Chinese Borrowings in English
Chinese Loan Words in English
Chinese Loan Words in English作者：郜战莹来源：《校园英语·上旬》2015年第10期【Abstract】English language is the most common working language.In the history of its development，English has widened its vocabulary by borrowing.Borrowing plays an important role in the formation of modern English.Chinese loan words are a part in the family of all the loanwords.Therefore，the number of loan words which originate from Chinese is not that great，but they hold an important role in contemporary English.【Key words】borrowing； loan word； important roleIntroductionEnglish has a vocabulary of more than one million which contains two parts，native and loan words.Words which are originated in Anglo-Saxon are native words； while loan words are those which are adopted from different languages.I.Loan WordsModern English is the product of the historical development.Therefore，it is easy to find its clues in the past.The most important historical factors of English vocabulary have been the ease with which it has borrowed words from other languages and then adapted to its own.1.1 Definition of Loan WordsLoan words are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language.A loan word can be called as a borrowing（Zhang Yunfei，2004）.1.2 Types of Loan WordsUsually borrowings are classified as follows： denizen，alien，and translation-loans （Crystal，2008）.A denizen is a word borrowed from another language with their pronouncing and spelling assimilated by the language which borrows the words.Such as Tofu，K’ai shu，Kongfu.Aliens are loans with unchanged pronunciation and spelling such as Pingyin，Mao Zedong，Beijing.A Translation loan is a new word or phrase constructed by taking a foreign word or phrase at the mod el and translating it morpheme such as “paper tiger”.II.The Reasons for Chinese Loan Words into EnglishThe Chinese loan words influence the English languages deeply，whose history into English has already over hundreds of years.The earliest communication between Britain and China can be dated back to 1637（Wang Rongpei，2002）.2.1 Historical and Political ReasonsThe Opium War is the starting that loan words on history and politics entered intoEnglish.Finally，the Chinese history changed greatly，and this led to the fact that many Chinese loan words reflecting the changes of Chinese society came into English，such as：taiping，dazibao and so on.2.2 Cultural ReasonsThe relationship of language and culture is close.The most important character of human culture is its broadness.Therefore，culture is made of not only natural environment，but also living manners，food and living tools（Sapir，1985）III.Features of Chinese Loan words in EnglishChinese and English belong to the different systems of language，so they are quite different in terms of spelling and writing.3.1 Pronunciation FeaturesIn the history，like Guangdong，Fujian，are main areas which began to contacted with western world earlier.Most of the overseas Chinese come from these places，so many words are given about through this way，which is the foundation of the loan words.While Putonghua has been the official language variety，so most of Chinese loan words borrowed in this way.3.2 Writing FeaturesThe way of writing changes a lot with the development of society.At the beginning，there is no any fixed writing way first proposed by Thomas Wade，and writing ways only adjusted itself to adopt to the changing environment.ConclusionTherefore，it’s concluded that it’s inevitable to widen the vocabulary one language by borrowing words from other languages.Recently，because of the rapid development of modern mass media and internationally cultural exchange，English has already borrowed many words from other languages.Chinese loan words have appeared in English for a long time through history，politics，and，culture.These loan words possess their own features in pronunciation，spelling to meet the demands of English.References：[1]Crystal.D.English an a Global Language[M].Cambridge university press.2008.[2]Sapir，Edward.An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M].Beijing.[3]Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.1985.[4]汪榕培.英语词汇中汉语借词的来源[J].四川外语学院学报.2002.[5]张韵斐.现代英语词汇学概论[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社.2004.。
