Relation between cooling sheet effect and tear histamine concenration in allergic conjunctivitis
核能专业英语
核能专业英语公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]第一课词汇：•Concept概念, conception概念, conceive构想、理解•Isotope同位素, isomer同质异能素•element, atom, nucleus, nucleon–element, elements,–molecule, molecules, molecular–atom, atoms, atomic,–nucleus['nju:klis，'nu:klis]原子核, nuclei, nuclear,–nucleon['nju:klin]核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的–particle, particles,•fissile易裂变的, fissionable可以发生裂变的•fertile可裂变的，fertile materials增殖材料•fission, fusion, decay•inner, innermost / outer, outermost•chain reaction•fragment碎片Expression：•times–A is ten times B.•varies inversely as•E equals m times c squared. E = mc2•the n-th power of a: an•result in / result from•is accompanied by / correspond to•The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn......•Be composed of 由…组成•Binding energy 结合能•Discrete excited states 不连续的激发态•Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射•Ev：electron-volt•Conservation of mass/energy 质量/能量守恒练习：•电子带负电，质子带正电。
铝合金压铸模英文翻译
program, and then other sections such as biscuit, runner, gate, and overflow were also modeled in the order. Figure 1 shows an example of mold modeling to manufacturer clutch housing parts in application of the high-pressure die casting method. Five gates were used, and the thickness was 3 mm. Figure 2 shows the 3D image of a mold in actual size modeled by using Pro/ENGINEER. The total weight of the mold weighed in 3D modeling was about 12.52 ton, the fixed mold about 3.83 ton, and the moving mold about 8.69 ton, respectively. Two slide cores were operated with five tunnel pins. Specially applied was a chill block with no vacuum device. To prevent dispersion toward the chill block upon casting, a vent insert was added between the moving core and chill block as a shock-observing device to decelerate melting. A slipper was added around the four guide pins to handle problems that might occur to the mold. To prevent the slide core from being pushed toward the hydraulic cylinder upon closing the mold, a retrograding-preventive plate was installed on the fixed mold base. A distributor in contact with the sleeve was designed in a plate type. The hydraulic cylinder applied to
山西交城卦山天宁寺珍贵的明代大铁碑
2020年第6期2020年12月!"设备与工艺FOUNDRY EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY Dec.2020 N〇6.艺术铸造•d o i:10+16666/j+cnki+issnl004-6178+2020+06+018山西交城卦山天宁寺珍贵的明代大铁碑胡春良(山西宇达青铜文化艺术股份有限公司，山西夏县044402)摘要:天宁寺是交城卦山的一处著名文化遗产，第六批全国重点文物保护单位。
天宁寺留存有古代珍贵的 铸造文物，其中包括元朝铸造的、高6 m的三尊铁佛；明代铸造大铁碑《铸成铁佛之记》碑。
大铁碑，碑身与碑座用铁一起浇铸而成的碑刻，在中国的碑记史上是非常罕见的，其碑文或苍劲挺拔，或饱满稳健，功力颇深，是碑刻中的稀世珍品。
本文介绍大铁碑的形制特点、铸造工艺，铸造大铁碑的平遥砂院张氏的铸造历史和业绩，以及中国古代大型铜碑、铁碑等。
对于研究中国古代明清铸造和手工业的发展，以及金属碑刻的历史有着一定的参考 。
关键词：天宁寺明代大铁碑；古代大碑刻；大铜碑；大铁碑;砂院张氏铸造；明铸造中途分类号:K876.41;K225 文献标识码:A卦山，因山形如卦象而得名，卦山天宁寺是山 西省交城县的地标名胜，位于交城县城西北。
天宁 寺创建于唐贞观元年(627年），座北朝南，由天宁 寺、石佛堂、书院、朱公祠、圣母庙、文昌宫等六组建 筑组成，另外还有环翠亭、戏台、华严塔、墓塔林等 附属建筑。
共有殿堂楼阁200多间，建筑面积4 000 多平方米。
天宁寺最先开石佛堂石佛，有印华严 。
贞元二年(786年），河东节度使李夫捐，由道融筑天宁寺，使 华严名。
天宁寺 有 多 文 ，是文 ，是 文 的 。
天宁寺千佛阁，，阁是元的佛， 6 m，佛 有六 ，2 m.佛阁 有 阁，阁有 、的 佛，如，，。
天宁寺 佛阁 佛 ，座是 的。
座的 ，的 史上是非常罕见的，文或苍劲挺拔，或饱满稳健，功力颇深，是 的稀世珍品。
建筑设计中的英语(字母A开头 完整版)
