测绘专业英语_大地测量和平面测量
湖南城市学院
王之卓： The development of “Surveying and Mapping” in the information era is “Geomatics”.
湖南城市学院
Types of Surveys 测量类型
(1) land surveys (2) topographic surveys (3) route surveys (4) city surveys (5) construction surveys (6) hydrographic surveys (7) marine surveys (8) forestry and geological surveys (9) photogrammetric surveys
湖南城市学院
plumb n.铅锤，测锤 adj.垂直的 vt.1，用铅垂线校正 2， （为建筑物等）铺设管道 3，当管工 4，用 铅锤测量 plumb bob 铅锤 plumb line 铅垂线 off [out of] plum 不垂直，shmen
sophomore junior
senior
湖南城市学院
estate n.1.住宅区，工业区，工厂区 2,（通常指农村的）大片私有土地，庄园 This is a tea estate. 3,个人财产；（尤指）遗产 He owns a large estate in Scotland. 4,不动产权，地产权，财产权 5,（人生的）阶段，状况，状态，情况
湖南城市学院
chart n.1,图标 2，航海图 The course of a ship is marked on a chart. 轮船的航线已经在航海图上标出。 vt.1,绘制地图，在图上标出 The navigator charted the course of the ship. 领航员在航海图上标出船的航线。 2，记录，记述，跟踪（进展或发展） 3，计划行动 ；制定计划
湖南城市学院
cadastre n.1,地籍 2，土地的位置、面积、质量、权属、利用现 状等诸要素关系的总称 elevation n.1.提升，提高，晋级 2，海拔 The house is at an elevation of 2000 metres. 那栋房子位于海拔两千米的高处。 3,(建筑物的)正视图;立体图 4,高地;高处 5,(水平或数量)提高,升高,增加
HCU
Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying 大地测量和平面测量
湖南城市学院
plane n.平面; adj.平坦的 n.1.平面图 2.可以不计地球曲面投影变形影响的,描述 小范围面积的地图。通常地图比例尺不应 小于1:5000。
湖南城市学院
湖南城市学院
Two general classifications of surveys are geodetic and plane. 目前测量的主要方法分为大地测量和平面测量。 In geodetic surveying, the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the computations on a spheroid. 在大地测量中，地球曲面被近似认为是一椭球来 计算。 In plane surveying, except for leveling, the reference base for field work and computations is assumed to be a flat horizontal surface. 在平面测量中，除了水准测量，内外业的参考基 准面被认为是平坦的水平表面。
湖南城市学院
Curved adj.1，弧形的；曲线的；呈弯曲状的 A large bull with curved horns
Curvature n.1.弯曲 curvature of the spine 脊椎弯曲 2.弯曲部分 3.曲率，曲度
湖南城市学院
tri- “三” trigomometry 三角法 trigonometric function 三角函数 trigonometric identity 三角恒等式 tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty
feature n.1.特征 2.可以作为标志的显著特点 eg. design with topographical feature 根据地形特征进行设计 natural features 自然特征点 artificial features 人工特征点
湖南城市学院
contour n.1.轮廓;轮廓线 2.外形;结构 n.1.等高线 2.地图上地面高程相等的各相邻点所连成 的曲线。 eg. contoured / contour map 等高线图 contoured bathymetric map 水深线图，等深线图
湖南城市学院
Hydrographic adj.与水道测量有关 of or relating to hydrographics Eg. hydrographic survey hydrographic surveyor hydrographic map Hydro- or dydr- 表示“水，液，流体”，“氢的， 含氢的”之义 Combining form 结合的形式 Indicating or denoting water, liquid, or fluid表明或 表示水、液体或者流体
湖南城市学院
figure n.1.数字 The above figure did not include workers. 上面的数字没有包括工人。 2.图解,图表;装饰性的图案 The figure on page 22 shows a political map of Africa. 第22页的插图是非洲的政区图。
湖南城市学院
Plan n.1.计划，打算，方案 2.平面图，示意图 The plans of the new development are on show at the town hall. 镇公所大厅展示了新开发的平面图。 vt.&vi. 1.计划，打算，设计 I have planned the whole thing to the smallest detail. 我已经把整个事情连最小的细节都计划好了。
湖南城市学院
curve n.1.曲线，弧线，曲面，弯曲 The population curve has slowed down. 2.曲线状物，弯曲物 The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road. vt.&vi.1,(使)完成弧形 2，（使）沿曲 线运动；呈曲线形
测绘专业术语中英文对照
工程测量学engineering surveying测量学gematics, surveying大地水准面geoid surface平均海水面mean sea level高程elevation, height平面坐标horizontal coordinate高程基准height datum铅垂线plumb line三角高程测量trigonometric heighting水准测量direct leveling, leveling精密水准测量precise leveling水准仪level水准尺leveling staff附合水准路线link route闭合水准路线loop route水准支线open route水准网leveling Network闭合差misclosure水准点Bench Mark, or BM后视backsight前视foresight水平角horizontal angle竖直角vertical angle经纬仪theodolite光学经纬仪optical theodolite电子经纬仪electric theodolite对中centering整平leveling指标差index error水平度盘horizontal circle竖盘vertical circle视准轴line of collimation (LOC)距离测量distance measurement平距horizontal distance斜距slope distance高差height difference/difference in height 钢尺steel tape钢尺量距steel taping 视距法测距stadia tacheometry电磁波测距electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM)全站仪total station直线定向line orientation方位角azimuth象限角bearing粗差gross error, mistake, blunder or outlier系统误差systematic error偶然误差random/accidental error误差传播定律error propagation law测量（值）measurement/observation真误差true error真值true value精度指标precision indicator方差variance中误差standard deviation (SD)容许误差allowable error相对误差relative error极限误差limited error最或然值most probable value算术平均值arithmetic mean权weight测站station转点turning point控制网control network水平控制网horizontal control network高程控制网vertical control network工程控制网engineering control network控制测量control survey导线traverse导线测量traverse survey导线转折角traverse angle导线边长traverse leg坐标正算direct coordinate computation坐标反算inverse coordinate computation。