历年学年论文题目
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Cities论狄更斯《双城记》中的人物塑造On Similarities and Differences in the Formation English and Chinese 浅谈英汉仿词在构成形式上的异同Love Always Overcomes Hatred爱总能战胜恨The Characteristics of American English美国英语的语言特点Aanalysis on the Chineses Borrowings in English英语中汉语借词探析The Rhetoric in The Merchant of Venice论《威尼斯商人》中的修辞现象The Textual Function of Passive Voice论被动语态的语篇功能Features of Network English网络英语的特点The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools中学英语教学中体态语言的运用A Comparison Between American and Chinese Higher Education in the 21st Century 二十一世纪中美高等教育之比较The Use of the Comma and the dash in EST科技英语中逗号与破折号的用法On Phenomena of Sexism in English英语中的性别歧视现象On the Transferred Negation in English浅析英语中的否定转移On How to Translation of the Chinese Reduplicated Words into English 汉语叠词英译The Classification and translation of English Idiom Preposition英语成语介词的分类及翻译On Hardy’s Fatalism in Tess论《苔丝》中哈代的宿命论The Features and Origin of French Borrowings in English英语中法语外来词的特点及由来Symbolism of Colors in idomatic Expressions颜色习语表达的象征意义The Difference of Styles in Translation翻译中的文体差异On the Translation of Noun Phrases in EST科技英语名词术语的译法初探Tess’ Sense of Responsibility苔丝的责任心Teacher’s Roles in Class教师在课堂中的角色On Euphemistic Expressions in English论英语中的委婉表达法The Nominalization and Grammatical Metaphor英汉名词化和语法隐喻The Structures and Characteristics of English Simile and Metaphor 英语中的比喻结构的特征Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》中的人道主义思想On Satire and Humor in Pride and Prejudice浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的讽刺与幽默English Phrasal Verbs论英语短语动词Cultural Difference of English—Chinese Idioms and Its Translation 英汉习语的文化差异与翻译On English Rhetorical Elliptical Sentences英语修辞省略句Communication Failures Appeared in Intercultural Communication论跨文化交际中的语用失误On Zeugma’s Rhetorical Effect and Translation浅析轭式搭配的修辞效果与翻译A Comparative Study on Oxymoron and Duiding英语矛盾修辞比较研究The Translation of Long Sentences in EST科技英语的长句翻译The Differences and Application of Chinese and English Palindrome 中英回文辞格的发展差异与应用Lolita, the Tragedy of Pedophilia《诺莉塔》：恋童癖的悲剧S arah’s Way to Freedom萨拉的自由之路Jane Eyre’s Sense of Interiority简爱的自卑感Coherence in Interpretation of Discourse论语篇翻译中的连贯Influence of Cultural Differences on Translation文化差异对翻译的影响On the Form of Emphasis in English英语中的强调的表达形式On Translation of English New Words论英语新词的翻译A Brief Exploration of Lexical Ambiguity in English and Its Pragmatic Effects Words 浅谈英语词汇的歧义与语用效果On Ellipsis论省略The Cultural differences and translation of English and Chinese idioms 英汉习语与文化差异的翻译On Emphatic Patterns in English英语中的强调形式研究On Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation中英翻译的中式英文Elementary Analysis of Translating Attributive Clause浅析定语从句的翻译A Brief Research on the English Infinitive Structure英语不定式初探与研究English Words Sanantic Variattion and the Society英语词汇语义变化与社会的关系On the Symbolism in Blake’s Poems论布莱克诗歌中的象征主义Some Ways of Expressing Implied Negation in English英语含蓄否定表达法种种On Franslation of Trademarks and Names of Export Commodities论商标、出口商品名称的翻译A Brief Introduction to Grammatical Ambiguity in English浅谈英语中的语法歧义现象On the Basic methods and skills of translation of Business English Terms 商务英语词汇翻译常用方法与技巧初探The Functions of Pre-Posed Infinitive clauses不定式分句前置的使用功能On The Borrowed Elements in the English Vocabulary浅谈英语词汇中的外来成份English Synonyms and Vocabulary Enlargement英语同义词及词汇扩展On the Use of Euphemisms in The Daily Life浅议委婉语在日常生活中的运用Parody in advertisement A study on Translation广告中的仿似现象探悉On the Semantic Function and Usage of the Conjunction “and”连词“and”的语义功能与用法A