cerebral vessels
间脑-端脑-脑神经
Ventral posterior nucleus ►ventral posterior lateral nucleus
medial lemniscus
spinothalamic pathway postcentral gyrus
►ventral posterior medial nucleus
Lateral genuculate nucleus
nasal half of each retina optic nerve (I ) optic chiasma contralateral optic tract temporal half of each retina opitc nerve(I) optic chiasma ipsilateral optic tract ->superior colliculus ->superior quadrigeminal brachium
►medial geniculate body, lateral geniculate body ►intralaminar nuclei
☼midline nuclei ►reticular nuclie
Anterior nuclei Mammillothalamic tract
Hippocampal formationfornix mamillary nuclei mamillothalamic tract anterio nuclei of thalamus thalamocortial pathways
mediodorsal nucleus piriform and adjacent cortex amygdala, pallidum medial nuclei anterior and medial prefrontal cortex olfactory input
脑血管造影操作规范指南
脑血管造影操作规范指南英文回答：Cerebral angiography, also known as cerebral arteriography or cerebral angiogram, is a diagnostic procedure used to visualize the blood vessels in the brain. It involves the injection of contrast dye into the blood vessels followed by X-ray imaging. The procedure is performed by an interventional radiologist or a neurologist.There are several guidelines and protocols that need to be followed to ensure the safe and effective conduct of cerebral angiography. These guidelines aim to minimize the risk of complications and maximize the diagnostic accuracyof the procedure.Firstly, the patient needs to be properly prepared for the procedure. This includes obtaining informed consent, assessing the patient's medical history and any potential contraindications, and ensuring that the patient isadequately hydrated. The patient may be required to fast for a certain period of time prior to the procedure.During the procedure, the patient is positioned on an X-ray table and a local anesthetic is administered to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. A small incision is made in the groin or wrist, and a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the brain. Contrast dye is then injected through the catheter to visualize the blood vessels on the X-ray images.It is important for the healthcare team to closely monitor the patient during the procedure to detect any potential complications, such as allergic reactions to the contrast dye or blood vessel injury. The patient's vital signs, including blood pressure and heart rate, should be regularly checked.After the procedure, the catheter is removed and pressure is applied to the insertion site to prevent bleeding. The patient may need to lie flat for a few hours to minimize the risk of bleeding. The healthcare team willprovide post-procedure instructions, including any restrictions on physical activity and medications that need to be taken.Cerebral angiography is a highly specialized procedure that requires expertise and experience. It is important for the healthcare team to follow established guidelines and protocols to ensure patient safety and accurate diagnosis.中文回答：脑血管造影，也称为脑动脉造影或脑血管造影术，是一种用于可视化大脑血管的诊断性操作。
急性豆纹动脉梗死患者短期预后的影响因素分析
基金项目:辽宁省科技厅项目,项目编号:2015005005㊂ 作者简介:赵家爱(1993),女,辽宁锦州人,在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为脑血管病诊断与治疗㊂ 通讯作者:李芳(1970),女,辽宁兴城人,教授,博士学位,主要研究方向为神经变性病及脑血管病㊂急性豆纹动脉梗死患者短期预后的影响因素分析赵家爱,王鹏,李芳(锦州医科大学附属第一医院神经内科,辽宁锦州121000) 摘要:目的 分析急性豆纹动脉(lenticulostriate arteries ,LSA )梗死患者短期预后的影响因素㊂方法 纳入研究2017年1月至2018年12月锦州医科大学附属第一医院神经内科住院治疗的112例(45~80岁)诊断为急性LSA 梗死的患者,按发病后第14天改良的Rankin 评分(modified rankin scale ,MRS )分为两组:预后良好组(MRS≤2,n =78)㊁预后不良组(MRS>2,n =34)㊂采用单因素分析评估可能影响预后的因素,将有统计学意义的指标纳入二元Logistic 分析,分析独立的影响因素㊂进一步应用两独立样本t 检验在预后良好组进行亚组分析㊂结果 急性LSA 梗死患者预后良好组与预后不良组比较,患者吸烟史㊁基线NIHSS 评分㊁入院后第14天MCA-PI 水平㊁抗血小板㊁抗凝治疗㊁他汀治疗㊁马来酸桂哌齐特治疗在两组间的差异具有显著性(P <0.05);Logistic 回归分析显示,基线NIHSS 水平㊁入院后第14天MCA-PI 水平㊁马来酸桂哌齐特治疗是影响急性豆纹动脉梗死预后的独立因素;马来酸桂哌齐特组入院后第14天MCA-PI 水平低于非马来酸桂哌齐特组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)㊂结论 基线的低NIHSS 评分㊁入院后第14天的低PI 值以及应用马来酸桂哌齐特治疗是急性LSA 梗死患者短期预后良好的影响因素,马来酸桂哌齐特可能通过降低远端脑小血管的阻力来改善急性LSA 梗死患者的预后㊂关键词:豆纹动脉梗死;短期预后;血管搏动指数;马来酸桂哌齐特中图分类号:R743.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-305X (2020)03-0036-04Analysis of Factors Influencing Short-term Prognosis in Patientswith Acute Lenticulostriate Arteries InfarctionZhao Jiaai,Wang Peng,Li Fang(Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University,Jinzhou 121000China)Abstract :Objective To analyze the influencing factors of short-term prognosis in patients with acute lenticulostriate arteries(LSA)infarction.Methods 112patients (45-80years old)diagnosed with acute LSA infarction and hospitalized in the Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University from January 2017to December 2018were divided into twogroups,the good prognosis group (MRS≤2,n =78)and the poor prognosis group (MRS>2,n =34)according to the modified Rankin Scale (MRS)on the 14th day after onset.A single factor analysis was used to evaluate the factors that may affect the progno⁃sis,and statistically significant indicators were included in the binary Logistic analysis to analyze independent influencing factors.Fur⁃ther,two independent sample t-tests were used to perform subgroup analysis in the prognosis group.Results There were significantdifferences between patients with acute LSA infarction in good prognosis group and those in poor prognosis group in terms of smoking history,baseline NIHSS score,MCA-PI level 14days after admission,antiplatelet,anticoagulant therapy,statin therapy and nori⁃pazide maleate