建筑设计中的英语1，关于规划：城市发展总规Masterplan of urban development旧区改造规划Renaissance plan of old city zone历史性建筑保护方案Regeneration solutions of heritage building 2,建筑的类别与称呼：共公建筑及设施Public Utilitiespower station,county administration,railway station,superstore...住宅建筑Residential Buildings,Residential/Commercial Complex 工业建筑Industrial体育及健美中心Sports/Recreation Complex高层建筑high-rising building3,作品集中的常用词：项目列表project profiles项目案例selected projects4,设计说明中的流行词：整合integrate(v.)创新innovation(n.),创新的creative(adj.)互动the interaction between...and...(n.)交往空间communication space有机体the(living)organism具有气候敏感性be sensible to climate建筑专业英语词汇(A)List1a block空心块a frame a型框架a line支座反力影响线abaciscus嵌饰abacus栏杆小柱顶abamurus扶壁abat jour灯罩abat vent遮阳帘abbrasive wheel磨盘aberration偏差ability能力ablation磨蚀酌abode住宅above ground structure地面建筑物abrasion磨耗abrasion concrete磨蚀性混凝土abrasion hardness耐磨硬度abrasion proof耐磨的abrasion resistance耐磨性abrasion test磨耗试验abrasion tester磨耗试验机abrasion value磨耗值abrasive磨料abrasive aggregates耐磨骨料abrasive disk磨盘abrasive paper研磨纸abrasive tile粗面瓷砖abridged notation简化符号abs plastic abs塑料absolute deformation绝对变形absolute displacement绝对位移absolute error绝对误差absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute pressure绝对压力absolute temperature绝对温度absolute value绝对值absolute viscosity绝对粘度absolute weight绝对重量absorbed water吸附水absorbent吸收剂absorbent filter吸收剂滤器absorber吸收器absorbing ability吸收能力absorbing ceiling吸声天花板absorbing medium吸收性介质absorbing well吸渗水井absorption吸收absorption basin消力池absorption chamber吸声室absorption coefficient吸收系数absorption curve吸收曲线absorption factor吸收率absorption index吸收指数absorption of heat radiations热辐射的吸收absorption of sound声音吸收absorption spectrum吸收频谱absorption test吸收试验absorptive capacity吸收能力absorptive forms吸收性模壳abstraction of heat散热abutment桥台;拱座;对接接斗abutment wall桥台墙abutting buildings邻接房屋abutting joint对接abutting tenon毗连榫舌abyssinien well管井ac circuit交羚路academic city科学城academy研究院academy of architecture建筑学会acanthus叶形装饰accelerant促进剂accelerated ageing加速老化accelerated curing of concrete混凝土的加速养护accelerated test加速试验accelerated weathering加速风蚀accelerating admixture速凝剂accelerating curing加速养护accelerating test加速试验accelerator促进剂acceptance of work工程验收access入口access balcony过道access door检修门access hole检查孔access ramp接坡道access road进路access tunnel进口隧道accessory building辅助建筑物accident prevention事故预防accident prevention regulations技术安全规程accidental loading偶然荷载accommodations居住设施accordion door折迭门accordion partition折隔屏accumulation积蓄accumulation of heat蓄热accuracy准确度accuracy of fixing固定准确度accuracy of measuring计量准确度accurate adjustment准确蝶accurate ajusting准确蝶accurate measurement准确测量acetylene cutting machine氧割机acetylene welding乙炔焊achromatic color无彩色acid酸acid brick酸性砖acid proof brick耐酸砖acid proof cement耐酸水泥acid proof floortile耐酸地板瓷砖acid proof paint耐酸涂料acid proof paper耐酸纸acid proofing mortar耐酸灰浆acid resistance耐酸性acid resistant brick耐酸砖acid resistant floor耐酸地板acid resistant steel耐酸钢acid resisting concrete耐酸混凝土acid resisting mortar耐酸灰浆acidproof concrete耐酸混凝土acidproof construction耐酸构造acoustic absorptivity吸声率acoustic analysis声学分析acoustic conductivity声导率acoustic design声学计算acoustic dispersion声射散acoustic disturbance声干扰acoustic field声场acoustic filter滤声器acoustic frequency声频acoustic instrument声学仪器acoustic investigation声学研究acoustic lens声透镜acoustic