BriefTalk on Differences and Translatability of English and Chinese Idioms 浅析英汉习语的文化差异及其可译性On Steps of Learning English英语学习步骤浅议A Comparative Study of Ambiguity and Pun in English英语中歧义与双关的对比研究Slangs about Vegetables & Fruits in English and Their Uses英语中有关蔬菜和水果的俚语及其运用On Absolute Nomination Construction浅析独立主格结构A Balanced Approach to Oral English Teaching英语口语教学平衡方法On the Verb Forms of English Subjective Mood浅谈英语虚拟语气的动词形式A Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Idioms英中习语对比On Translation of English Allusion英语典故的翻译A Constrastive Analysis of Euphemism Between Chinese and English 中英委婉语的对比分析On the Fuzziness and Vagueness of Language论语言的模糊与含糊Refle ctions on Animals in and out of China从国内外的动物说起Translation Techniques of Chinese Idioms汉语成语的翻译技巧Idioms and Features of Idioms习语及其习语特征A Comparative Study on the English and the Chinese Metaphor英汉隐喻对比研究A Comparative Study of Euphemism and Fuzzy Language in English and Chinese委婉语与模糊语中英对比研究On Idioms Used in Colloquial English论习语在英语口语中的使用A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre简·爱女权主义思想初探Translation of the Peculiar Speech of Each Participant in the Conversation 论小说个性语言翻译On the Cognition and Usage of Metaphor论隐喻的认知及其运用The Classification of Metaphor隐喻的分类On the Types and Uses of the Passive Voice论英语被动语态的类型及用法A Detailed Study on THERE in English Existential Sentence试论英语存在句结构中的引导词THEREThe Differences of Rhythm between Chinese and English英汉节奏差异On The Usage of “T hat”论“That”的用法The Exploration of Oral English Teaching Methodology英语口语教学法探讨To Cultural Difference between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 浅谈英汉习语的文化差异及翻译On Feminism in Pride and Prejudice试论《傲慢与偏见》中的女权意识Appropriate Use of Body Language in Spoken English Teaching英语口语教学中体态语的适当使用On Translation of Trade Marks论商标的翻译The Rhetoric in Advertising English广告英语中的修辞The Hegemonic Nature of Unilateralism of the Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy 布什政府外交政策单边主义的霸权主义实质The Linguistic Characteristics of Business English and Its Translation 商务英语的语言特点及翻译刍义On the Borrowed Words in English英语中的外来词Color Words in English英语中的颜色词研究The Existence and adaptation of Untranslatable From不可译现象的存在和转化The Tense-Aspect System of English Grammar-Forms and Meanings英语语法中的时体体系：形式和意义On Vague Terms in Everyday Spoken English论英语日常口语中的模糊词语A Tentative Study on the Translation of Adverbial English Dallses in Clause 英语状语从句汉译初探Euphemism and Its use in Translation委婉语及其在翻译中的使用The Communicative Functions of Euphemism委婉语的交际功能On the Usage of “It”“It”的用法On English Linguistic Taboos论英语语言的禁忌A Tentative Analysis of English Color Words探英语中的颜色词On English Siamese Twins英语成对词词组初探On English Elliptical Sentence英语省略句The Characteristics of Attributes in English英语定语之我见Feminism in Jane Eyre论女权主义在简爱中的体现The Translation of Idioms谈习语翻译A Comparative Study of Chinese Jokes and Western Humor中国笑话和西方幽默Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Everyday Conversation 中英日常会语中的文化差异The Form and Function of the Euphemism英语委婉语的构成及其功能O n the Pessimistic Fendencies in Hemingway’s later works试论海明威后期中作品中的颓废主义倾向On the Cultural Differences between Chinese—English Translation 论中英翻译中的文化差异On Translation of English of Colour Words论颜色词的翻译An Analysis of the Usage of Infinitive in English不定式的用法剖析Culture Differences and Translation文化差异与翻译The cultural Connotation and Expressive Technique of Euphemism委婉语的文化内涵和表现手法A Comparative Study of “Pun” and “Shuangguan”“Pun”与“双关”的比较研究English from Sexism to Neutralization英语中的性别歧视与中性化。
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据 The borrowing of English loanwords in Mandarin Chinese has become a common phenomenon in modern times, as the two languages have increasingly interacted with each other through various channels such as trade, technology, and cultural exchanges. This borrowing has contributed to the enrichment of the Chinese language, adding new vocabulary and expressions that reflect the influence of English-speaking cultures.
