养 老金、分期支付工程款、零存整取等，就属于年金收付形 式。
②年金的种类
年金
普通年金
即付年金
递延年金
(1 i) 1 Fn A i
n
年金终值系数，记作
（F/A,i,n）
3、普通年金现值
①普通年金现值的定义
普通年金现值，是指在一定时期内，每期期末等额收、 付的年金的复利现值之和。 ②普通年金现值的计算：
设： Pn——普通年金现值
A——每期年金 i——利率 n——期数
故而：复利终值的计算 F= P(1+i)n 其中：F——复利终值；
P——本金 i——利率
n——期数
(1+i)n ——复利终值系数，记作(F/P,i,n) 3、复利现值
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某人拟购房，开发商提出两种方案 一是现在一次性支付80万元 另一方案是5年后支付100万元 若目前银行利率是7%，应如何付款
？
三、年金终值和现值的计算
年金:一定期限内一系列相等金额的收付款项。
后付年金
先付年金
延期年金
永续年金
1.后付年金（普通年金）
Ordinary annuity
一定时期内，每期期末有等 额收付款项的年金。
V0 A ( PVIFA,n1 1) i
n期后付年金和先付年金现值比较
相同点: n期后付年金和n期先付
年金付款次数相同 不同点: •付款时间不同 •n期后付年金现值比n期先付年金 现值多计算一期利息(或多贴现一 期）
3.延期年金
(deferred annuity)
——现值
在最初若干期(m)没有收付款项的 情况下，后面若干期(n)有等额的系列收 付款项。
后付年金终值 后付年金现值
后付年金终值
是一定时期内每期期末等额
收付款项的复利终值之和。
推广到n项：
FVAn A(1 i) 0 A(1 i)1 A(1 i) 2 ...
A(1 i) n2 A(1 i) n1
A (1 i ) t 1
t 1 n
年金终值
是一定时期内每期期末等额 收付款项的复利终值之和。
FVAn A FVIFAi, n
FVAn：Annuity future value A: Annuity 年金数额 i：Interest rate n：Number
利息率 计息期数 年金终值
FVIFAi, n
可通过查年金终值系数表求得
后付年金现值
一定时期内，每期期末等额系 列收付款项的复利现值之和。
PVAn A PVIFA,n i
PVAn：Annuity present value
年金现值
PVIFAi, n
可通过查年金值系数表求得
补充习题
1、某企业六年后购买设备需要用现金10万元，银行存 款年利率3%，如6年内每年年末存入银行等额款项，则 该厂为积累设备购买价款，每年应存入银行多少元？ 2、某公司年初向银行借款106700元，借款年利率为 10%，银行要求每年年末归还20000元，则该公司要几 年可还清借款本息？ 3、某公司于2000年年初对甲设备投资100000元，该项 目2002年初完工投产，2002,2003,2004,2005年末现金 流量各为20000、30000、40000、50000元，银行借款 单利利率为10%。 要求：按单利计算2002年初投资额的终值是多少？ 按单利计算各年现金流入量2002年初的现值是多少？ 思考 ：如果改成复利计算，该项目是否具有投资价值
4.贴现率的计算
★ 复利利率的计算 公式： (FV / PV )1/ n i
1 FV / PV 1
n
假如12年后，你的孩子接受大学教育的全部花费要50,000元。 你现在有5,000元可以用于投资。要想支付孩子教育的花费， 投资的利率应该是多高？ 解：i =（FV/PV）1/n - 1 = 101/12 –1 =21.15%
FVn：Future Value
复利终值 PV： Present Value 复利现值 i：Interest rate 利息率
n
n：Number 计息期数
FVn PV (1 i)
复利终值系数 FVIFi, n
n
FVn PV FVIFi, n
注意
FVIFi, n
可通过查复利终 值系数表求得
V0 A PVIFA,n PVIF i ,m i
或者：
V0 A PVIFA,mn A PVIF i,m i
递延年金练习题
甲公司年初存入银行一笔现金，从第三年 年末开始，每年取出现金10000元，第六 年末取完，若存款利率为10%，则甲公司 现在需要一次存入银行多少钱 ？ 某企业有一项投资，在第一年初投资8万 元，前3年没有收益从第四年到第八年每 年年末可得投资收益3万元，该企业的资 金成本是6%，计算该投资项目是否可行？
4.永续年金
(perpetual annuity) ——无限期支付的年金
1 V0 A i
综合练习题
某企业欲购置一台设备，先有三种付款方式可 供选择： 一是第一年初一次性付款240000元； 二是每年年初付款50000元，连续支付5年； 三是第一年第二年初各付40000元，第三年到 第五年年末各付60000元； 第一年第二年初各付40000元，第三年到第五 年年初各付58000元； 假设利率为8%，问企业采取那种付款方式更为 合理？