load声负载acoustic material吸声材料acoustic measurement声学测量acoustic power声功率acoustic pressure声压acoustic radiator声辐射体acoustic resistance声阻acoustic resonance声共振acoustic shadow声影区acoustic signal声信号acoustic sounding回声测深acoustic velocity声速acoustic wave声波acoustical board吸声板acoustical ceiling吸声天花板acoustical fiberboard吸声纤维板acoustical insulation隔声acoustical lining吸音隔板acoustical plaster吸声灰膏acoustical resistance声阻acoustical screen隔音板acoustical tile吸声砖acoustics声学acoustics of building建筑声学acryl resin丙烯酸尸acrylic rubber丙烯酸橡胶actinic glass光化玻璃actinograph日光能量测定器actinometer露光计actinometry光能测定action principle酌原理activated adsorption活化吸附activated alumina活性氧化铝list2activated carbon filter活性炭滤池activated mortar活化灰浆砂activated sludge活性污泥activating agent活化剂activation活性化activator活化剂active carbon活性炭active earth pressure织土压力active material活性材料active residential solar heating system能动式住宅太阳热取暖系统activity活性activity duration工字续时间activity of cement水泥活性activity time工字续时间actual construction time实际建筑期限actual damage实际损坏actual dimension实际尺寸actual load有效载荷actual size实际大小actual strength实际强度acute angle锐角acute arch尖拱addition compound掺加化合物additional building附加房屋additional load附加载荷additional services追加供给additive掺合料additive cement附加物水泥additive method加色法adhesion附着adhesion agent粘结剂adhesion factor粘着系数adhesion stress粘结力adhesive粘着剂adhesive ability附着能力adhesive failure脱胶adhesive force附着力adhesive power附着力adhesiveness粘着性adiabatic cooling绝热冷却adiabatic curing绝热养护adit opening平洞口adjacent accommodation厢房adjacent of window窗棂adjoining building邻屋adjustable ball hinge可第球铰链adjustable grille可雕子窗adjustable spanner可靛手adjustable wrench可靛手adjusted net fill已蝶的净填土adjuster蝶器adjuster for window窗开关蝶器adjusting device蝶装置adjusting valve第阀adjusting wedge蝶楔块adjustment蝶adjustment of mixture混合物组份的第administration building行政办公楼admissible concentration容许浓度admissible value容许值admission pipe吸气管admission valve进气阀admixture掺合料admixture effects掺合剂效应adobe brick风干砖坯adobe construction干打垒结构adsorbate吸附物adsorbed water吸附水adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附adverse slope反坡advisory engineer顾问工程师adz手斧ae concret加气混凝土aerated cement block充气水泥块aerated concrete加气混凝土aerated spillway真空式溢吝aeration通气aeration basin曝气池aeration skylight通风天窗aeration tank曝气池aerial cableway架空死aerial mast天线杆aerial pipe crossing架空管横越aerial survey航空测量aerobic treatment好气处理aerocrete加气混凝土aerodrome飞机场aerodynamic instability空气动力不稳定性aerodynamic resistance空气动力阻力aerofilter空气过滤器aerograph喷涂器aeroport机场aerosol paint气溶胶涂料afflux岭afforestation construction造林工程afforestation of city城市绿化after air filter二次空气过滤器after cooler二次冷却器after hardening后期硬化after heater后热器after purification后净化age hardening时效硬化age strength relation龄期强度关系ageing老化ageing test老化试验agent附加剂agglomerate foam concrete烧结矿渣泡沫混凝土agglomerating furnace烧结炉agglomeration烧结aggloporite烧结骨料aggregate骨料aggregate base骨料基层aggregate batcher骨料计量机aggregate batching plant集料计量装置aggregate bin集料斗aggregate blending集料拌合aggregate cement ratio集料水泥比aggregate coated panel骨料涂层的镶板aggregate exposure骨料外露aggregate gradation骨料级配aggregate preparation plant集料配备厂aggregate production plant集料配备厂aggregate size集料粒度aggregate weighing batcher集料重量配料器aggregation凝聚aggressive water侵蚀性水aging proof agent防老化剂agitating truck混凝土搅拌汽车agitation搅拌agitation