宏观经济学第16章练习题及答案
16.宏观第十六章-思考题答案详解

第十五章思考题答案及详解、思考题A:基础知识题D 4、C 5、A 6、B 7、D 8、D 9、C 10、A1、B2、D3、11、B 12 、B 13 、B 14 、A 15 、A二、思考题B:名校历年考研真题(一)概念题1.流动性陷阱(liquidity trap ):又称凯恩斯陷阱或灵活陷阱,是凯恩斯的流动偏好理论中的一个概念,具体是指当利率水平极低时,人们对货币需求趋于无限大,货币当局即使增加货币供给也不能降低利率,从而不能增加投资引诱的一种经济状态。
当利率极低时,有价证券的价格会达到很高,人们为了避免因有价证券价格跌落而遭受损失,几乎每个人都宁愿持有现金而不愿持有有价证券,这意味着货币需求会变得完全有弹性,人们对货币的需求量趋于无限大,表现为流动偏好曲线或货币需求曲线的右端会变成水平线。
在此情况下,货币供给的增加不会使利率下降,从而也就不会增加投资引诱和有效需求,当经济出现上述状态时,就称之为流动性陷阱。
但实际上,以经验为根据的论据从未证实过流动性陷阱的存在,而且流动性陷阱也未能被精确地说明是如何形成的。
2•流动偏好:又称灵活偏好,是指人们为应付日常开支、意外支出和进行投机活动而愿意持有现金的一种心理偏好。
该理论由英国著名经济学家约翰•梅纳德•凯恩斯(J • M- Keynes)于1936年在《就业、利息和货币通论》中提出。
它根源于交易动机、预防动机和投机动机。
交易动机是为了日常交易而产生的持有货币的愿望,预防动机是为了应付紧急情况而产生的持有货币的愿望。
满足交易动机和预防动机的货币需求数量取决于国民收入水平的高低,并且是收入的增函数。
投机性动机是人们根据对市场利率变化的预测,持有货币以便从中获利的动机。
投机动机的货币需求与现实利率呈负相关。
由交易动机、预防动机引起的流动偏好所决定的货币需求与收入( Y)呈同方向变动,可以表示为L1 (Y);由交易动机引起的流动偏好所决定的货币需求与利率( r )呈反方向变动,故可以用L2 (r)表示。
宏观经济学完整习题(附答案)

精选word第十二章国民收入核算二、单项选择题1、下列哪—项不列入国内生产总值的核算中( )A、出口到国外的一批货物B、政府发放给贫困家庭的救济金C、经纪人从旧房买卖中收取的佣金D、保险公司收到的家庭财产保险费2、“面粉是中间产品”这一命题( )A、一定是对的B、一定是不对的C、可能对,也可能不对D、以上三种说法全对3、下列哪一项计入GDP 中? ( )A、购买一辆用过的旧自行车B、购买普通股票C、汽车制造厂买进10吨钢板D、银行向某企业收取一笔贷款利息4、某国的资本品存量在年初为10000亿美元,本年度生产了2500亿美元的资本品,资本消耗折旧为2000亿美元,则该国在本年度的总投资和净投资分别是( )A、2500亿美元和500亿美元B、12500亿美元和10500亿美元C、2500亿美元和2000亿美元D、7500亿美元和8000亿美元5、以下正确的统计恒等式为( )A、投资= 储蓄B、投资= 消费C、储蓄= 消费D、总支出- 投资= 总收入- 储蓄6、下列项目中,( ) 不是要素收入A、总统薪水B、股息C、公司对灾区的捐献D、银行存款者取得的利息7、以下( ) 不能计入国内生产总值A、企业的库存B、家庭主妇的家务劳务折合成的收入C、拍卖毕加索作品的收入D、为他人提供服务所得收入8、安徽民工在南京打工所得收入应该计入到当年( ) 中A、安徽的国内生产总值(GDP)B、安徽的国民收入(NI)C、南京的国民生产总值(GNP)D、南京的国内生产总值(GDP)9、通货膨胀时,GNP价格矫正指数( )A、大于1B、小于IC、大于0D、小于010、一国的国内生产总值小于国民生产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收入( ) 外国公民从该国取得的收入A、大于B、小于C、等于D、可能大于也可能小于11、如果:消费额= 6亿元,投资额= 1亿元,间接税= 1亿元,政府用于商品和劳务的支出额= 1.5亿元,出口额= 2亿元,进口额= 1.8亿元,则( )A、NNP = 8.7亿元B、GDP = 7.7亿元C、GDP = 8.7亿元D、NNP = 5亿元12、用收入法计算的GDP等于( )A、消费+投资+政府支出+净出B、工资+利息+租金+利润+间接税C、工资+利息+中间产品成本+间接税+利润D、工资+利息+租金+利润+间接税+折旧13、如果当期价格水平低于基期价格水平,那么( )A、实际GDP等于名义GDPB、实际GDP小于名义GDPC、实际GDP与名义GDP 相同D、实际GDP大于名义GDP14、如果钢铁、油漆、绝缘材料以及所有用来制造一个电烤炉的原料价值在计算GDP时都包括进去了,那么这种衡量方法( )A、因各种原料都进入市场交易,所以衡量是正确的。
宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森016重点

Chapter 16Unemployment: Search and Efficiency WagesTeaching GoalsThus far in the text, the only formal explanation for the phenomenon of unemployment has been in the context of the Keynesian sticky price model. If there is nominal wage rigidity, the real wage may become stuck at a level that implies an excess supply of labor. This chapter supplies two models of unemployment that are more firmly grounded in microeconomic principles.The first model of unemployment is the search model. In this framework, unemployment is a socially useful phenomenon that may improve the quality of matches between workers and firms. When studying the model, it is important to remind students that factors that raise the equilibrium unemployment rate may not be bad, and factors that reduce the equilibrium unemployment may not be good. The focus of the search model is primarily microeconomic in nature. The search model explains what incentives work as households change their behavior in the face of new policies. The microfoundations are very powerful here, as they allow us to experiment at no cost with various policy schemes, yet they give us results of macroeconomic importance: how do taxes or unemployment