测绘专业英语翻译第二单元
Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position ofnatural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing thisinformation in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；并使之按比例测绘成地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。
）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同样的，测量员/大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特征）The accurate determination and monumentation of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精确确定并标定地表点位便成为测量的主要任务）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same---they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （虽然测量工作有不同目的，基本的操作却都一样――他们包括测量和计算，或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth （Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量）Additionally, surveys are conducted for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，测量还分为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。
测绘工程专业英语翻译(1-8章)
测绘工程专业英语翻译Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） 2 Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）7 Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量）12 Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量）15 Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量）18 Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法）22 Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）26 Unit8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差）30Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语Unit 1
Unit 1What Is Geomatics?Geomatics DefinedWhere does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY + GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO-for earth and -MATICS for mathematical or GEO-for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics.It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called " geodesy"or"surveying", and by adding a number of computer science--and/ or GIS-oriented courses. Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment. Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences. Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization (ISO), so it is here to stay.The term "surveyor" is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields. Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis."As a result,both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world's leading universities are being changed to. "Degree in Geomatics". This does not suggest the demise of the term " surveyor" and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogrammetrists,etc. as appropriate to their specialization.In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. As a result, the role of the " surveyor" is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity. In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required. Academic and professional oinstitutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing ,canalyzing and presenting geographically referenced information (geo-spatial data).This broad term applies both to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveyingand oimapping, geodesy,m satellite o positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) , land management, computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.Several terms such as "geomatics,""geomatic engineering," and"geoinformatics" are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information. These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed,and applied. Along with land surveying,photogammetry,remote sensing,and cartography,GIS is an important component of geomatics.Branches of GeomaticsData acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system (GPS)satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry,image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS). Data plotting ( presentation)is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens ( where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory,they are available for use by a wide variety of users. Through the use of modem information technology (IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry,agriculture, planning and development, geology,geographical sciences,infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.Other Definitions of GeomaticsAs defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal Geomatica:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific,administrative, legal and technical operations involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be "the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management.Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earth-based data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies,planning, engineering,navigation,geology (and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data.[ from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis,management,retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems,i1environmental visualisation, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying.[ from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting andmanaging geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays animportant role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land andmarine resources, and real estate transactions.[ from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation , analysis management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth'g physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as:Surveying, Geodesy,Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.[ from the Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania]□ Notes:①测绘学（Geomatics）这个术语最初作为一门学科专业出现于加拿大，在过去几年里已被世界各地众多的高等教育机构所采纳，大多数是由以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”并引入许多计算机科学和地理信息系统方向的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语考试重点(包括单词)
测绘工程专业英语考试重点Geomatic测绘学Geosciences地球科学Geodesy大地测量学Cadastral surveying地籍测量Geodetic surveying 大地测量Marine survey 海洋测量Geological survey 地质测量Control survey 控制测量Horizontal survey 水平测量Vertical survey 高程测量Topographic survey 地形测量Tacheometry 视距测量Contour等高线Chart图表Fieldwork外业Officework内业Elevation高程Basic point 基准点Benchmark 水准基点Stations 测站Geoid 水准面Vertical垂直Theodolite经纬仪Monumentation埋石Latitude纬度Longitude经度Prime meridian 本初子午线Gravity field 重力场Curvature 曲率Fixed error 固定误差Proportionnal error 比例误差Multiplication constant 乘常数Angle 角度Zenith distance 天顶距Circle 度盘Azimuth方位角Triangulation 三角测量Traversing 导线测量Triangulateration 边角测量Control network 控制网Forward intersection 前方交会Resection 后方交会Side intersection 侧方交会Traverse angle 导线折角Open traverse 支导线Close traverse 闭合导线Close loop traverse闭合环导线Connecting traverse 符合导线Coordinate increment坐标增量Trigonometric leveling 三高程测量Horizontal 水平距Rod plate 尺垫Coordinates 坐标系Geodetic 大地基准Origin 原点Parameter 参数Map projection 地图投影Equidistant projection等距投影Equivalent projection 等积投影Orthographic projection 正射投影Differential correction 差分改正Real time kinematicRTK实动定位Cartograph制图学Raster 栅格光栅Embed 嵌入Resolution 分辨率Data classification 数据分类Topological relationship 拓扑关系aerial photogrammetry 航空摄测量Remote sensing 遥感InSAR干涉合成孔径雷达Prism 棱镜Blunder/gross error 粗差Index error 指标差Standard deviation 标准差Mean square error中误差Calibrate 校准Normal equation 法方程Space segment 空间部分--------------------------settlement observation 沉陷观测deflection observation 挠度观测property line survey 建筑红线放样cross-section survey 横断面测量geoid undulation 大地水准面差距orthometric height 正高very long baseline interferometry甚长基线干涉测量connecting traverse 附合导线zenith distance 天顶距hydrographic survey 水道测量工程测量engineering survey施工放样construction layout orsetting-out survey竣工测量as-built survey参考椭球reference ellipsoid 参考卫星激光测距satellite laserranging(SLR)重力场gravity field测量平差adjustment ofobservation or survey adjustment多余观测redundant observation点位中误差mean square error ofa point粗差检验gross error detection自动目标识别automatic targetrecognition(ATR水准尺level lod平面控制网horizontal controlnetwork地籍测量cadastral surveying orproperty survey1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一种技术。
测量学英文专业术语
望远镜 Telescope,
竖直度盘 vertical dish, vertical circle
水准管 Level bubble
读数设备 Readings equipment
水平度盘 Horizontal dish
测微尺 Micro-distance measuring sensor
大地坐标系 Geodetic coordinate system
空间直角坐标系 spatial rectangular coordinates
独立平面直角坐标系 Independent plane rectangular coordinate system
高斯平面直角坐标系 Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system
第一章绪论
测绘 Surveying
测定 survey
测设 layout
普通测量学 General survey
大地测量学 geodetic survey
摄影测量与遥感学 Photogrammetry and remote sensing
海洋测绘学 Marine surveying
测量误差：surveying errors
系统误差：Systematic error
偶然误差：random error；accidental error
最或是值：The most probable value
多余观测：Redundant observation
算术平均值：arithmetic average ；Arithmetic means
光学对中器 Optical plummet telescope
测绘工程专业英语(1—8)章翻译