tank搅拌槽agitator混合器搅拌装置;循环泵agreement一致agreement for construction建筑合同agreement of lease租赁契约agricultural buildings农业建筑agricultural town农业城镇agro cement batcher集料水泥配料器air blast鼓风air breakwater气动防波堤air brick空心砖air brush气刷air bubble气泡air bulking空气胀air change换气air change rate换气率air channel风道air chimney通风管air chute通风道air circulation空气循环air cleaner空气净化器air cock气开关air collector空气收集器air compressor空气压缩机air conditioned building设有空气第的房屋air conditioner空气第机air conditioning空气第air conditioning load空气第负荷air conditioning plant空气第设备air conditioning room空气第室air conditioning unit空气第装置air conditions空气状态air content含气量air conveying风力输送air cooled condenser空冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air cooling空气冷却air curtain空气帘list5ante chamber前厅antefix瓦檐饰antenna天线antenna mast天线杆anteport外大门anti drumming coating隔声盖层anti skinning agent防结皮剂anti vibration mounting抗振机座anticorrosion additive抗腐添加剂anticorrosive agent防腐剂anticorrosive coating防腐涂饰anticorrosive compound防腐剂anticorrosive paint防蚀涂料anticorrosive protection腐蚀防止antidazzle visor遮阳板antifoam additive抗泡添加剂antifouling paint防污涂料antifreeze admixture防冻附加剂antinoise paint消声涂料antioxidant抗氧化剂antireflective coating抗反射涂层antirusting agent防锈剂antirusting paint防锈油漆antisag agent抗垂剂antiseepage cofferdam防渗围堰antiseismic construction抗震结构antiseptic防腐剂antiseptic paper防腐纸antislip paint防滑漆antisymmetrical load反对称荷载anvil铁砧apartment公寓apartment area公寓式住宅区apartment building公寓大楼apartment hotel公寓式旅馆apartment house公共住宅apartment house of corridor access走廊通路公寓房屋aperture孔口aperture of door门口aperture of window窗口apex顶点apex block顶石apex stone顶石apparatus仪器装置apparent cohesion假凝聚力apparent density表观密度apparent elastic limit表观弹性极限apparent elastic range表观弹性范围appearance外貌application consistency使用稠度application life使用寿命application of a force施力application of load加载application of roofing felt屋顶油毡涂装application of solar energy太阳能的利用application point酌点application techniques涂装技术applied column半柱applied load外施荷载applied moment外施力矩approach channel进港航道approach road引道approach span引跨approximate analysis近似分析appurtenances附件apron窗底裙墙apron wall前护墙aquatorium水域aqueduct渡槽aquifer含水层arabesque阿拉伯式花饰arc弧arc boutant飞拱arc welding电弧焊arcade列拱arch拱arch abutment拱台arch apex拱顶石arch bar拱杆arch block拱面石arch brick楔形砖arch bridge拱桥arch buttress飞拱arch camber拱翘起arch center拱圈中心arch covering拱形屋面arch dam拱坝arch door拱门arch falsework楔形砖arch gravity dam重力拱坝arch key拱顶石arch of triumph凯旋门arch stone楔形砖arch structure拱结构arch thrust拱推力arch truss拱形桁架arch without articulation无铰拱arched barrel roof筒形屋顶arched beam拱形梁arched ceiling穹窿arched floor拱形楼板arched girder拱形梁arched retaining wall拱形挡土墙arched roof拱形屋顶arched spillway弧形溢吝arched window拱窗architect建筑师architect's office建筑师办公处architectonics建筑美术的architects association建筑师协会architectural acoustics建筑声学architectural appearance建筑外观architectural bronze建筑用青铜architectural coating建筑饰面architectural complex建筑群architectural composition建筑构图architectural concept建筑构思architectural concrete装饰用混凝土architectural conservation建筑保扩architectural construction建筑结构architectural constructional materials装饰建筑材料architectural decoration建筑装饰architectural design建筑设计architectural drawing建筑绘图architectural engineering建筑工程architectural finish建筑表面装饰architectural garden建筑庭园architectural hardware建筑小五金architectural