treatment (P <0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed baseline NIHSS level,MCA-PI level on the 14th day after admission and cinnamon maleate treatment were independent factors affecting the prognosis of lenticulostriate arteries infarction;On the 14th day after admission,the level of MCA-PI in the guipiazide maleate group was lower than that in the non-guipiazide group,andthe difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion Low NIHSS score at baseline and low PI values on the 14th day af⁃ter onset,and application of cinepazide maleate are good predictors of short-term prognosis in patients with acute LSA.Cinepazidemaleate may improve prognosis in patients with acute LSA infarction by reducing resistance to distal small cerebral vessels.Key words :lenticulostriate arteries infarction;short-term prognosis;pulsatility index;cinepazide maleate63锦州医科大学学报J Jinzhou Medical University2020Jun.41(3) 穿支动脉病(branch atheromatous disease, BAD)是脑深部穿支动脉起始段与微栓子或交界性动脉硬化斑块有关的狭窄或闭塞,并可导致内囊或脑桥的小梗死病灶[1]㊂BAD分为两种不同类型:脑桥旁正中动脉(paramedian pontine,PPA)梗死和豆纹动脉(lenticulostriate artery,LSA)梗死㊂目前认为BAD在急性期易出现早期神经功能恶化(early neurological deterioration,END),且END的速度范围㊁预测因素及进展机制尚不明确[2]㊂BAD 与任何特定血管危险因素之间的一致关联性未被检测到[3]㊂LSA起源于大脑中动脉M1段,呈波纹状向上走行,是BAD中常见的病变血管㊂本临床研究纳入研究对象为急性LSA梗死患者,以其短期预后为结局,旨在找出能改善其短期预后的因素及可能的机制,为临床评估急性LSA梗死预后提供参考㊂1 对象与方法1.1 对象选择2017年1月至2018年12月在我院神经内科住院的112例(45~80岁)急性LSA梗死的患者㊂纳入标准:(1)有神经系统缺损症状且发病时间≤2d;(2)诊断符合1995年第四届脑血管病会议修订的脑血管疾病诊断标准,确诊为脑梗死;(3)符合LSA型BAD的诊断标准:在水平位头颅MRI+DWI上豆纹动脉供血区梗死灶直径大于15mm且达3个层面以上;头MRA或头颈CTA证实支配病灶区的主干动脉无严重狭窄(<50%)或闭塞,心电图及心脏彩超证实无明显心源性栓子来源[4]㊂排除标准:(1)严重心㊁肝㊁肾疾病及出血性倾向患者;(2)各种有明确病因的白质改变,如CO中毒;(3)头颈CTA提示大动脉有≥50%狭窄的患者;(4)近期发生感染者;(5)白细胞减少者;(6)因各种原因不能完善检查者㊂1.2 方法1.2.1 资料收集 入院时记录基本信息,包括性别㊁年龄㊁吸烟史㊁高血压病史㊁糖尿病史㊁高脂血症史㊁评估记录基线NIHSS㊁完成并记录基线TCD测量的MCA-PI值㊁完善头MRI(T1㊁T2㊁Flair㊁DWI)㊁头MRA+颈部血管彩超或头颈CTA 检查㊁完善心电图㊁心脏超声检查;入院第2日:清晨空腹抽血化验血常规㊁肝肾功能㊁空腹血糖㊁糖化血红蛋白㊁总胆固醇㊁甘油三酯㊁低密度脂蛋白㊁高密度脂蛋白㊁红细胞压积㊁Hcy㊁hs-CRP;入院后第14天:完成并记录MCA-PI值㊁记录治疗方案(包括抗血小板治疗㊁抗凝治疗㊁他汀治疗㊁马来酸桂哌齐特治疗)㊁其他治疗㊁评估并记录MRS㊂1.2.2 研究技术概述 (1)脑梗塞严重程度-NIHSS评分:采用NIHSS评估患者入院时脑梗死严重程度,脑梗死严重程度分级如下:轻度(NIHSS评分0~6)㊁中度(7~14分)㊁重度(≥15);(2)卒中结局评估-MRS:应用0~6级评分,0级为完全无症状,6级为死亡㊂MRS≤2视为预后良好,MRS>2视为预后不良;(3)血流动力学指标-MCA-PI值的测算:完成入院当日及入院后第14天后的TCD检查,PI值计算如下,收缩期峰值速度-舒张末期速度/MFV(最大血流速度),正常PI范围0.6~1.1,当PI值≥1.2表明远端阻力增加㊂1.3 统计学方法采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行数据处理,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,两组间的比较采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较行卡方检验;采用二元Logistic回归分析对急性LSA梗死患者影响预后的因素进行分析,进一步应用两独立样本t检验在预后良好组进行亚组分析㊂2 结 果2.1 LSA梗死预后的影响因素单因素考察单因素分析结果表明,吸烟史㊁基线NIHSS 评分㊁入院后第14天MCA-PI水平㊁抗血小板㊁抗凝治疗㊁他汀治疗㊁马来酸桂哌齐特治疗在两组间差异有显著性(P<0.05),见表1㊂2.2 LSA梗死预后的独立影响因素Logistic分析将单因素分析有统计学意义的指标作为自变量,以患者短期预后为因变量(0=良好,1=不良),进行二元Logistic回归分析,结果显示,基线NIHSS水平㊁入院后第14天MCA-PI水平㊁马来酸桂哌齐特治疗是影响LSA梗死预后的独立因素,见表2㊂2.3 马来酸桂哌齐特治疗与入院后第14天MCA-PI水平的关系将124例患者分为应用马来酸桂哌奇特组(n =72例)与非马来酸桂哌奇特组(n=50例),采用两独立样本t检验比较,差异有统计学意义(t= -3.700,P=0.000),见表3㊂73赵家爱,等:急性豆纹动脉梗死患者短期预后的影响因素分析表1 LSA预后影响因素的单因素分析临床资料预后良好组(MRS≤2)预后不良组(MRS>2)t/χ2值P值例数(例)7834年龄(⎺x±s,岁)60.19±5.0861.12±4.430.9710.338性别(男)2590.3580.569既往史(例)吸烟63819.1030.005高血压史25331.610.091糖尿病史1471.7340.847高脂血症18190.6350.782检查结果(⎺x±s)HCT(I/L)0.42±0.040.43±0.03-1.4030.163空腹血糖(mmol/L)4.81±0.574.94±0.47-1.140.267总胆固醇(mmol/L)4.16±0.584.7±0.51-1.4800.566甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.24±0.221.56±0.39-5.270.395低密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)3.85±1.134.02±1.07-1.2430.825高密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)0.68±0.140.50±1.040.5270.483糖化血红蛋白(%)7.0±2.036.93±1.371.5040.198同型半胱氨酸(mmol/L)15.26±7.6119.22±12.10-6.7730.084超敏C反应蛋白(mg/L)5.95±0.965.94±0.871.1920.2374基线NIHSS2.99±1.917.42±2.53-9.0650.000基线PI2.02±0.362.03±0.42-0.0760.945药物治疗(例)抗血小板542113.0110.000抗凝6212.8380.034他汀391518.5330.011马来酸桂哌齐特6935.4450.000入院后第14天PI1.25±0.211.75±0.34-7.2630.000表2 LSA预后影响因素的二元Logistic回归分析β值Wald值P值OR值95%CI 基线NIHSS0.6415.8040.0161.899(1.127,3.201)入院后第14天MCA-PI2.9934.1340.04219.942(1.114,356.996)吸烟0.8230.5800.4462.277(0.274,18.949)抗凝-1.7871.4460.2290.167(0.009,3.081)他汀-1.0090.8010.3710.364(0.040,3.323)抗板1.7342.0130.1565.661(0.516,62.098)马来酸桂哌齐特-6.66215.2510.0000.001(0.000,0.036)表3 两组入院后第14天MCA-PI的比较组别n 入院后第14天MCA-PI t值P值马来酸桂哌齐特组721.40±0.34非马来酸桂哌齐特组501.60±0.37-3.7000.0003 讨 论LSA供应内囊㊁基底节㊁放射冠和半卵圆中心区域,是BAD型梗塞的代表性血管㊂一项回顾性研究[5]报道高NIHSS评分意味着BAD患者预后不良㊂在我们的研究中,基线NIHSS评分低预示良好预后,这与以上研究结果一致㊂当然关于这一点还要考虑患者发病到入院的时间,我们限定的急性”为发病48h内㊂同时我们也进行了血管危险因素的评估,包括血糖㊁血脂㊁血压㊁Hcy以及hs-CRP,均没有发现其与急性LSA梗死短期预后的关联㊂BAD早期进展主要涉及运动功能,且END的机制仍不清楚,所以BAD患者急性期临床恶化以及短期预后的研究十分重要㊂Yamada等人[6]通过头CTP检查发现,与无症状进展的LSA腔梗患者相比,伴有症状进展的LSA梗死患者具有更低的脑血流量,提示血流动力学机制参与BAD症状进展的过程㊂我们在研究中选取LSA型BAD,是因为我们试图通过TCD来测量MCA的PI值,通过PI值的变化来反映血流动力学的变化㊂结果显示,急性LSA梗死后MCA-PI值增高,表明远端脑小血管阻力增加,而预后不良组与预后良好组相比有更高的MCA-PI值,说明血流动力学机制参与LSA型BAD的发生及进展㊂关于BAD的治疗目前临床工作者针对各种提出的机制进行了多种治疗试验㊂抗血小板治疗是否为颅内BAD最佳的治疗方法是未知的㊂一项前瞻的多中心的144名诊断为可能的BAD患者的单组实验[7],结果显示与单独使用抗血小板治疗相比,超早期积极使用西洛他唑可显著减少BAD的临床进展,可能是由于西洛他唑的血管舒张和内皮保护作用;早期应用溶栓治疗治疗BAD,安全性尚未被证实,需谨慎应用[8];也有报道指出应用他汀类药物可预防动脉粥样硬化并阻止BAD进展[9];马来酸桂哌齐特是一种钙通道阻滞剂,同时也能抑制磷酸二酯酶且增加腺苷,具有扩张小动脉的作用[10]㊂它与西洛他唑的共性是抑制磷酸二酯酶并扩张远端小动脉,区别是一个为静脉制剂一个为口服制剂㊂我们的结果显示马来酸桂哌齐特与任何其它药物的联合应用包括单一联合或多药联合(抗血小板㊁抗凝,他汀㊁降纤㊁清除自由基)对于LSA型BAD患者均具有良好的短期预后㊂我们通过TCD测算了MCA-PI值,入院后第14天的MCA-PI值在预后良好组与预后不良组比较具有统计学83锦州医科大学学报 2020年6月,41(3)差异的下降,这说明马来酸桂哌齐特可能通过降低远端脑小血管的阻力来改善急性LSA 梗死的短期预后㊂本研究尚具有一定的局限性㊂首先利用TCD 进行PI 值测算是不精确的,利用特殊的磁共振成像(ASL)进行脑血流动力学的研究是更精准的选择㊂此外单中心的研究降低了结论的力度㊂综上所述,基线的低NIHSS 评分㊁入院后第14天的低PI 值以及应用马来酸桂哌齐特治疗是急性LSA 梗死患者短期预后良好的因素,且预后越好MCA-PI 值越低㊂马来酸桂哌齐特可能通过降低远端脑小血管的阻力来改善急性LSA 梗死患者的预后㊂参考文献:[1] Caplan LR.Intracranial branch atheromatous disease:a neglec⁃ted,understudied,and underused concept [J ].Neurology,1989,39(9):1246-1250.