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMA TICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called ―geodesy‖ or ―surveying‖, and by adding a number of comput er scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的―大地测量学‖ 或―测量学‖在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或―基于GIS‖ 】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘专业名词中英文大地测量学
02.001 大地测量geodetic surveying02.002 几何大地测量学geometric geodesy02.003 椭球面大地测量学ellipsoidal geodesy02.004 大地天文学geodetic astronomy02.005 物理大地测量学(又称“大地重力学”) physical geodesy 02.006 空间大地测量学space geodesy02.007 卫星大地测量学satellite geodesy02.008 动力大地测量学dynamic geodesy02.009 海洋大地测量学marine geodesy02.010 月面测量学lunar geodesy，selenodesy02.011 行星测量学planetary geodesy02.012 天文大地网(又称“国家大地网”) astro--geodetic network 02.013 参考椭球reference ellipsoid02.014 贝塞尔椭球Bessel ellipsoid02.015 海福德椭球Hayford ellipsoid02.016 克拉索夫斯基椭球Krasovsky ellipsoid02.017 参考椭球定位orientation of reference ellipsoid02.018 大地基准geodetic datum02.019 大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system02.020 弧度测量arc measurement02.021 拉普拉斯方位角Laplace azimuth02.022 拉普拉斯点Laplace point02.023 三角测量triangulation02.024 三角点triangulation point02.025 三角锁triangulation chain02.026 三角网triangulation network02.027 图形权倒数weight reciprocal of figure02.028 菲列罗公式Ferreros formula02.029 施赖伯全组合测角法Schreiber method in all combinations02.030 方向观测法method of direction observation，method by series 02.031 测回observation set02.032 归心元素elements of centring02.033 归心改正correction for centring02.034 水平折光差(又称“旁折光差”) horizontal refraction error 02.035 基线测量base measurement02.036 基线baseline02.037 基线网base network02.038 精密导线测量precise traversing02.039 三角高程测量trigonometric leveling02.040 三角高程网trigonometric leveling network02.041 铅垂线plumb line02.042 天顶距zenith distance02.043 高度角elevation angle， altitude angle02.044 垂直折光差vertical refraction error02.045 垂直折光系数vertical refraction coefficient02.046 国家水准网national leveling network02.047 精密水准测量Precise leveling02.048 水准面level surface02.049 高程height02.050 正高orthometric height02.051 正常高normal height02.052 力高dynamic height02.053 地球位数geopotential number02.054 水准点benchmark02.055 水准路线leveling line02.056 跨河水准测量river－crossing leveling02.057 椭球长半径major radius of ellipsoid02.058 椭球扁率flattening of ellipsoid02.059 椭球偏心率eccentricity of ellipsoid02.060 子午面meridian plane02.061 子午圈meridian02.062 卯酉圈prime vertical02.063 平行圈parallel circle02.064 法截面normal section02.065 子午圈曲率半径radius of curvature in meridian02.066 卯酉圈曲率半径radius of curvature in prime vertical02.067 平均曲率半径mean radius of curvature02.068 大地线geodesic02.069 大地线微分方程differential equation of geodesic02.070 大地坐标geodetic coordinate02.071 大地经度geodetic longitude02.072 大地纬度geodetic latitude02.073 大地高geodetic height，ellipsoidal height02.074 大地方位角geodetic azimuth02.075 天文大地垂线偏差astro—geodetic deflection of the vertical 02.076 垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical02.077 标高差改正correction for skew normals02.078 截面差改正correction from normal section to geodetic02.079 大地主题正解direct solution of geodetic problem02.080 大地主题反解 inverse solution of geodetic problem02.081 高斯中纬度公式Gauss mid—latitude formula02.082 贝塞尔大地主题解算公式Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem02.083 高斯一克吕格投影Gauss－Kruger projection又称“高斯投影”。
测绘工程专业英语(中国地质大学长城学院)
一、名词解释：1、Surveying (测量学）is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of Earth that,on drawing them to scale natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.2、Plane surveying （平面测量)is of wide scope and utility,and its methods are e mployed in the vast majorit y of surveys undertaken for various purposes,such as en gineering ,architectural,legal,c ommercial,scientific,geograph ical,exploratory,military,and n avigational.3、Geodetic surveys（大地测量）are usually of a nati onal character,occasionally w orks of international coopera tion,and they are undertaken as basis for the production of accurate maps of wide areas.4、Leveling（水准测量) is t he general term applied to a ny of the various processes by which elevations of point s or differences in elevation are determined.5、The theodolite （经纬仪）is an instrument designed for the measurement of hori zontal and vertical angles.It is the most precise instrume nt available for such observ ations,and is of wide applica bility in surveying.6、A traverse（导线）is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements7、Traversing(导线测量）,the act of establishing traverse stations and making the ne cessary measurements,is one of the most basic and wid ely practiced means of deter mining the relative locations of points.8、Azimuths（方位角）are measured clockwise from th e north end of the meridian through the angle points. 