lighting建筑照明architectural monument建筑纪念碑architectural order建筑柱式architectural park建筑公园architectural pattern建筑标本architectural planning建筑规划architectural space建筑空间architectural surface装饰面层architectural terra cotta建筑用陶砖architectural volume建筑体积architecture建筑archives档案室archway拱廊arcuated architecture拱式建筑area面积area method面积法area of construction建筑面积area of force力图面积area of moments力矩面积area of pile head桩头面积area of rivet shaft铆钉杆面积area of section截面积area of steel钢筋断面面积area of structure建筑面积arenaceous sand石英砂areometer比重计argillaceous limestone泥质石灰岩argillaceous rocks粘土岩argillite泥岩argillization泥浆灌注法argon arc welding氩弧焊arid climate干燥气候arm臂armature加强料armed beam加强梁armor hose包皮管armor plate防弹钢板armored cable铠装电缆armored concrete配筋混凝土armored concrete floor有护面的混凝土楼板armored concrete slab钢筋混凝土板。
人体睡眠热舒适性
35
PMV-value
30
25 PELVIS, left 20 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 0,8 0,6 uniform spot
time, a.m.
Fig. 2. Under-sheet temperatures in pelvis region (left and right), experiment V29o590,with spotcooling, chamber temperature: 24.0°C, spot outlet temperature: 20.0°C.
28
skin temperature, °C
40
°c tsheet,
Fig. 4. Correlation between PMV-value and skin temperature of the foot (dorsal) for thermal insulations of 0 clo and 0.5 do and a metabolism of 1 met.
5:00
6:00
-1
...............
...... /ii
. . . . . . . . . . . .-
time, a.m.
Fig. 1. Under-sheet temperatures in pelvis region (left and right), experiment V21o59o , without spotcooling, chamber temperature: 24.0°C.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Each of 5 healthy test persons (students, 29 and 3~, 23.4 + 2.4 years) slept 5 nights in a climate chamber. While the first night was used for adaptation to the experimental conditions, 2 nights with uniform climate (topffi 24°C) and 2 nights with a slight spot cooling of the head (t~vot= 20°C, v ~<0.1 m/s) followed. The difference of the dry heat loss, measured by a thermal manikin, amounted to 6.5 W/m 2 (spot cooling: 60 W/m 2, spot without cooling: 53.5 W/m2). The subjects used bed-spreads and pyjamas with thermal insulation of 0.8 clo. The following measurements were made - - i n the evening and in the morning: questionnaire blood pressure pulse - - d u r i n g the night: complete sleep monitoring (SOMNOLOG 3.1) under-sheet temperature (12-point-raster, thermocouples between sheet and mattress) skin temperature, right foot, dorsal air temperatures (room, spot outlet) climate chamber parameters CO2-concentration
2016年美国大学生数学建模大赛A题获奖论文A Hot Bath
The first part has five sections: air’s heat radiation, bathtub wall’s heat radiation, person in, hot water in, bubble existed. We discuss some factors that affect water temperature, such as the shape and the volume of the bathtub and person, especially the motions made by the person in the bathtub because the temperature in the bathtub has a great connection with person. Finally, we get the water temperature variation and distribution model.
In this article, we establish two models. One is water temperature variation and distr one is finding best strategy model. We put forward some acceptable hypothesis to simplify the model. What’s more, we clear the meaning of the word “noticeably”.