insurance alter the unemployment rate?The second model of unemployment is the efficiency wage model. This model provides an explanation of unemployment that is hard to empirically distinguish from the Keynesian sticky wage model. In both models, unemployed workers stand willing to accept employment at the prevailing wage rate, and yet cannot find work. However, in the sticky wage model it is plausible to imagine a scenario in which an unemployed worker can successfully agree to work at a wage lower than the prevailing wage. In the efficiency wage model, it is never in the intere st of a firm to hire such a “bargain” worker, because the worker cannot commit to put in enough effort to make his employmentworthwhile to the firm. The main advantage of this model is that it reconciles such “involuntary” unemployment with optimizing beh avior. However, the model is less successful as a part of a consistent explanation of business cycles. The model cannot easily explain the fact that the real wage rate is procyclical.Classroom Discussion TopicsBy now, students should be comfortable with the idea that perfectly competitive markets generate efficient outcomes, as long as there are no externalities. In what sense does the structure of the job search model approximate perfect competition? Are there any possible sources of externalities? Is there some sense in which there may be elements of monopolistic competition? If the job search model is anything like a competitive market, do we have any reason to think that the unemployment rate might be too high or too low relative to a Pareto optimum? If an undistorted market provides the right amount of unemployment, then unemployment insurance leads to an inefficiently high rate of unemployment. Does this line of reasoning make a good case for eliminating unemployment insurance? Where does the desire to avoid risks come in? And moral hazard?152 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third EditionIt is useful to point out that the fundamental theorems of welfare economics are worked out in a model in which there is complete information, and where no passage of time is needed to equilibrate the market. Job search is only necessary because workers do not possess complete information, and time is required to acquire additional information. Do these considerations have any relevance for the question of the socially optimum amount of unemployment?The efficiency wage model does not do a very good job of explaining business cycles because it cannot rationalize a procyclical real wage rate. Suppose instead that we had an economy with two sectors. In one sector, firms find it optimal to pay an efficiencywage and there is an excess supply of workers at the optimal efficiency wage. In the other sector, perhaps worker effort and ability are directly observable. Now suppose that there is an increase in total factor productivity. While the wage paid in the efficiency wage sector may be unchanged, what is the likely effect on wages in the rest of the economy? Does this consideration improve the ability of the efficiency wage model to explain business cycle models? Is there likely to be any unemployment in this kind of economy? Why or why not? If there is no unemployment, does the existence of an efficiency wage sector add anything to our understanding