[2] Nakase T,Yoshioka S,Sasaki M,et al.Clinical Evaluation ofLacunar Infarction and Branch Atheromatous Disease [J].Jour⁃nal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2013,22(4):406-412.[3] Petrone L,Nannoni S,Del Bene A,et al.Branch atheroma⁃tous disease:a clinically meaningful,yet unproven concept[J].Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2016,41(1):87-95.[4] Saia,Pantoni.Progressive stroke in pontine infarction [J].Ac⁃ta Neurologica Scandinavica,2010,120(5):213-215.[5] Yasumasa,Yamamoto,PD .The concept,pathophysiology andtreatment for branch atheromatous disease [J ].Rinshōshinkeigaku Clinical neurology,2014,54(4):289-297.[6] Blanco PJ,Müller LO,Spence JD.Blood pressure gradients incerebral arteries:a clue to pathogenesis of cerebral small vesseldisease [J].Stroke Vasc Neurol,2017,2(3):108-117.[7] Nakase T,Yamamoto Y,Takagi M.Theimpact of diagnosingbranch atheromatous disease for predicting prognosis [J].Jour⁃nal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2015,24(10):2423-2428.[8] Deguchi I,Hayashi T,Kato Y.Treatment Outcomes of TissuePlasminogen Activator Infusion for Branch Atheromatous Disease [J].Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2013,22(7):168-172.[9] Diener HC,Bogousslavsky J,Brass LM,et al.Aspirin andclopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high -risk patients (MATCH):Randomised,doubleblind,placebo-controlled tri⁃al [J].Dkgest of the World Latest Medical Information,2005,40(6):1259.[10] Zhou MJ.The therapeutic effect ofCinepazide Maleate on 31pa⁃tients with cerebral infarction [J].Shiyong Yiji Zazhi,2004,11(2):981-982.收稿日期:2020-01-02 作者简介:吴刚(1982),男,辽宁锦州人,住院医师,硕士学位,主要研究方向为乳腺癌手术及综合治疗㊂纳米碳与亚甲蓝在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中染色比较吴刚(锦州医科大学附属第一医院乳腺外科,辽宁锦州121000) 摘要:目的 纳米碳示踪剂与亚甲蓝示踪剂在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中应用的染色率差别比较㊂方法 收集并分析2016年6月至2019年1月我院收治乳腺癌保留腋窝手术患者118例,对比纳米碳与亚甲蓝两种示踪剂应用于术中前哨淋巴结染色成功率㊂结果 提示纳米碳示踪剂显影确切,染色成功率高㊂结论 纳米碳示踪剂显著提高有保留腋窝意愿乳腺癌患者手术保腋成功率㊂关键词:乳腺癌;前哨淋巴结活检;纳米碳混悬注射液中图分类号:R737.9 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-305X (2020)03-0039-03Comparison of Staining Between Nano-Carbon and Methylene Bluein Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy of Breast CancerWu Gang(Breast Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University,Jinzhou 121000China)Abstract :Objective To compare the difference of staining rate between carbon nanoparticles and methylene blue in sentinel93赵家爱,等:急性豆纹动脉梗死患者短期预后的影响因素分析。
腔隙性脑梗塞病历书写范文
腔隙性脑梗塞病历书写范文英文回答：Cerebral infarction, also known as lacunar infarction, is a type of stroke that occurs when there is a blockage in the small blood vessels within the brain. This blockage leads to the death of brain cells and can result in various neurological symptoms.In my case, I experienced a lacunar infarction in the left side of my brain. This caused weakness and numbness in my right arm and leg, as well as difficulty speaking. I also had trouble with coordination and balance. These symptoms are common in individuals with cerebral infarction and can vary depending on the location and severity of the blockage.The diagnosis of cerebral infarction is typically made through imaging tests such as a CT scan or an MRI. These tests can show the affected area of the brain and helpdetermine the cause of the stroke. In my case, the CT scan revealed a small area of infarction in the left basal ganglia.Treatment for cerebral infarction involves addressing the underlying cause and preventing further damage. This may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels. Physical therapy and rehabilitation are also important in order to regain strength and function in the affected limbs.Prevention of future strokes is crucial for individuals with cerebral infarction. This may involve lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and exercising regularly. Medications such as antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants may also be prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots.Living with cerebral infarction can be challenging, but with the right treatment and support, it is possible to manage the symptoms and prevent further complications. Itis important to follow a healthcare professional's guidanceand take any prescribed medications as directed.中文回答：腔隙性脑梗塞，也被称为小血管梗塞，是一种发生在大脑内小血管中的中风类型。
人体器官英语单词图文稿
人体器官英语单词集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）器官组织throat 喉collar bone 颈骨rib 肋骨hip 髋部thigh 大腿ankle 踝关节neck 颈shoulder 肩膀chest 胸腔elbow 肘spine 脊骨wrist 腕关节knee 膝盖shin 小腿骨heel 后脚跟toe 脚趾eye 眼eyelid眼睑eyelashes 睫毛eyebrow 眉毛ear 耳朵cheek 脸颊forehead 额头mouth 嘴tongue舌头teeth 牙齿（复数：tooth) chin 下巴waist 腰lip 嘴唇finger 手指thumb 大拇指belly 肚skeleton 骨架，骨骼skull 头颅,头骨brain 脑intestines 肠heart 心liver 肝kidney 肾stomach 胃lung 肺blood vessel 血管vein 静脉artery 动脉capillary 毛细血管nerve 神经diaphragm 隔膜internal organs 内脏stomach 胃liver 肝脏gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰spleen 脾duodenum 十二指肠small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾rectum 直肠anus? 