9、Topographic surveys（地形测量）are made to deter mine the configuration (relie f) of the earth’s surface and to locate natural and cultur al features on it.10、A topographic map（地形图）is a large scale repres entation of a portion of theEarth’s showing culture, relief, hydrography, and perhaps vegetation.11、Systematic-Error(系统误差）:These-errors conformto mathematical and physical laws.Their magnitude maybe constant or variable depending on conditions.12、Radom error(偶然误差）：These are errors that remain after mistakes and systematic errors have been eliminated.13、Precision(精度)refers to the degree of refinementor consistency of a group of measurements.14、Accuracy(准确度）which denotes the absolute nearness of measured quantities to their true values.二、填空1、The metal case is attached to some part of the instrument in such a way as topermit some (adjustment) of the position.2、Transits,are instrumentswhich ..... Along the verticalplane (altitude) as well asthe horizontal plane (azimuth).3、These instruments are (tripods),plane tables,(level rods),chains,and (tapes).4、As can be observed ,EDM systems are made up ofthree components-(a transmitter),(a reflector),and (a receiver).5、....the telescope must becapable of rotation about a(horizontal axis),for measurement of horizonal angles,the instrument must be rotatedabout a (vertical axis).6、There must be an (indexmark) on the rotating part,placed so that readings canbe taken against it on the(graduated circle).7、.....the observer operatesa setting device to obtain a(mean reading) free from(eccentricity error).8、If the (plumb bob) is not over the point,the (centering screw) can be loosenedand the.......9、These notes include directions.....stations with (fourdifferent positions).Two readings were taken on each position (one with the telescope normal or direct and onewith the instrument (reversed or plunged)).10、The line is determinedby a telescope with the usual components consisting of(object glass),(focusing arrangement),(diaphragm withcross-lines), and (eye-piece).11、A level fitted with (horizontal circle) and (stadia lines) can be used to make acomplete (three-dimensional) survey of a limited area round the instrument.12、Levels are used to obtain the direct measurement of （height differences）between two points.13、Which transmit either (modulated laser) or (infrared light) having wavelengths within or slightly beyondthe ......14、Which transmits (microwaves) with (frequencies) in the range of 3 to 35GHZcorresponding to wavelength of about 1.0 to 8.6 mm.15、The methods used in measuring angles or directionsof traverse lines vary,and include (compass bearings），（interior angles),(deflection angles),(angles to the right),(azimuths).16、The instrument is oriented at each station by (backsighting) on the previous point with （the back bearingset) on the plates.17、(Electronic devices) and (taping) are used most often and provide the highestorder of accuracy.18、On construction work,(allowable limits of closure)depend on the use and extent of the traverse and typeof project.Bright location, for example ,demands a highdegree of precision.19、Vertical control is provided by bench marks in or near the tract to be surveyed.It becomes the foundation for correctly portraying reliefon a map,A （vertical control net)is established by (lines of levels）starting fromand closing on bench marks.三、翻译：1、It is convenient to considerthat a bubble tube has anaxis,which may be taken as astraight line parallel to the freesurface of the liquid when thebubble is in the centralposition determined by thegraduation marks.当气泡处于分划线所确定的中心位置时，我们可以很容易想像水准管有一个轴，这个轴可以看作是一条与液体的自由表面平行的直线。
基本常用测绘英语