of business cycles over and above the explanation given by the real business cycle model?OutlineI. Behavior of Unemployment and Participation RatesA. Determinants of the Unemployment Rate1. Aggregate Economic Activity2. Demography3. Government-Provided Unemployment Insurance4. Sectoral ShiftsB. The Participation Rate1. L ong-Run Trendsa. Participation Rate of Menb. Participation Rate of Women2. Cyclical VariationsII. A Search Model of UnemploymentA. Welfare of Employed Workers1. Real Wage2. Separation Rate3. Wage Income TaxB. Welfare of Unemployed Workers1. Size of Unemployment Insurance Benefit2. Frequency of Job Offers3. Unemployment Insurance Benefit TaxC. Reservation Wage1. Welfare of Job Offer ≥ Welfare of Remaining Unemployed2. Increase in Unemployment Insurance Benefit *w ⇒↑3. Increase in Wage Tax *w ⇒↑Chapter 16 Unemployment: Search and Efficiency Wages 153D. Determinants of the Equilibrium Unemployment Rate1. Flows out of Employment2. Flows out of Unemployment3. The Wage Offer Distribution4. Effects of Disturbancesa. Increase in Unemployment Insurance Benefits U ⇒↑b. Increase in Job Offer Rate U ⇒↓c. Increase in Wage Tax U ⇒↑d. Increase in Benefit Tax U ⇒↓5. The Natural Rate of UnemploymentIII. The Efficiency Wage ModelA. Wages and Effort1. Adverse Selection: Unobserved Ability2. Moral Hazard: Unobserved ShirkingB. Optimization by the Firm 1. L abor Demand: ((e w N e w MP w =2. Efficiency Wage: Maximize(e w wC. Labor Market Equilibrium1. >* Market-Clearing Wage w a. (d s N N r <b Efficiency Wage Unemployment2. ≤* Market-Clearing Wage wD. Efficiency Wages and Business Cycles1. An Increase in Government Purchases: ,,,0r C I Y w U ↑↓↓Δ=Δ=Δ=2. An Increase in Total Factor Productivity: ,,,,0Y U C I w ↑↓↑↑Δ=3. An Improvement in Monitoring: w ↓Textbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. The four key determinants of the unemployment rate are the level of aggregate economic activity,demographic factors, government intervention, and sectoral shifts.2. The unemployment rate is countercyclical.3. Different demographic groups often experience differing levels of unemployment. The unemploymentrate is higher when the composition of the work force includes a higher percentage of groups that typically experience more unemployment. As one example, younger workers who have recentlyentered the work force typically experience more unemployment. The aggregate unemployment rate is therefore higher when young workers represent a larger-than-normal proportion of the work force.154 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third Edition4. The participation rate is procyclical.5. The welfare of the employed increases when the real wage increases, when the separation ratedecreases, and when taxes on wage income decrease.6. The welfare of the unemployed increases when the unemployment benefit increases, when thefrequency with which the unemployed receive job offers increases, and when the taxes onunemployment benefits decreases.7. The reservation wage is the wage offer that equates the welfare of accepting a job offer with thewelfare of remaining unemployed. The reservation wage increases when the welfare of beingemployed decreases and when the welfare of being unemployed increases.8. An increase in the unemployment benefit increases the welfare of being unemployed and