肛门kidney 肾脏bladder 膀胱penis 阴茎testicle 睾丸scrotum 阴囊urethra 尿道ovary 卵巢womb 子宫vagina 阴道cell（细胞）chromosome（染色体）gene（基因）tissue（组织）organ（器官）blood vessel（血管）artery（动脉）vein（静脉）cerebral（大脑的）cerebral death（脑死亡）forehead（额头）wrinkles（皱纹）eyebrow（眉毛）eyelid（眼皮，眼睑）eye（眼睛）疾病Disease 疾病anemia, anaemia 贫血angina pectoris 心绞痛appendicitis 阑尾炎arthritis 关节炎bronchitis 支气管炎cancer 癌catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎chicken pox, varicella 水痘cholera 霍乱cold 感冒,伤风,着凉(head) cold 患感冒diabetes 糖尿病diphtheria 白喉eczema 湿疹epilepsy 癫痫erysipelas 丹毒gangrene 坏疽German measles, rubella 风疹gout 痛风headache 头痛hemiplegy, hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂interus, jaundice 黄疸indigestion 消化不良influenza, flu 流感insanity 精神病leukemia 白血病malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热measles 麻疹migraine, splitting headache 偏头痛miocardial infarction 心肌梗塞mumps 流行性腮腺炎neuralgia 神经痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱paralysis 麻痹peritonitis 腹膜炎pharyngitis 咽炎phtisis 痨病,肺结核pneumonia 肺炎poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎rabies 狂犬病rheumatism 风湿病rickets, rachitis 佝偻病scabies, itch 疥疮scarlet fever 猩红热sciatica 坐骨神经痛sclerosis 硬化septicemia, septicaemia 败血病sinusitis 窦炎smallpox 天花swamp fever 沼地热syncope 晕厥syphilis 梅毒tetanus 破伤风thrombosis 血栓形成torticollis, stiff neck 斜颈tuberculosis 结核病tumour 瘤 (美作:tumor) typhus 斑疹伤寒urticaria, hives 荨麻疹whooping cough 百日咳yellow fever 黄热病心力衰竭：Heart failure 心力衰竭Congestive beart failure 充血性心力衰竭Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭Chroinc heart failure 慢性心力衰竭Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰竭Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭Cardiac dysfunction 心功能障碍心律失常：Arrhythmia （cardiac arrhythmia）心律失常Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极a.窦房结Sinus node recovery time SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time SACT 窦房传导时间Bradycardia 心动过缓Tachycardia 心动过速Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause (sinus arrest) 窦性停搏（窦性静止）sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞（Mobitz 莫氏, Wenckebach 文氏）Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病(态)窦(房结)综合征Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome 心动过缓-心动过速综合征b.心房Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Automatic atrial tachycardia 自律性房性心动过速Reentrant atrial tachycardia 折返性房性心动过速Chaotic atrial tachycardia 紊乱性房性心动过速Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with AV block (PAT with block) 伴有房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速Multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动c.房室交界区性Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩AV junctional escape beats 房室交界区性逸搏AV junctional rhythm 房室交界区性心律Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia 非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT)阵发性室上性心动过速Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室结内折返性心动过速Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室返性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 预激综合征（WPW综合征）d.心室Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular parasystole 室性并行心律Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter 心室扑动Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Wenckebach block 文氏阻滞Adame-Strokes syndrom 阿－斯综合征Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞Left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞Left anterior fascicular block 左前分支传导阻滞Left posterior fascicular block 左后分支传导阻滞Bifascicular block 双分支阻滞Trifascicular block 三分支阻滞心脏骤停与猝死sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 无脉性电活动高血压：Hypertension 高血压Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Primary hypertension 原发性高血压“White coat” hypertension 白大衣性高血压4Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压Arteriolosclerosis 小动脉硬化先心病：Congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Isolated pulmonic stenosis 单纯肺动脉口狭窄Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery 单纯肺动脉扩张Primary pulmonary hypertension 原发性肺动脉高压Persistent left superior vena cava 双侧上腔静脉（左上腔静脉残存）Isolated dextrocardia 孤立性右位心Atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 部分性肺静脉畸形引流Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 室间隔缺损Eisenmenger’s syndrome 艾森门格综合征Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)动脉导管未闭Tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症Trilogy of Fallot 法洛三联症Complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Atrial septal defect (ASD) 房间隔缺损心脏瓣膜病：Multivalve heart disease 多瓣膜疾病Mitral valve disease 二尖瓣疾病Pulmonic valve disease 肺动脉瓣疾病Tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病Ebstein’s anomaly 三尖瓣下移畸形Dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调或断裂Aortic valve disease 主动脉瓣疾病Aortic arch syndrome 主动脉弓综合征Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Rheumatic fever 风湿热Rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Acute mitral insufficiency 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral insufficiency 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全Marfan’s syndrom 马凡氏综合征Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Chronic aortic insufficiency 慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Pulmonary incompetence 肺动脉瓣关闭不全冠心病：Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病Angina pectoris 心绞痛Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Unstable angina pectoris 不稳定心绞痛Initial onset angina pectoris 初发型心绞痛Accelerated angina pectoris 恶化型心绞痛Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal’s variant angina pectoris)变异型心绞痛Angina decubitus 卧位心绞痛Acute coronary insufficiency 急性冠状动脉功能不全Postinfarction angina pectoris 梗塞后心绞痛Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) 急性冠脉综合征Myocardial infarction(MI) 心肌梗死Acute myocardial infarction(AMI) 急性心肌梗死Dysfunction