测绘专业最常用英语(软件开发特别版)总结：Kiseigo 2008.08.22eve 来自：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版一．基础篇1. 概率What is Geomatics?geomatics 测绘学geodesy 大地测量学surverying and mapping 测绘fieldwork 外业工作theodolite 经纬仪allowance 容许误差latitude 纬度longitude 经度meridian 子午线gravity 重力curvature 曲率geoid 大地水准面2. 大地测量和平面测量Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying geodetic surveying 大地测量(学)plane surveying 平面测量control survey 控制测量vertical survey 高程测量topographic survey 地形测量detail survey 碎部测量land survey 地籍测量route survey 路线测量hydrographic survey 水道测量marine survey 海洋测量mine survey 矿山测量geological survey 地质测量Multiple channel 多通道dual-frequency sounder 双频Single Frequency Depth Sounder 单频multibeam echosounding 多波束3. 距离测量Distance Measurementfundamental 基本原则，基本原理revolution n.旋转stadia n. 视距，视距仪器telescope 望远镜terrain n. 地形infrared adj. 红外线的electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪distance measuring instrumentdistance-measuring error 测距误差fixed error 固定误差proportional error 比例误差sighting distance 视距multiplication constant 乘常数addition constant 加常数tape 卷尺4. 角度和方向测量Angle and Direction Measurement projection n.投影radius n. 半径，范围compass 罗盘，指南针clockwise adj. 顺时针方向的counterclockwise adj. 反时针方向的compensator n. 补偿器azimuth n. 方位，方位角bearing n. 方向，方位horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角elevation angle 高度角5. 导线测量Traversingtraverse n. 导线traversing 导线测量law of sines 正弦定律law of cosine 余弦定律terminate v. 停止evenly adv. 均匀地control network 控制网control point 控制点forward intersection 前方交会6. 高程测量的方法Methods of Elevation Detemination elevation 海拔reference datum 参考基准面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准direct leveling, spirit leveling 几何水准测量BM (benchmark) 水准基点level rod 水准尺level 水准仪backsight (BS) 后尺foresight (FS) 前尺height of instrument (HI) 仪器高height of target (HT) 目标高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附合水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线elevation of sight 视线高程optical level 光学水准仪electronic level 电子水准仪automatic level, compensator level 自动安平水准仪laser level 激光水准仪7. 全站仪Robotic Total Stationprism 棱镜instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器optical theodolite 光学经纬仪total station 全站仪geo-robot 测量机器人data recorder 电子手簿，数据采集器data transfer 数据转换8. 测量误差Erros in Measurementlaw of probability 概率论theory of error 误差理论true error 真误差observation error 观测误差instrumental error 仪器误差personal error 人为误差gross error 粗差systematic error 系统误差random error, accident error 随即误差，偶然误差probable error 或然误差constant error 常差average error 平均误差absolute error 绝对误差relative error 相对误差error of closure, closing error, closure 闭合差error propagation, propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验gross error detection 粗差检验tolerance 限差limit error 极限误差error of focusing 调焦误差index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差9. 随机误差的基本统计分析Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors statistical adj. 统计的，统计学的mean n. 平均数stochastic adj.随机的irregular adj. 不规则的probability n. 概率，可能性normal n. 正态divisor n. 除数，约数rationale n.基本原理error distribution 误差分布most probable value (MPV) 最或然值expectation, expected value 期望值index of precision 精度指标variance 方差standard deviation 标准差mean square error (MSE) 中误差mean square error of a point 点位中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of cordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height 高程中误差variance of unit weight 单位权方差，方差因子error ellipse 误差椭圆10. 准确度和精确度Accuracy and Precisionaccuracy n. 准确precision n. 精确calibrate v. 校准methodology n. 方法论11. 最小二乘法Least-Squares Adjustmentadjustment n.平差parameter n.参数least square method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差function model 函数模型stochastic model 随机模型redundant observation 多余观测variance 方差covariance 协方差normal equation 法方程conditional 条件平差direct adjustment 直接平差condition equation 条件方程parametric adjustment 参数平差indirection adjustment 间接平差adjusted value 平差值inverse of weight matrix 权逆矩阵weight coefficient 权系数geoidal undulation 大地水准面高earth’s flattening地球扁率12. 大地测量学的概念Geodesy Conceptsvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 甚长基线干涉测量13. 大地水准面和参考椭球Geoid and Reference Ellipsoidmean sea level (MSL) 平均海水面reference ellipsoid 参考椭球semi-major axis of ellipsoid 椭球长半轴semi-minor axis of ellipsoid 椭球短半轴orthometric heights (H) 正高geodetic height, ellipsoidal height (h) 大地高geoidal height, geoid undulation (N) 大地水准面高,大地水准面差距quasi-geoid 似大地水准面normal height 正常高height anomaly 高程异常Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) 1980大地测量参考系统Krasovsky ellipsoid 克拉索夫斯基椭球14. 坐标转换Datums, Coordinatesgeodetic datum 大地基准geodetic coordinate 大地坐标geodetic origin 大地原点geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic longitude 大地经度world geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84) 1984世界大地坐标系rectangular grid 直角坐标网independent coordinate system 独立坐标系coordinate conversion 坐标转换translation parameters 平移参数rotation parameters 旋转参数scale parameter 尺度参数Xi’an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 1980西安坐标系15. 