thereforeincreases the reservation wage.9. An increase in the tax on wage income decreases the welfare of being employed and thereforeincreases the reservation wage.10. An increase in the unemployment insurance benefit raises the reservation rate. Therefore, theunemployed require more time to find an acceptable wage offer, and the equilibrium unemployment rate increases.11. An increase in the job offer rate, holding the reservation wage constant, reduces the amount of time ittakes to find an acceptable job offer. This effect tends to lower the equilibrium unemployment rate.An increase in the job offer rate also increases the reservation wage. This effect tends to increase the equilibrium unemployment rate. The net effect on the unemployment rate is therefore uncertain.An active government role in helping the unemployed to find job offers is likely to increase the job offer rate.12. What matters to the unemployed is the value of the unemployment insurance benefit, net of taxes. Anincrease in taxes on unemployment insurance benefits acts in the same way as a decrease in the gross benefits.13. A higher real wage rate increases the likelihood that more able workers will accept job offers. Ifemployers cannot precisely measure the level of ability, a higher real wage rate increases the average ability level of employees working for the firm. This effect is due to adverse selection.A higher real wage rate increases the potential costs of an employee losing his or her job.If it is costly for firms to monitor the level of effort expended by its workers, a higher real wage reduces the incentives for workers to shirk. This effect is due to moral hazard.14. When the efficiency wage exceeds the market-clearing wage, there will be involuntaryunemployment in the efficiency wage model.15. An increase in government spending increases the real interest rate, but has no effect on the levels ofoutput and employment.Chapter 16 Unemployment: Search and Efficiency Wages 155 16. An increase in total factor productivity decreases the real interest rate, and increases output andemployment. The increase in total factor productivity does not affect the real wage, unless the change in technology also affects the costs of monitoring workers’ performance.17. The efficiency wage model can account for procyclical employment, consumption, and investment.The efficiency wage model can account for countercyclical unemployment. The efficiency wage model cannot account for the procyclical behavior of the real wage rate.Problems1. An increase in the separation rate lowers the welfare from being employed, and therefore increasesthe efficiency wage. The higher reservation wage shifts the *UpH w curve to the right. The direct(effect of the increase in s shifts the (1− curve to the right. Unemployment therefore increases.s U2. An increase in the average wage paid, holding the reservation wage constant, increases the probabilityof finding an acceptable job offer. However, as long as job searchers are aware of the increase in wage rates, the reservation wage will also increase, because higher wages increase the welfare from being employed. On net, it is likely that at first approximation *H w will be unaffected, and so(there will be no change in the unemployment rate.3. The introduction of unemployment insurance benefits increases the welfare from being unemployedand increases the reservation wage. This effect increases the equilibrium rate of unemployment. If the insurance is paid for from a tax on wage income, then after-tax wages decrease. However, the reduction in the wage rate will likely result in an equal reduction in the reservation wage, so that *H w will be unaffected. Therefore, unemployment increases.