of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调Rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌断裂Rupture of the heart 心脏破裂Embolism 栓塞Cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤Postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Latent coronary heart disease 无症状型冠心病（隐性冠心病）Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Sudden death 猝死感染性心内膜炎：Infective endocarditis (IE) 感染性心内膜炎Native valve endocarditis 自体瓣膜心内膜炎Prothetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎Acute infective endocarditics(AIE) 急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎心肌疾病：Specific cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病Viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy（HCM）肥厚性心肌病Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) 非对称性室间隔肥厚Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)限制性心肌病Dilated cardiomyopathy（DCM）扩张型心肌病Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病Peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病Drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease (KD) 克山病Endemic cardiomyopathy (ECD) 地方性心肌病Cardiomyopathies 心肌疾病Myocardial bridging 心肌桥Myocarditis 心肌炎Right ventricular cardiomyopathy 右室心肌病Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)致心律失常型右室心肌病Unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)心包疾病：Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎血管疾病：Peripheral arteriosclerosis obliteration 闭塞性周围动脉粥样硬化Primary arteritis of the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎Raynaud syndrome 雷诺综合征Pulness disease 无脉病Thromboangitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层其它疾病：Syndrome XCardiogenic shock 心原性休克Postpericardiostomy syndrome 心肌损伤后综合征Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥Syphlitic cardiovascular disease 梅毒性心血管病Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏血管神经官能症药物Vasodilator 血管扩张剂（phlebectasis 静脉扩张， arteriectasis 动脉扩张）Diuretic 利尿剂（thiazide diuretic 噻嗪类利尿剂；loop diuretic 袢利尿剂；potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿剂）inotropic agent 正性肌力药（digitalis preparation 洋地黄制剂；adrenergic receptor stimulant 肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂；phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂）Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor（ACE inhibitors）（ACEI）血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂Aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂Beta adrenergic receptor blocker （beta blockers）肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂Calcium channel blocker（CCB）钙通道阻滞剂Angiotension Ⅱ antagonist(Angiotension Ⅱ receptor blocker) 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Alpha blockers α1 受体阻滞剂Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Digoxin 地高辛Lanatoside C 西地兰antiarrhythic drugs 抗心律失常药lidocaine 利多卡因Propafenone 普罗帕酮Amiodarone 胺碘酮调脂药降脂药HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂Nicotinic acid 烟酸Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯抗血小板药物溶栓药recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂抗凝药操作interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 心血管病介入性治疗Holter ECG monitoring 动态心电图Ultrasound angioplasty 超声消融术Directional coronary atherectomy 定向旋切术High frequency rotational atherectomy 高频旋磨术Laser angioplasty 激光血管成形术Catheter ablation 心导管消融Radiofrequency catheter ablation 经导管射频消融Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV)经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty(PBPV)经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术Percutaneous transluminal septial myocardial ablation,(PTSMA)经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术Percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮穿刺冠状动脉内支架安置术Transluminal Extraction catheter (TEC)经皮血管内切吸导管Artificial cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏Multisite cardiac pacing 多部位心脏起搏Biatrial pacing 双心房起搏biventricular pacing 双心室起搏bifocal pacing 双灶起搏Heart transplantation 心脏移植Angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy 新鲜血栓吸引术Upright tilt-table testing 直立倾斜试验Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)置入型心律转复除颤器Thumpversion 捶击复律Cough-version 咳嗽复律Cardioversion 心脏电复律Defibrillation 心脏电除颤Revascularization 血管重建其它Hemolytic streptococcus 甲族乙型溶血性链球菌Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白Vagus nerve 迷走神经,Brainstem death 脑干死亡Brain death 脑死亡Myocardial remodeling 心肌重塑Hemodynamics 血液动力学Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)心钠素Vasopressin 血管加压素,抗利尿激素Bradykinin 缓激肽Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极Late ventricular potential 心室晚电位Sinus node recovery time(SNRT) 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time(SACT) 窦房传导时间Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Accessory atrioventricular pathways 房室旁路Atriohisian tracts 房希氏束Nodoventricular fibers 结-室纤维Fasciculoventricular fibers 分支室纤维Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Vasodepressor response 血管减压反应Pulsus tardus 细迟脉Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度Systolic anterior motion(SAM) （二尖瓣前叶）收缩期前向运动Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行。
第六节 循环生理.心血管活动的调节.
血 液 循 环
Prof. Wang Tinghuai
Department of Physiology
Email: wangth@
2017.10.09
2017/12/30 生理教研室
Section4 Regulation of Cardiovascular Activity 心血管活动的调节
2017/12/30
生理教研室
Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone: in resting state, sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber continues to release 1~3 time/s low frequency impulse.
在不同的组织和器官中重新进行血流分配
2017/12/30
生理教研室