地图投影Map Projectionmap projection 地图投影arbitrary projection 任意投影conformal projection 正形投影Mercator projection/ Mercator’s projection 墨卡托投影transverse projection 横轴投影Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 通用横轴墨卡托投影Lambert projection/ Lamber’s projection 兰勃特投影16. 重力测量Gravity Measurementgravity measurement 重力测量law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律centrifugal force 离心力gravitational constant 重力常数gravimeter, gravity meter 重力仪17. 大地网的最佳解决方案Optimal Design of Geomatics Network specification n. 规格，说明书，规范sensitivity n. 灵敏度deformation n. 变形18. 施工测量Construction Layoutengineering survey 工程测量construction control network 施工控制网deformation observation变形观测reliability 可靠性construction survey 施工测量setting-out survey, construction layout 施工放样road engineering survey 道路工程测量cross section 横断面profile survey 纵断面测量19. 变形监测Deformation monitoring of Engineering Structure deformation monitoring(observation) 变形监测(观测) displacement observation 位移观测settlement (subsidence) observation 沉陷观测二．高级篇20-21. 了解GPS Understanding the GPSionosphere 电离层troposphere 对流层antenna 天线GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系统GPS receiver GPS接收机broadcast ephemeris 广播星历precise ephemeris 精密星历precise code 精码pseudorange 伪距ionospheric delay 电离层延迟tropospheric delay 对流层延迟multipath effect 多路径效应reference receiver 基准接收机roving receiver 流动接收机receiver antenna 接收机天线real-time kinematic (RTK) 实时动态定位differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential correction 差分改正post-processed differential correction 后处理差分改正22. 各种卫星系统Competition in Space OrbitGlobal Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System) 全球导航卫星系统(俄) GALILEO 伽利略系统satellite clock 卫星钟dual-frequency 双频precise positioning service (PPS) 精密定位服务standard position service (SPS) 标准定位服务geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星23-25. GIS基础GIS BasicsGIS (geographic information system) 地理信息系统raster n. 光栅vector n. 向量，矢量image data 图像数据vector data 矢量数据raster data 栅格数据data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data transmission 数据传输digital terrain model (DTM) 数字地面模型digital elevation model (DEM) 数字高程模型27. 摄影测量的发展Developments of Photogrammetryaerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量homologous points 同名点image point 像点picture element / pixel 像素intensity value 强度值，亮度值relative orientation 相对定向absolute orientation 绝对定向block adjustment 区域网平差image rectification 影像纠正digital raster graph DRG 数字栅格图29. RS应用Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image 数字影像optical image 光学影像gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度等级image analysis 图像分析image processing 图像处理image transformation 图像变换image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image digitization 图像数字化image matching 影像匹配image overlaying 影像重合32.interferometry 干涉测量interometry SAR 干涉雷达常用数学表达1/2 a half; one half1/4 a fourth; a quarter; one quarter1/1234 one over a thousand, two hundred and thirty-four 2x x square; x squared; x to the second power3x x cube; x cubed; x to the third powernx the nth power of x; x to the power of n10x y to the minus tenth power1:2 the ratio of one to twob' b primeb'' b double prime; b second primeb b sub one1F'the first derivative of func)(xa square root of a±plus or minus= is equal to; equals≤equal(s) to or less than≥equal(s) to or larger thana≈ a is approximately equal to b (a approximately equals b)ba +b =c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to ) c(a + b – c×d) / e = f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by equals to f a ×b a times b; a multiplied by bc - b = a c minus b equals to a; b from c leaves av = s / t v equals to s divided by t10 + 20 + 30 = 60 10,20, and 30 added together are 6020 / 5 = 4 20 divided by 5 equals (is) 4a a approaches infinity∞=A×B vector product of A and BA⋅scalar product of A and BBlength, width, height, thickness, depthThe big apple weights 100g.China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.The length of the railway is 2,000 miles.The gate has a width of 2ft.运算过程中的套语假设if ……(then/ therefore/ consequently)Suppose thatNow assume thatLete.g. if a – b = b – a; then 2a = 2b; hence a = b解释和说明For……, we have……This shows that……The face that……is / has……The graph is shown in……The following is……As discussed/ mentioned above求证To prove this formula, note that……Prove the following,Prove that……The calculation/ formula is……This can be expressed as follows:基本常用测绘英语参考文献：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版11 / 11。