(4. There are two channels through which more stringent qualification for unemployment insurancemay operate. For those currently employed, possible difficulties in qualifying would decrease the separation rate. Workers would be more reluctant to quit if they may not qualify for benefits and workers might perform better on the job reducing the incidenceof firing. The unemployed who are covered by insurance would be unaffected. However, the pool of the unemployed would now include more potential workers not receiving benefits and these individuals are likely to have lower reservation wages. The average reservation wage would decrease and the long-run unemployment rate would decrease.5. Increased difficulty in distinguishing ability levels is much like an increased difficulty in monitoringworker effort. The effort function therefore shifts down and to the right. The efficiency wagetherefore increases.However, a careful modeling of the adverse selection problem is more complicated than the modeling of the moral hazard problem. If a firm believes that it has some ability to distinguish between high- and low-ability workers, then it is likely to offer different wages to those believed to be of high rather than low ability. In a more complicated model of such a segmented market, it is likely that an increase in the difficulty of distinguishing between workers will lead to an increase in the wages of low-ability workers and a decrease in wages of high-ability workers.156 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third Edition 6. The destruction of capital is much like a decrease in total factor productivity. The labor demand curve shifts to the left. As long as there is no change in the ability to monitor, there will be no change in the efficiency wage. Output and employment decrease, unemployment increases, and the real interest rate increases. The efficiency wage model is a model that predicts real wage rigidity, not nominal wage rigidity. An increase in the money supply leads to an equiproportional increase in nominal wages and prices. Money is therefore neutral. According to the permanent income hypothesis, a permanent increase in government spending is likely to lead to an equal-sized decrease in consumption spending. The output demand curve therefore does not shift. The wealth effect of the increase in governmentspending increases labor supply. However, in the efficiency wage model output and employment are determined by labor demand. Therefore, the output supply curve also does not shift. Output, employment, the real wage, investment, and the real interest rate are all unchanged. The only effects of the permanent increase in government spending are a decrease in consumption and an increase in unemployment. There is no crowding out of investment spending. Instead, there is a one-for-one crowding out of consumption spending. 7. 8.。
马工程教材《西方经济学》下 第16章 宏观经济政策

货币供应量=基础货币×货币乘数