Ways of regulation
调节途径
• Neural control: Cardiovascular reflex 神经调节：心血管反射 • Humoral control：humoral factors 体液调节：体液因素 • Autoregulation: intrinsic regulation 自身调节：内在调节
2017/12/30
• To maintain normal blood pressure, blood flow to relatively constant. 维持正常血压和血流相对恒定 • To redistribute blood supply to different tissues and organs.
生理教研室
(1) Effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve: 心交感神经的作用
人体器官英语单词
人体器官英语单词 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】器官组织throat 喉collar bone 颈骨rib 肋骨hip 髋部thigh 大腿ankle 踝关节neck 颈shoulder 肩膀chest 胸腔elbow 肘spine 脊骨wrist 腕关节knee 膝盖shin 小腿骨heel 后脚跟toe 脚趾eye 眼eyelid 眼睑eyelashes 睫毛eyebrow 眉毛ear 耳朵cheek 脸颊forehead 额头mouth 嘴tongue舌头teeth 牙齿（复数：tooth)chin 下巴waist 腰lip 嘴唇finger 手指thumb 大拇指belly 肚skeleton 骨架，骨骼skull 头颅,头骨brain 脑intestines 肠heart 心liver 肝kidney 肾stomach 胃lung 肺blood vessel 血管vein 静脉artery 动脉capillary 毛细血管nerve 神经diaphragm 隔膜internal organs 内脏stomach 胃liver 肝脏gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰spleen 脾duodenum 十二指肠small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾rectum 直肠anus? 肛门kidney 肾脏bladder 膀胱penis 阴茎testicle睾丸scrotum 阴囊urethra 尿道ovary 卵巢womb 子宫vagina 阴道cell（细胞） chromosome（染色体） gene （基因）tissue（组织）organ（器官）blood vessel（血管）artery（动脉）vein（静脉）cerebral（大脑的）cerebral death（脑死亡）forehead（额头）wrinkles（皱纹）eyebrow（眉毛）eyelid（眼皮，眼睑）eye（眼睛）疾病Disease 疾病 anemia, anaemia 贫血 angina pectoris 心绞痛 appendicitis 阑尾炎 arthritis 关节炎 bronchitis 支气管炎 cancer 癌catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎 chicken pox, varicella水痘 cholera 霍乱 cold 感冒,伤风,着凉 (head) cold 患感冒 diabetes 糖尿病 diphtheria 白喉eczema 湿疹 epilepsy 癫痫 erysipelas 丹毒gangrene 坏疽 German measles, rubella 风疹 gout 痛风 headache 头痛 hemiplegy, hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂 interus, jaundice 黄疸 indigestion 消化不良 influenza, flu 流感insanity 精神病 leukemia 白血病 malaria 疟疾 malnutrition 营养不良 Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热 measles 麻疹 migraine, splitting headache 偏头痛 miocardial infarction 心肌梗塞 mumps 流行性腮腺炎 neuralgia 神经痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱 paralysis 麻痹peritonitis 腹膜炎 pharyngitis 咽炎 phtisis 痨病,肺结核 pneumonia 肺炎 poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎 rabies 狂犬病 rheumatism 风湿病rickets, rachitis 佝偻病 scabies, itch 疥疮scarlet fever 猩红热 sciatica 坐骨神经痛sclerosis 硬化 septicemia, septicaemia 败血病 sinusitis 窦炎 smallpox 天花 swamp fever 沼地热 syncope 晕厥 syphilis 梅毒 tetanus 破伤风 thrombosis 血栓形成 torticollis, stiff neck 斜颈 tuberculosis 结核病 tumour 瘤(美作:tumor) typhus 斑疹伤寒 urticaria, hives 荨麻疹 whooping cough 百日咳 yellow fever 黄热病心力衰竭：Heart failure 心力衰竭Congestive beart failure 充血性心力衰竭Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭Chroinc heart failure 慢性心力衰竭Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰竭Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭Cardiac dysfunction 心功能障碍心律失常：Arrhythmia （cardiac arrhythmia）心律失常Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极a.窦房结Sinus node recovery time SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time SACT 窦房传导时间Bradycardia 心动过缓Tachycardia 心动过速Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause (sinus arrest) 窦性停搏（窦性静止）sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞（Mobitz 莫氏, Wenckebach 文氏）Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病(态)窦(房结)综合征Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome 心动过缓-心动过速综合征b.心房Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Automatic atrial tachycardia 自律性房性心动过速Reentrant atrial tachycardia 折返性房性心动过速Chaotic atrial tachycardia 紊乱性房性心动过速Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with AV block (PAT with block) 伴有房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速Multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动c.房室交界区性Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩AV junctional escape beats 房室交界区性逸搏AV junctional rhythm 房室交界区性心律Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia 非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT)阵发性室上性心动过速Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室结内折返性心动过速Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室返性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 预激综合征（WPW综合征）d.心室Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular parasystole 室性并行心律Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter 心室扑动Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Wenckebach block 文氏阻滞Adame-Strokes syndrom 阿－斯综合征Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞Left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞Left anterior fascicular block 左前分支传导阻滞Left posterior fascicular block 左后分支传导阻滞Bifascicular block 双分支阻滞Trifascicular block 三分支阻滞心脏骤停与猝死sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 无脉性电活动高血压：Hypertension 高血压Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Primary hypertension 原发性高血压“White coat” hypertension 白大衣性高血压4Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压Arteriolosclerosis 小动脉硬化先心病：Congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Isolated pulmonic stenosis 单纯肺动脉口狭窄Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery 单纯肺动脉扩张Primary pulmonary hypertension 原发性肺动脉高压Persistent left superior vena cava 双侧上腔静脉（左上腔静脉残存）Isolated dextrocardia 孤立性右位心Atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 部分性肺静脉畸形引流Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 室间隔缺损Eisenmenger’s syndrome 艾森门格综合征Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)动脉导管未闭Tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症Trilogy