氯吡格雷代谢相互作用CYP2C19-2-and-17-Genetic
to Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Maintenance Dose and Relation
to Bleeding Complications
Charlotte Grosdidier, MDa,b, Jacques Quilici, MDb,c, Marie Loosveld, MDa,b,d, Laurence Camoin, PhDa,b,d, Pierre Julien Moro, MDb,c, Noémie Saut, PhDa,b, Bénédicte Gaborit, MDa,b,
See page 989 for disclosure information. *Corresponding author: Tel: (þ33) 4918-5794; fax: (þ33) 4918-4726. E-mail address: thomas.cuisset@ap-hm.fr (T. Cuisset).
Marie-Christine Alessi, MD, PhDb,c,d, and Thomas Cuisset, MD, PhDa,b,c,*
The present study was performed to compare the influence of cytochrome P459 2C19 (CYP2C19) *2 and *17 genetic variants on the platelet response to clopidogrel and prasugrel maintenance therapy and to assess the relation between platelet reactivity and bleeding complications. A total of 730 patients were included (517 patients treated with clopidogrel 150 mg/day and 213 discharged with prasugrel 10 mg). Platelet reactivity was assessed at 1 month with the platelet reactivity index vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (PRI VASP). High on-treatment platelet reactivity was defined as PRI VASP >50% and low on-treatment platelet reactivity (LTPR) as PRI VASP <20%. The patients were classified according to their genotypes as poor metabolizers (*2/non *17), intermediate metabolizers (*2/*17 or non *2/non *17) and ultrametabolizers (non *2/*17). At 1 month, the prasugrel response was significantly better than the clopidogrel response in all groups of patients, with a lower incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity but a greater incidence of LTPR, regardless of the genetic variants. The genetic distribution had a significant effect on the mean PRI VASP values, the incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity, and LTPR with both clopidogrel and prasugrel (p <0.05 for all). LTPR identified a group of patients at a greater risk of bleeding (odds ratio 4.8, 95% confidence interval 2.7 to 8.3; p <0.0001). In conclusion, the present study showed that both clopidogrel and prasugrel have genetic modulation by CYP2C19 *2 and *17 alleles and that prasugrel provides greater platelet inhibition, regardless of the genotypes. In addition, LTPR was associated with a greater risk of bleeding. Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2013;111:985e990)
注塑模具英文文献
Employing current design approaches for plastic parts will fail to produce the true minimum manufacturing cost in these cases.
Minimizing manufacturing costs for thin injection
molded plastic components
1. Introduction
In most industrial applications, the manufacturing cost of a plastic part is mainly governed by the amount of material used in the molding procend the part deformation after molding [12], analyzing the effects of wall thickness and the flow length of the part [13], and analyzing the internal structure of the plastic part design and filling materials flows of the mold design [14]. Reifschneider [15] has compared three types of mold filling simulation programs, including Part Adviser, Fusion, and Insight, with actual experimental testing. All these approaches have established methods that can save a lot of time and cost. However, they just tackled the design parameters of the plastic part and mold individually during the design stage. In addition, they did not provide the design parameters with minimum manufacturing cost. Studies applying various artificial intelligence methods and techniques