• 货币政策效应的大小取决于IS曲线和LM曲线的斜率,货币政策的 扩张性或者收缩性的变动可以反映在LM曲线的移动上。
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使得均衡点迅 速向下移动到
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初始均衡点E0
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货币供给量的增加 使LM曲线由LM移
• 李嘉图等价原理
政府通过借债筹资和征税筹资是相同的, 政府债务并不能产生短期刺激总需求 的效应。 消费者是向前看的, 他们的支出不仅基于其现期收入, 而且还基于其预期的未 来收入。 政府通过借债为减税筹资, 消费者现期收入虽然增加, 考虑到未来政府需要增 税来偿还债务, 估计未来收入会减少, 于是会把目前收入增加的部分储蓄起来, 以备将来缴税, 从而消费者目前的消费支出并未增加。
– 利率已经达到最低水平,使得利率刺激投资和消费的杠杆作用失 效。货币政策对名义利率的下调已经不能启动经济复苏, 只能依靠 财政政策, 通过扩大政府支出、减税等手段来摆脱经济的萧条。
– 货币需求利率弹性趋向无限大。
• 古典主义极端
– 古典情况下,货币数量的一定变化对收入水平的影响达 到最大限度。
– 如果价格水平保持不变, 当中央银行采取增加货币供应
➢功能财政和充分就业预算盈余
• 指国家关于财政活动不能仅以预算平衡为目的, 而应以 充分发挥财政的经济职能, 保持整个经济稳定发展为目 的的理论。
• 理论思想:不能机械地运用财政预算收支平衡的观点来 对待赤字和预算盈余, 而应从反经济周期的需要来利用 预算赤字和预算盈余。
(完整版)宏观经济学课后答案

宏观经济学课后答案第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别?为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的,有效的,而从宏观看却是不合理的,无效的?解答:两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的对象不同。
微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为,而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。
(2)解决的问题不同。
微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。
(3)中心理论不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的,而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论,所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。
(4)研究方法不同。
微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法,而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。
两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。
经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此,既要实现资源的最优配置,又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题,而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。
(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究,即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同,分析方法也不同,因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的,而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。
例如,在经济生活中,某个厂商降低工资,从该企业的角度看,成本低了,市场竞争力强了,但是如果所有厂商都降低工资,则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强,而且职工整体工资收入降低以后,整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。
同样,一个人或者一个家庭实行节约,可以增加家庭财富,但是如果大家都节约,社会需求就会降低,生产和就业就会受到影响。
宏观经济学练习及答案

1.一个国家的国生产总值水平与这个国家的国民福利水平能够划等号吗?为什么?2.请解释为什么未预料到的通货紧缩会改变人们的收入再分配,从而进一步减少总需求?3.假定把狭义的货币供给定义为通货加活期存款,M=Cu+D,则影响货币供给的部门和变量有哪些?(习题指南P154)有公众、银行和中央银行,因为公众(家庭和企业)对通货和活期存款的需求会影响货币的构成,而活期存款又是银行的负债,中央银行则对货币起最重要的作用,三者交互作用决定着货币供给。
与此相适应,通货存款比率、准备率和强力货币就成为影响货币供给的三个最主要的变量。
三、计算题1.假定在某一时期,资本的增长率为4%,劳动的增长率为2%,实际产出的增长率为5%,由统计资料得知资本的国民收入份额为0.3,劳动的国民收入份额为0.7,求“⑴全要素生产率的增长率;⑵假定一项减少预算赤字的政策使投资增加,资本的增长率上升1%,产出的增长率将上升多少?⑶假定实行一项减税政策使劳动供给增长1%,实际产出的增长率又将如何变动?2.假定总需求曲线AD1=5000-1000P,总供给曲线AS=2000+2000P,试求:(1)均衡价格和产量。
(2)当总需求曲线变为AD2=5600-1000P时,价格和产量为多少?(3)若充分就业产量Y*=4000,经济调整到最后,价格和产量各为多少?(4)作出(1)、(2)、(3)的示意图。
答:(1)由AD1=AS得:5000-1000P=2000+2000P => P=1,AD1=5000-1000P=4000;(2)由AD2=AS得:5600-1000P=2000+2000P => P=1.2,AD2=5600-1000P=4400;(3)由AD2= Y*得:5600-1000P=4000 => P=1.6;⑴1、4000;⑵1.2、4400;⑶1.6、4000;(4)下述示意图中,AS与AD1交点E1决定的价格1和产量4000即为(1)中所求价格与产量;AS与AD2交点E2决定的价格1.2和产量4400即为(2)中所求价格与产量;价格从E2点(AS与AD2交点)沿总需求曲线AD2向E3点(Y=4000与AD2交点)上移即为(3)中的价格调整过程。
宏观经济学第16章

中国失业类型
中国失业类型: 中国失业类型: ——体制型失业。长期以来是低工资、多就业 体制型失业。 体制型失业 长期以来是低工资、 隐性失业)的就业政策, (隐性失业)的就业政策,向市场经济转轨过程 企业自负盈亏,隐性失业显性化。 中,企业自负盈亏,隐性失业显性化。 ——结构性失业。产业结构的调整,传统产业缩 结构性失业。 结构性失业 产业结构的调整, 第三产业异军突起。同时产业实行技术升级, 减,第三产业异军突起。同时产业实行技术升级, 高素质劳动力缺位。 高素质劳动力缺位。 ——农村大量的剩余劳动力 农村大量的剩余劳动力