of Fallot 法洛三联症Complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Atrial septal defect (ASD) 房间隔缺损心脏瓣膜病：Multivalve heart disease 多瓣膜疾病Mitral valve disease 二尖瓣疾病Pulmonic valve disease 肺动脉瓣疾病Tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病Ebstein’s anomaly 三尖瓣下移畸形Dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调或断裂Aortic valve disease 主动脉瓣疾病Aortic arch syndrome 主动脉弓综合征Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Rheumatic fever 风湿热Rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Acute mitral insufficiency 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral insufficiency 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全Marfan’s syndrom 马凡氏综合征Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Chronic aortic insufficiency 慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Pulmonary incompetence 肺动脉瓣关闭不全冠心病：Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病Angina pectoris 心绞痛Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Unstable angina pectoris 不稳定心绞痛Initial onset angina pectoris 初发型心绞痛Accelerated angina pectoris 恶化型心绞痛Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal’s variant angina pectoris)变异型心绞痛Angina decubitus 卧位心绞痛Acute coronary insufficiency 急性冠状动脉功能不全Postinfarction angina pectoris 梗塞后心绞痛Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) 急性冠脉综合征Myocardial infarction(MI) 心肌梗死Acute myocardial infarction(AMI) 急性心肌梗死Dysfunction of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调Rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌断裂Rupture of the heart 心脏破裂Embolism 栓塞Cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤Postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Latent coronary heart disease 无症状型冠心病（隐性冠心病）Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Sudden death 猝死感染性心内膜炎：Infective endocarditis (IE) 感染性心内膜炎Native valve endocarditis 自体瓣膜心内膜炎Prothetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎Acute infective endocarditics(AIE) 急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎心肌疾病：Specific cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病Viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy（HCM）肥厚性心肌病Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) 非对称性室间隔肥厚Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)限制性心肌病Dilated cardiomyopathy（DCM）扩张型心肌病Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病Peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病Drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease (KD) 克山病Endemic cardiomyopathy (ECD) 地方性心肌病Cardiomyopathies 心肌疾病Myocardial bridging 心肌桥Myocarditis 心肌炎Right ventricular cardiomyopathy 右室心肌病Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)致心律失常型右室心肌病Unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)心包疾病：Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎血管疾病：Peripheral arteriosclerosis obliteration 闭塞性周围动脉粥样硬化Primary arteritis of the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎Raynaud syndrome 雷诺综合征Pulness disease 无脉病Thromboangitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层其它疾病：Syndrome XCardiogenic shock 心原性休克Postpericardiostomy syndrome 心肌损伤后综合征Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥Syphlitic cardiovascular disease 梅毒性心血管病Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏血管神经官能症药物Vasodilator 血管扩张剂（phlebectasis 静脉扩张， arteriectasis 动脉扩张）Diuretic 利尿剂（thiazide diuretic 噻嗪类利尿剂；loop diuretic 袢利尿剂；potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿剂）inotropic agent 正性肌力药（digitalis preparation 洋地黄制剂；adrenergic receptor stimulant 肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂；phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂）Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor（ACE inhibitors）（ACEI）血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂Aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂Beta adrenergic receptor blocker （beta blockers）肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂Calcium channel blocker（CCB）钙通道阻滞剂Angiotension Ⅱ antagonist(Angiotension Ⅱ receptor blocker) 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Alpha blockers α1 受体阻滞剂Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Digoxin 地高辛Lanatoside C 西地兰antiarrhythic drugs 抗心律失常药lidocaine 利多卡因Propafenone 普罗帕酮Amiodarone 胺碘酮调脂药降脂药HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂Nicotinic acid 烟酸Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯抗血小板药物溶栓药recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂抗凝药操作interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 心血管病介入性治疗Holter ECG monitoring 动态心电图Ultrasound angioplasty 超声消融术Directional coronary atherectomy 定向旋切术High frequency rotational atherectomy 高频旋磨术Laser angioplasty 激光血管成形术Catheter ablation 心导管消融Radiofrequency catheter ablation 经导管射频消融Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV)经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty(PBPV)经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术Percutaneous transluminal septial myocardial ablation,(PTSMA)经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术Percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮穿刺冠状动脉内支架安置术Transluminal Extraction catheter (TEC)经皮血管内切吸导管Artificial cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏Multisite cardiac pacing 多部位心脏起搏Biatrial pacing 双心房起搏biventricular pacing 双心室起搏bifocal pacing 双灶起搏Heart transplantation 心脏移植Angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy 新鲜血栓吸引术Upright tilt-table testing 