答案
老大将在第16年年初上大学，其四年学费的现值 PV1=21 000•[（PV/A，15%，18）-（PV/A，15% ，14）]=8 473.5元 老二将在第18年年初上大学，其四年学费的现值 PV2=21 000•[（PV/A，15%，20）-（PV/A，15% ，16）]=6 407.1元 两个孩子学费的现值合计为8 473.5+6 407.1=14 880.6 元 则从第一年年末起的连续15年内，每年需存入银行 14 880.6÷（PV/A，15%，15）=2 544.80元
期限的计算
公式：
ln( FV / PV ) n ln(1 i )
如果今天在账户中按照10%的利率存入5,000元， 要多少时间它才能增长到10,000元？
ln 2 0.6931 T 7.27 years ln( 1.10) 0.0953
72法则（72’law）
使资金倍增所要求的利率（i）或投资期数（n）之间 的关系，可用下式近似地表示为： i ≈ 72 / n 或 n ≈ 72 / i 其中，i为不带百分号的年利率。 仍以上例为例，根据72法则，使资金倍增所要求的期 限为： n ≈ 72 / i = 72 / 10 = 7.2（年） 即按年投资回报10%计算，将5000元投资于固定收益 的基金，大约经过7.2年就可能使投资额变为10000元。 【例11】见教材79页。
第二篇 估价理论与方法
第四章 时间价值 第五章 风险和收益 第六章 证券估价
教学要点
• • • • • • 货币时间价值的含义及计算 风险报酬的定义及衡量 利息率的概念及种类 决定利息率高低的因素 未来利率水平的测算 证券的估价
返回
第四章 时间价值
一、时间价值概念 时间价值概念的主要观点
西方：货币时间价值
复 利 现 值
FVn PV (1 i)
FVn PV n (1 i )
n
1 FVn n (1 i)
1 PV FVn n (1 i)
复利现值系数
Байду номын сангаас
PVIFi,n
PV FVn PVIFi ,n
注意
PVIF,n i
可通过查复利现
值系数表求得
1.资金时间价值是指没有风险和通货膨胀条件下的（ ） A.企业的成本利润率 B.企业的销售利润率 C.利润率 D.社会平均资金利润率 2.某公司年初购买债券12万元，利率6%，单利计息，则第 四年底债券到期时的本利和是（ ） A.2.88万元 B. 15.12万元 C.14.88 万元 D.3.12万元 3.某人现在存入银行1500元，利率10%，复利计息，5年末 的本利和为（ ） A.2601元 B.2434元 DCC C.2416元 D.2808 元
中国：资金时间价值
时 间 价 值 含 义
•时间价值是在生产经营中产生的 •在确定时间价值时，应以社会平均资 金利润率或平均投资报酬率为基础 •时间价值用复利方法计算，呈几何 级数增长
时 间 价 值 概 念
相对数：
时间价值率是扣除风险报酬和
通货膨胀贴水后的真实报酬率。
绝对数：
时间价值额是资金在生产经
补充例题
1.某人将20000元现金存入银行，银行年利率是6%，按复 利计算，6年后提出本利和，试问，他共要提出多少现 金？ 2、李先生5年后需要用现金40000元，若银行存款年利率 为8%，按复利计算，李先生现在应该存入银行多少钱 ？ 3、某人现在准备在银行存一笔现金80000元，存款年利 率是3%，拟在今后8年内，每年年末提取等额现金以备 使用，则此人每年可提取现金多少元？ 4、企业在连续10年内，每年年末存入银行1000元，年利 率为10%，到第十年末可一次取出本利和多少元？
营过程中带来的真实增值额。
二、复利终值和现值的计算
单利 ：只是本金计算利息，所生
利息均不加入本金计算利息的一 种计息方法。
复利 ：不仅本金要计算利息，利息
也要计算利息的一种计息方法。
终值 又称复利终值，是指若
干 期以后包括本金和利息在内 的未来价值。 复 利 终 值
FVn PV (1 i)
n期后付年金和先付年金终值比较 相同点: n期后付年金和n期先付 年金付款次数相同 不同点: 1、付款时间不同 2、n期先付年金终值比n期后付年金 终值多计算一期利息
n期先付年金现值
V0 A PVIFA,n (1 i) i
根据n期先付年金与与n-1期先 付年金的关系，可推导出：
V0 A PVIFA,n1 A i
2.先付年金(Annuity due)
一定时期内，每期期初有等额 收付款项的年金。 •先付年金终值 •先付年金现值
n期先付年金终值
Vn A FVIFA,n (1 i) i
根据n期先付年金和n+1期先付 年金的关系，可推导出：
Vn A FVIFA,n1 A i Vn A( FVIFA,n1 1) i
时间价值练习题