(三)失业的种类
⑴自然失业[Natural Unemployment] 自然失业 ——经济中某些难以避免的原因所引起的失业。 经济中某些难以避免的原因所引起的失业。 经济中某些难以避免的原因所引起的失业 摩擦性失业[Frictional Unemployment] 摩擦性失业 ——劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业现象( ——劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业现象(或指人 劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业现象 们在不同地区、职业或生命周期的不同阶段不停地变动 们在不同地区、 工作而引起的失业) 工作而引起的失业) 结构性失业[Structural Unemployment] 结构性失业 ——指劳动力的供求结构不一致而引起的失业。 ——指劳动力的供求结构不一致而引起的失业。 指劳动力的供求结构不一致而引起的失业 ⑵周期性失业[Cyclical Unemployment] 周期性失业 ——由于总需求不足而引起的短期失业。 由于总需求不足而引起的短期失业。 由于总需求不足而引起的短期失业
1、由于经济萧条而形成的失业属于( 由于经济萧条而形成的失业属于( )。 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、永久性失业 某人由于彩电行业不景气而失去工作, 2、某人由于彩电行业不景气而失去工作,这种失 业属于( 业属于( )。 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、永久性失业 某人由于刚刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作, 3、某人由于刚刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作, 这是属于( 这是属于( )。 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、永久性失业
宏观经济学各章练习题参考答案

第二章国民收入核算练习参考答案一、概念题(略)二、判断题:1.T2.T3. T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12. T 13.F三、单项选择题:1-5. D B D D A 6-10. B A C D B 11-15. A B B D D16-20. D A A D B 21-25. D C B E C 26-29.D C C四、多项选择题:1.ABCD2.DE3.ABCD4.ACD5.CDE6.ABDE7.CE8.BCDE9.AD 10.ABCDE五、简答题:(略)六、计算题1.GNP=380GDP=4122.(1)最终产品法最终产品为项链售价为40万美元。
故GDP为40万美元。
(2)增值法第一阶段增值:10万美元—0万美元=10万美元第二阶段增值:40万美元—10万美元=30万美元合计增值40万美元(3)收入法所以GDP=12.5+27.5=40万美元3.个人储蓄=个人可支配收入-消费=4100-3800=300万政府储蓄=预算盈余(或赤字)=-200万根据储蓄—投资恒等式:投资=个人储蓄+政府储蓄+净出口I=300-200+100=200万又GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)G=5000-200-3800-(-100)=1100万5.GNP=2739.7NI=2435.9NNP=2227.5PI=2047.9DPI=1707.97.(1)折旧=总投资-净投资=800-300=500国内生产净值=国内生产总值-折旧=4800-500=4300(2)国内生产总值=消费+总投资+政府购买+净出口所以,净出口=4800-3000-800-960=40(3)政府预算盈余=政府税收减去转移支付的收入-政府购买所以,政府税收减去转移支付的收入=960+30=990(4)在本题的情况下,个人可支配收入=国内生产净值-政府税收减去转移支付的收入(即政府的净税收,因为政府的收入增加了,居民的收入就减少了),所以,个人可支配收入=4300-990=3310(5)个人储蓄=个人可支配收入-消费=3310-3000=100第三章消费与投资理论理论习题参考答案一、概念题: (略)二、判断题:1-5 FFTFT 6-10 FFTTT 11-15 TTFTF选择题:1-5 BBADA 6-10 BCBBD 11-15 DACCC 16-20 DCDBC21-22 DD四、分析问答题:(略)五、计算题:1.(1)y=750 c=700 s=I=50(2)50(3)y=1000 △y=250(4)y”=1500 s=I=50 △y”=500(5)K=5 K’=102. I=300 ,Y=5200I=500,Y=6000Y1=5400; Y2=5550; Y3=5662.5 ;Y4=5746.8733.Y=1333.33 MPC=0.75 MPS=0.25 y=3840第四章总需求(总供给)与国民产出决定理论参考答案三、多选题1、AC2、BC3、CD四、是非判断题( T OR F)1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFF 11 T五、简答题六、论述与分析题七、计算题1、Y=345 政府财政赤字为3.752、(1)Y=550 C=410 (2)K I=2.53、(1) Y=402 (2) K I =2 K g=2 K t=-1.6 K b=0.44、Y=862.5 T=152.5 C=612.55、(1)Y=1000 (2)K I =5 K g=5 K t=-4 K R =4 K b=16、(1)Y = 1837.5 T = 267.5 C = 1337.5(2)K I = 2.5 K g =2.5 K t = -1.875第五章货币供给与需求理论参考答案一、单选题二、简答题(略)三、计算题1.M0 =120,M1=470,M2=2470。
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第十六章练习题及答案一、判断1.紧缩性财政政策对经济的影响是抑制了通货膨胀但增加了政府债务。
()2.预算赤字财政政策是凯恩斯主义用于解决失业问题的有效需求管理的主要手段。
()3.扩张性货币政策使LM曲线右移,而紧缩性货币政策使LM曲线左移()4.政府的财政支出政策主要通过转移支付、政府购买和税收对国民经济产生影响。
()5.当政府同时实行紧缩性财政政策和紧缩性货币政策时,均衡国民收入一定会下降,均衡的利率一定会上升。
()6.减少再贴现率和法定准备金比率可以增加货币供给量。
()7.由于现代西方财政制度具有自动稳定器功能,在经济繁荣时期自动抑制通货膨胀,在经济衰退时期自动减轻萧条,所以不需要政府采取任何行动来干预经济。
()8 .宏观经济政策目标之一是价格稳定,价格稳定指价格指数相对稳定,而不是所有商品价格固定不变。
()9.财政政策的内在稳定器作用是稳定收入水平,但不稳定价格水平和就业水平。
()10.扩张性财政政策使IS曲线左移,而紧缩性财政政策使IS曲线右移。
()11.当一个国家出现恶性通货膨胀时,政府只能通过采取紧缩性货币政策加以遏制。
()12.在西方发达国家,由财政部、中央银行和商业银行共同运用货币政策来调节。
()13.当一个国家经济处于充分就业水平时,政府应采取紧缩性财政政策和货币政策。