have been found that mainly focus on optimization analysis of injection molding parameters [16,17]. For in-stance He et al. [3] introduced a fuzzy- neuro approach for automatic resetting of molding process parameters. By contrast , Helps et al. [18,19] adopted artificial neural networks to predict the setting of molding conditions and plastic part quality control in molding. Clearly, the development of comprehensive molding process models and computer-aided manufacturing provides a basis for realizing molding parameter optimization [3 , 16,17]. Mok et al. [20] propose a hybrid neural network and genetic algorithm approach incorporating Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) to derive initial settings for molding parameters for parts with similar design features quickly and with acceptable accuracy. Mok’s approach was based on past product processing data, and was limited to designs that are similar to previous product data. However, no real R&D effort has been found that considers minimizing manufacturing costs for thin plastic components. Generally, the current practical approach for minimizing the manufacturing cost of plastic components is to minimize the thickness and the dimensions of the part at the product design stage, and then to calculate the costs of the mold design and molding process for the part accordingly, as shown in Fig. 1. The current approach may not be able to obtain the real minimum manufacturing cost when handling thin plastic components. 1.2Manufacturing requirements for a typical thin plastic component As a test example, the typical manufacturing requirements for a thin square plastic part with a center hole, as shown in Fig. 2, are given in Table 1.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
レボカバスチンを 1 週間連続点眼投与しても痒 感がある被験者に対して冷却シートを使用したとこ ろ，ほとんど痒感を感じない程度までに有意に 痒感を抑制した［ Fig. 3 ( B ) ］が，涙液中ヒスタミ ン濃度は，冷却シートの使用前後で変化はなかった ［Fig. 2(B)］ ． 今回の冷却シートの使用対象となった症例におい て，冷却シート使用の経過中，眼瞼部皮膚に湿疹や 発赤を認めた症例は存在しなかった．細隙灯顕微鏡 検査において，前眼部・中間透光体及び眼底に異常 所見を認めなかった．また，冷却シート使用前後 で，結膜充血や浮腫について有意な変化は認められ なかった． 考 察
2) かゆい部分を擦る行為は，一時的に痛み神 いる．
経を活動させて痒感を抑えるが，擦ることにより さらに痒感が増強するため，眼瞼炎や角膜障害を 起こす可能性が高くなる．眼を擦り過ぎたために症 状を悪化させて，外来を受診する患者が後を絶たな い．しかし，痒感が生じてしまった時の対処法を
3) 適切に指導している臨床医は，非常に少ない．
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 130(7) 971―975 (2010) 2010 The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
971
―Note―
アレルギー性結膜炎における冷却シートの効果と涙液中ヒスタミン濃度
,a 矢ノ下良平， b 吉井 平川宣幸，
c 矢野博子a 大，
Fig. 3.
Itching Score before and after Attaching a Cooling Sheet
(A) a cooling sheet only, (B) combined therapy with levocabastine, in allergic conjunctivitis patients.
a小林製薬株式会社日用品事業部開発部，b 星薬科大学
胞の活性化が抑制されヒスタミン遊離が低下する可 能性も考えられるが，この点については全く調べら れていない．そこで，アレルギー性結膜炎の涙液中 のヒスタミン濃度を測定して検討した．今回，冷却 シートを下眼瞼周囲に貼付する前後に，涙液中のヒ スタミン濃度を測定し，眼痒感との関連性につい て臨床的に検討した．また，アレルギー性結膜炎の 治療によく使用されている抗ヒスタミン薬であるレ ボカバスチン点眼投与と冷却シートの併用効果につ
の接着，血管内皮細胞におけるサイトカインの産 生，線維芽細胞の増殖とコラーゲン産生の促進，毛 細血管透過性亢進，分泌亢進及び発痛作用の生物活
2) 一方，冷却によって肥満細 ると考えられている．
感が生じた場合，薬物療法だけでは痒感の改善に 対処できない場合が多く，痒感を抑えるために患 者は眼を擦る動作を行う．眼を擦ると，その痛みの 刺激によって痒感が抑制される．痛みの刺激が， 痛 み の 末 梢 神 経 で あ る C 神 経 や Ad 神 経 を 介 し て，かゆみの C 神経を抑制するためと考えられて
緒
言
冷刺激によっても痒感が抑制されることが知ら
2) 痛みの刺激と同様に，冷覚伝達神経の れている．
アレルギー性結膜炎における痒感に対して，ヒ スタミン H1 拮抗剤点眼薬を始めとする薬物療法の
1) しかし，いったん 痒 有用性が報告されている．
活動が脊髄レベルでかゆみの神経を抑制するためと 考えられている．しかし，冷却は臨床においてはか ならずしも積極的に治療に用いられていない．吉井 ら4)は，冷却シートを眼周囲に貼付して眼瞼部皮膚 を冷却する方法を考案し，アレルギー性結膜炎症の 痒感を即効的に抑制するのに有効であることを報 告した．ヒスタミンはかゆみ神経である C 神経を 刺激して，痒感が中枢に伝達される．冷覚伝達神 経の活動は脊髄レベルでかゆみ神経の活動を抑制す
倍に増加したが，有意差は認められなかった［Fig. ． 2(A)］
No. 7
973
Fig. 2.