直立倾斜试验Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)置入型心律转复除颤器Thumpversion 捶击复律Cough-version 咳嗽复律Cardioversion 心脏电复律Defibrillation 心脏电除颤Revascularization 血管重建其它Hemolytic streptococcus 甲族乙型溶血性链球菌Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白Vagus nerve 迷走神经,Brainstem death 脑干死亡Brain death 脑死亡Myocardial remodeling 心肌重塑Hemodynamics 血液动力学Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)心钠素Vasopressin 血管加压素,抗利尿激素Bradykinin 缓激肽Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极Late ventricular potential 心室晚电位Sinus node recovery time(SNRT) 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time(SACT) 窦房传导时间Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Accessory atrioventricular pathways 房室旁路Atriohisian tracts 房希氏束Nodoventricular fibers 结-室纤维Fasciculoventricular fibers 分支室纤维Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Vasodepressor response 血管减压反应Pulsus tardus 细迟脉Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度Systolic anterior motion(SAM) （二尖瓣前叶）收缩期前向运动Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行。
多层螺旋CT、MRI、DSA对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值(附8例报告)
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林 笑丰 谢 榜 昆 陈明 瑶 黄 云 海 杨 绮 华 中山 大 学第 二 附属 医 院放射 科 （５１０１２０）
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10. The mutation of cerebral arteries is very common， especially in Willis’ circle 。
the artery systeme of brain
internal carotid A. S. vertebral-basilar A.S. To according to tentorium of cerebellum: the structures of supratentorium accept blood from internal carotid A. S. and posterior cerebral artery; the structures of infratentorium accept blood from vertebral-basilar A.S.
hippocampus and uncus；
posterior limb of internal capsule and globus pallidus。
it s characteristic is slender，to take place embolism easily。
,
4. anterior cerebral a.
the
inferior cerebral vein ：
1～7 strip ， collecting blood from surface of lateral cerebral hemisphere or hemispheric inferior face to superior sagittal sinus / transverse sinus /cavernous sinus 。
The applied anatomy of cerebral vessels
李 振 平 The medical college of shandong university
The characteristic
of cerebral vessels
1. the composition : internal carotid a.s. vertebral a.s.
after part of parietooccipital sulcus, hemispheric medial face。
central branches：： brain stem、 dorsal thalamus、 hypothalamus、 lateral geniculate body。
3.
（2）branches and distribution
cortical branches： medial frontobasal a. posteromedial frontal a. pericallosal a. paracentral a. precuneal a. before part of parietooccipital sulcus, hemispheric medial face。
the deep cerebral veins
（basal nucleus,internal
capsule,diencephalon）；
cortex branches
central branches
6. the both systems haven t anastomosis each other；
for example : blood vessels block
P1 horizontal segment； P2 microtubule segment； P3 temporal branches ； P4 parietooccipital a. / calcarine a.
。
2. main branches：
cortical branches： inferior temporal a. (ant. / mid. / pos ) calcarine a. parietooccipital a.
2. The main branches of Intracranial segment:
meningeal branches； anterior spinal artery； medulla oblongata branches ； pos. inf. cerebellar a.： , it s characteristic is slender， to take place Infarct easily。
Willis’circle
The composition and position
in modern times form
primitive form
transition form
The Types and mutation of Willis’circle in Chinese
mixing form agenesis form
central branches（medial lenticulostriate artery）
include：
A. recurrent branches（Heubner artery）: putamen、head of caudate nucleus 、 internal capsule； B. basal branches： optic chiasma 、 hypothalamus。
the cerebral veins
Can be divided into two groups:
superficial group
deep group
the superficial cerebral veins
The superior cerebral veins ： 8～12strip，collecting blood from surface of superolateral cerebral hemisphere to superior sagittal sinus。
4. the wall of cerebral arteries is very thin , so breake and bleeding is very easy ；
5. the cerebral arteries can be divided in to: cortex branches central branches cerebral cortex
surface of superolateral cerebral hemisphere and insula
Central branches（lateral lenticulostriate a.）：
most of part of the internal capsule and striatum 。 so this arteries is broken and bleeding easily。
It is named bleeding
arteries !!!
（ 3）
vertebral-basilar A.S.
vertebral artery 1. the journey and segments V1 transverse foramen-segment V2 horizontal segment V3 atlas-segment V4 foramen magnum-segment V5 Intracalvarium-segment
internal carotid A. S.
To according to the journey, internal carotid A.can be divided in to 1. cervical segment 2. encranial segment ：
C5, carotid canal segment ； C4, cavernous segment ； C3, knee segment ； C2, chiasmatic cistern segment ； C1, end segment
basilar a.
main branches： ant. Inf.cerebellar a. labyrinthine a. pontine arteries superior cerebellar a.
posterior cerebral a.
1. the journey and segments
The
superficial middle cerebral veins ：
collecting blood from surface of superolateral cerebral hemisphere to superior sagittal sinus / transverse sinus/cavernous sinus 。
（3 ）
5. middle cerebral a.
（1） the journey and segments
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 horizontal segment； insula –segment, like“U” ； lateral sulcus- segment bifurcate segment end-segment
,
7. the cerebral arteries do not
accompanied by veins ；
8. the cerebral veins and cranial
sinuses are no venous valve；
9. the both of cerebral blood capillary and neuron have blood brain barrier；
2. the both systems form anastomosis ( Willis circle )；