()14.凯恩斯主义者奉行功能财政思想,而不是预算平衡思想。
()二、单选1.下列哪种情况增加货币供给而不会影响均衡国民收入?()A.IS曲线陡峭而LM曲线平缓B.IS曲线垂直而LM曲线平缓C.IS曲线平缓而LM曲线陡峭D.IS曲线和LM曲线一样平缓2.挤出效应发生于下列哪种情况?()A.私人部门增税,减少了私人部门的可支配收入和支出B.减少政府支出,弓I起消费支出下降C.增加政府支出,使利率提高,挤出了对利率敏感的私人部门支出D.货币供给增加,引起消费支出增加3.下列()不属于扩张性财政政策。
A.减少税收B.制定物价管制政策C.增加政府支出D.增加公共事业投资4.中央银行通过提高法定准备金比率属于()A.控制总供给B.扩张性货币政策C.收入指数化政策D.紧缩性货币政策5.下列哪种情况不会引起国民收入水平的上升()A.增加净税收B.增加政府转移支付C.减少个人所得税D.增加政府购买6.如果政府支出的减少与政府转移支付的增加相同时,收入水平会()A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定7.在其他条件不变情况下,政府增加公共设施投资,会引起国民收入()A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定8.与货币政策同义的词是()A.扩张性政策B.利息率政策C.金融政策D.紧缩性政策9.公开市场业务是指()A.中央银行在金融市场上买进或卖出有价证券B.中央银行增加或减少对商业银行的贷款C.中央银行规定对商业银行的最低贷款利率D.中央银行对商业银行实施监督10.政府运用赤字财政政策是()A.要求企业用自己资金购买B.要求居民用现金购买C.将公债卖给商业银行D.将公债卖给中央银行11.当经济过热时,中央银行可以在金融市场上()A.卖出政府债券,降低再贴现率B.卖出政府债券,提高再贴现率C.买进政府债券,降低再贴现率D.买进政府债券,提高再贴现率12.下列哪一项措施是中央银行无法用来变动货币供给量?()A.调整法定准备金B.调整再贴现率C.调整税率D.公开市场业务13.当法定准备金率为25%时,如果你在银行兑现了一张而200 美元的支票且将现金放在身边,这个行动对货币供给的潜在影响是()A.流通中货币增加800美元B.流通中货币减少800美元C.流通中货币增加200美元D.流通中货币减少200美元14.财政政策的内在稳定器作用体现在()A.延缓经济衰退B.刺激经济增长C.减缓经济波动D.促使经济达到均衡15.“松财政紧货币”会使利率()A.上升B.下降C.不变D.不确定16.“双紧”政策会使国民收入()A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不确定17.在充分就业的经济中,政府购买支出增加将导致()A.价格水平上升,利率下降B.价格水平下降,利率上升C.价格水平和利率同时上升D.价格水平和利率同时下降18.如果一国经济处于萧条和衰退时期,政府应采取()A.财政预算盈余B.财政预算赤字C.财政预算平衡D.财政预算盈余或赤字19.如果一国经济处于国内失业,国际收支顺差的状况,这时适宜采用)A.扩张性财政政策B.扩张性货币政策C.扩张性财政政策与扩张性货币政策D.扩张性财政政策与紧缩性货币政策20.扩张性财政政策对经济的影响是()A.缓和了经济萧条但增加了政府债务B.缓和了萧条也减轻了政府债务C.加剧了通货膨胀但减轻了政府债务D.缓和了通货膨胀但增加了政府债务三、简答1.什么是自动稳定器?是否税率越高,税收作为自动稳定器的作用越大?2.什么是斟酌使用的财政政策和货币政策?3.平衡预算的财政思想和功能财政思想有何区别?第十六章练习题答案一、1. F2. T3. T4.F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F10. F11. F12. F13.F 14.T二、1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.B 12.C 13.B14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.B19.C20.A1.自动稳定器亦称内在稳定器,是指财政制度本身所具有的减轻各种干扰对国民收入冲击的内在机制。
自动稳定器的内容包括政府所得税制度、政府转移支付制度、农产品价格维持制度等。
在混合经济中投资变动所引起的国民收入变动比私人部门的变动小,原因是当总需求由于意愿投资增加而增加时,会导致国民收入和可支配收入的增加,但可支配收入增加小于国民收入的增加,因为在国民收入增加时,税收也在增加,增加的数量等于边际税率乘以国民收入,结果混合经济中消费支出增加额要比私人经济中的小,从而通过乘数作用使国民收入累积增加也小一些。
同样,总需求下降时,混合经济中收入下降也比私人部门经济中要小一些。
这说明税收制度是一种对国民收入波动的自动稳定器。
混合经济中支出乘数值与私人经济中支出乘数值的差额决定了税收制度的自动稳定程度,其差额愈大,自动稳定作用愈大。
这是因为,在边际消费倾向一定的条件下,混合经济中支出乘数越小,说明边际税率越高,从而自动稳定量愈大。
2.西方经济学者认为,为确保经济稳定,政府要审时度势,根据对经济形势的判断,逆对经济风向行事,主动采取一些措施稳定总需求水平。
在经济萧条时,政府要采取扩张性的财政政策,降低税率、增加政府转移支付、扩大政府支出,目的是刺激总需求,以降低失业率;在经济过热时,采取紧缩性的财政政策,提高税率、减少政府转移支付,降低政府支出,以此抑制总需求的增加,进而遏制通货膨胀。
这就是斟酌使用的财政政策。
在货币政策方面,西方经济学者认为斟酌使用的货币政策也要逆对经济风向行事。
当总支出不足,失业持续增加时,中央银行要实行扩张性的货币政策,即提高货币供给量,降低利率,从而刺激总需求,以缓解衰退和失业问题;在总支出过多,价格水平持续上涨时,中央银行就要采取紧缩性的货币政策,即削减货币供给量,提高利率,降低总需求水平,以解决通货膨胀问题。
这就是斟酌使用的货币政策。
3.平衡预算的财政思想主要分年度平衡预算、周期平衡预算和充分就业平衡预算三种。
年度平衡预算,要求每个财政年度的收支平衡。
周期平衡预算是指政府在一个经济周期中保持平衡。
在经济衰退时实行扩张政策,有意安排预算赤字,在繁荣时期实行紧缩政策,有意安排预算盈余,以繁荣时的盈余弥补衰退时的赤字,使整个经济周期的盈余和赤字相抵而实现预算平衡。
这种思想在理论上似乎非常完整,但实行起来非常困难。
这是因为在一个预算周期内,很难准确估计繁荣与衰退的时间与程度,两者更不会完全相等,因此连预算也难以事先确定,从而周期预算平衡也难以实现。
充分就业平衡预算是指政府应当使支出保持在充分就业条件下所能达到的净税收水平。
功能财政思想强调,政府为实现无通货膨胀的充分就业水平可实行财政方面的积极政策。
实现这一目标时,预算可以是盈余,也可以是赤字。
功能财政思想是凯恩斯主义者的财政思想。
他们认为不能机械地用财政预算收支平衡的观点来对待预算赤字和预算盈余,而应从反经济周期的需要来利用预算赤字和预算盈余。
当国民收入低于充分就业的收入水平时,政府有义务实行扩张性财政政策,增加支出或减少税收,以实现充分就业。
如果起初存在财政盈余,政府有责任减少盈余甚至不惜出现赤字,坚定地实行扩张政策。
反之亦然。
总之,功能财政思想认为,政府为了实现充分就业和消除通货膨胀,需要赤字就赤字,需要盈余就盈余,而不应为了实现财政收支平衡妨碍政府财政政策的正确制定和实行。
显然,平衡预算的财政思想强调的是财政收支平衡,以此作为预算目标,或者说政策的目的,而功能财政思想强调,财政预算的平衡、盈余或赤字都只是手段,目标是追求无通胀的充分就业和经济的稳定增长。