Tear Histamine Concentration before and after Attaching a Cooling Sheet
(A) a cooling sheet only, (B) combined therapy with levocabastine, allergic conjunctivitis patients; and (C) healthy volunteers.
(Received January 6, 2010; Accepted March 9, 2010)
Six allergic conjunctivitis patients (12 eyes) and 4 healthy volunteers (8 eyes) were investigated in terms of the eŠect of cooling sheets on eye itching and tear histamine concentration, before and 5 min after cooling the eyelids with cooling sheets. The severity of itching was evaluated with a ˆve-level itching score. The combination treatment of levocabastine with cooling sheets signiˆcantly reduced eye itching, while no signiˆcant change in tear histamine concentration was observed before and after cooling sheet use. The cooling sheets are useful for reducing eye itching in the therapy of allergic conjunctivitis. The tear histamine concentration did not correlate with the antiitching eŠect of cooling sheets in this study. Key words―allergic conjunctivitis; cooling sheet; itching; tear histamine
Figure 1 3.
対象者
対象者はスギ花粉症の既往を有す
るアレルギー性結膜炎症例 6 例 12 眼で，インフ ォームドコンセントのもとに問診と検査を実施し た．対象症例は，細隙灯顕微鏡下に上眼瞼を翻転し て結膜の乳頭増殖や赤点の存在を確認し，表層角膜 炎を認めない症例とした．埼玉県坂戸市のスギ花粉 飛散情報（キッセイ薬品ホームページ http://www.
aKobayashi bFaculty
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 30 3, 1-Chome, Toyokawa, Ibaraki, Osaka 567 0057, Japan, of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4 41, 2-Chome, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142 8501, Japan, and cKamifukuoka Ekimae Eyeclinic, 4 5, 6-Chome, Kamihukuoka, Fujimino, Saitama 356 0004, Japan
2.
冷却シートによる痒感の判定
涙液中のヒスタミン濃度の測定
Uchio
(A)に示すような形状に加工した冷却シートを使用 した．冷却シートの主成分は，ゲル化剤（ポリアク リル酸ナトリウム） ， 0.01 ％メントール，多価アル コールで「無添加熱さまシート」 （小林製薬株式会 社製）に準拠して作成した．冷却シートを下眼瞼に 上から軽く押し当てるようにして貼りつけ，5 分間 貼付した［ Fig. 1 ( B ) ］ ．吉井ら4) の検討では，一部
株 製） 200 ml に懸濁し，ヒスタミン濃度 （大塚製薬
測定時まで凍結保存した．涙液中のヒスタミン濃度 は，ヒスタミン ELISA キット「イムノテック」
株 医学生物学研究所製）を用いて測定した． （
結
果
アレルギー性疾患を持たない健常被検者の涙液中 ［ Fig. 2 ヒスタミン濃度は 2.7 ± 2.4 ng / ml ( n ＝ 8 ） (C)］であった．また，眼痒感が生じていない花 粉飛来前の時期に測定したアレルギー性結膜炎患者 の涙液中ヒスタミン濃度は 3.2 ± 1.6 ng / ml であっ た． アレルギー性結膜炎患者に冷却シートのみを使用 した場合，使用後の痒感は，使用前と比較してス コアがおよそ 1 低下して改善傾向がみられたが，有 意差はなかった［Fig. 3(A)］ ．その時における冷却 シート使用前後の涙液中ヒスタミン濃度はそれぞれ
Relation between Cooling Sheet EŠect and Tear Histamine Concenration in Allergic Conjunctivitis
,a Ryohei YANOSHITA,b Masaru YOSHII,c and Hiroko YANOa Nobuyuki HIRAKAWA,
ら5) の 方 法 に 従 っ て ， シ ル マ ー 試 験 紙 「 STANDARDIZED SCHIRMER TEAR TEST STRIPS」
株 製）を用いてシルマー第 1 法に準 （日本アルコン
じて涙液を採取した．採取量は 10 ml ( 1 cm ）とし た．涙液採取は，冷却シート使用前と 5 分間の貼付 後に行った．採取後のシルマー試験紙を生理食塩水