One of the key features of Chinese loanwords from English is the adaptation of the pronunciation and spelling to fit the phonological and orthographic rules of Chinese script. In many cases, English loanwords are transliterated into Chinese characters based on their pronunciation, resulting in a phonetic approximation of the original word. For example, the English word "computer" is borrowed into Chinese as "电脑" (diànnǎo), where the characters represent the sound of the English word rather than its meaning.
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Characteristics and Pragmatic Justification of Chinese Loanwords from EnglishIntroductionLanguage borrowing is a common linguistic phenomenon in today's globalized world, where languages constantly interact and influence each other. One prominent example of language borrowing is the incorporation of English loanwords into the Chinese language. This paper aims to explore the characteristics and pragmatic justification of Chinese loanwords from English.Characteristics of Chinese Loanwords from English1. Phonological AdaptationOne of the key characteristics of Chinese loanwords from English is phonological adaptation. Due to the differences in phonological systems between the two languages, English words are often adapted to fit Chinese phonological rules. For example, the English word "coffee" is borrowed into Chinese as "kafei",with the initial consonant cluster simplified and the final consonant dropped.2. Semantic ExtensionAnother characteristic of Chinese loanwords from English is semantic extension. Borrowed words may acquire new meanings or connotations in the borrowing language that are different from their original meanings in English. For example, the English word "cool" is borrowed into Chinese as "酷(ku)", which not only retains its original meaning of being stylish or fashionable but also takes on additional meanings such as being tough or nonchalant.3. Grammatical IntegrationChinese loanwords from English are also integrated into Chinese grammatical structures. This can involve the addition of Chinese particles or the use of loanwords in conjunction with Chinese words to create new expressions. For example, the English word "OK" is borrowed into Chinese as "OK", but is often used together with the Chinese word for good ("好hao") to form the phrase "好OK (hao OK)" with the meaning of very good or excellent.Pragmatic Justification of Chinese Loanwords from English1. Efficiency and PrecisionOne pragmatic justification for borrowing English loanwords into Chinese is efficiency and precision. English loanwords often represent concepts or ideas that do not have direct equivalents in Chinese, and borrowing these words allows for clear and concise communication. For example, the English word "internet" is borrowed into Chinese as "互联网(hulianwang)", which is more precise and efficient than describing the concept using multiple Chinese words.2. Globalization and ModernizationThe borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese also reflects the influence of globalization and modernization. As China becomes increasingly interconnected with the rest of the world, borrowing English loanwords helps to align Chinese vocabulary with international standards and facilitates communication with speakers of other languages. For example, the English word "smartphone" is borrowed into Chinese as "智能手机(zhineng shouji)", reflecting the modern technology and global trends.3. Cultural Exchange and InfluencesChinese loanwords from English also serve as a means of cultural exchange and influences between the two languages. Borrowing English loanwords allows for the incorporation of Western cultural concepts, trends, and products into the Chinese language, enriching the cultural landscape and broadening the linguistic repertoire of Chinese speakers. For example, the English word "hamburger" is borrowed into Chinese as "汉堡包(hanbaobao)", introducing a new culinary concept and food item to Chinese culture.ConclusionIn conclusion, the borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese is a complex linguistic phenomenon with distinctive characteristics and pragmatic justifications. The incorporation of English loanwords into Chinese reflects the dynamic nature of language and the ongoing interaction between different linguistic systems. Understanding the characteristics and pragmatic justifications of Chinese loanwords from English can provide insights into language contact, cultural exchange, and communication in our increasingly interconnected world.篇2Chinese has borrowed a significant number of English loanwords in recent decades, reflecting the influence of English as a global language. These loanwords have been absorbed into Chinese vocabulary and are commonly used in daily communication. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of Chinese loanwords from English and their pragmatics usage.Firstly, one notable characteristic of Chinese loanwords from English is their phonological adaptation. When borrowed into Chinese, English loanwords are often phonetically adapted to conform to Chinese phonology. For example, the word "computer" is borrowed as "电脑(diànnǎo)" in Chinese, where the original English sound of "kəmˈpjuːtər" is adapted to the Chinese phonetic system. This phonological adaptation makes it easier for Chinese speakers to pronounce English loanwords and integrate them into their language.Secondly, Chinese loanwords from English often retain their original meanings and usage. While some loanwords may acquire new meanings or connotations in Chinese, many English loanwords are used in Chinese with the same meaning as in English. For example, the word "coffee" is borrowed as "咖啡(kāfēi)" in Chinese, and both languages refer to the same beverage. This semantic consistency facilitates cross-linguisticcommunication and makes it easier for Chinese speakers to understand the meanings of English loanwords.Furthermore, the borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese reflects the integration of Western culture and technology into Chinese society. As English is widely used in business, technology, and academia, Chinese speakers often encounter English loanwords related to these fields. For example, terms like "internet" and "software" are borrowed into Chinese to reflect the growing importance of technology in modern society. By incorporating English loanwords, Chinese speakers can keep pace with global developments and access the latest information and technology.In terms of pragmatics usage, Chinese loanwords from English serve various communicative functions in different contexts. They are used to express modern concepts, ideas, and products that do not have direct equivalents in Chinese. For instance, terms like "email" and "smartphone" are borrowed into Chinese to describe new technologies that were not previously available. English loanwords are also used to convey a sense of sophistication, modernity, and internationalism, as English is often associated with these qualities.Moreover, Chinese loanwords from English are used to create a sense of prestige or exclusivity in certain contexts. For example, luxury brands often use English names or phrases to enhance their brand image and appeal to consumers who associate English with quality and fashion. By using English loanwords, companies can target a global audience and position themselves as innovative and cosmopolitan.In conclusion, the borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese reflects the dynamic nature of language and the interconnectedness of cultures in the modern world. Chinese loanwords from English exhibit phonological adaptation, semantic consistency, and cultural integration, making them an essential part of the Chinese vocabulary. By understanding the characteristics and pragmatics usage of English loanwords in Chinese, we can appreciate the influence of English on Chinese language and society.篇3Characteristics and Pragmatic Evidence of Borrowed English Loanwords in Chinese LanguageIntroductionLanguage borrowing is a common phenomenon in linguistic evolution, where one language adopts words or phrases from another language. In the case of the Chinese language, the influx of English loanwords has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary times. This document aims to explore the characteristics and pragmatic evidence of borrowed English loanwords in Chinese language.Characteristics of Borrowed English Loanwords in Chinese1. Phonological AdaptationOne of the key characteristics of borrowed English loanwords in Chinese is phonological adaptation. Due to the differences in phonetic systems between English and Chinese, English loanwords are often modified to fit Chinese phonological rules. This process may involve changing the pronunciation, tone, or syllable structure of the loanword to make it more accessible to Chinese speakers. For example, the English word "coffee" is adapted to "kafei" in Mandarin Chinese.2. Semantic ExtensionBorrowed English loanwords in Chinese often undergo semantic extension, where the original meaning of the word is adapted or expanded to suit the Chinese context. This can leadto variations in the interpretation of the loanword compared to its original English meaning. For instance, the English word "cool" is borrowed in Chinese to denote a trendy or fashionable concept, rather than its conventional meaning of low temperature.3. Integration into Chinese GrammarEnglish loanwords in Chinese are typically integrated into Chinese grammar structures to facilitate communication and comprehension. This may involve applying Chinese word order, syntax, or grammatical markers to the loanword. For example, the English loanword "shopping" becomes "gou wu" in Chinese, where the verb "to shop" is combined with the Chinese character for "to do" to form a Chinese compound word.Pragmatic Evidence of Borrowed English Loanwords in Chinese1. Social Prestige and GlobalizationThe presence of English loanwords in Chinese is often associated with social prestige and international status, as English is widely perceived as a global language of commerce, technology, and culture. The use of English loanwords in Chinese may convey a sense of modernity, sophistication, orcosmopolitanism, which can enhance social status and facilitate cross-cultural communication.2. Technical and Specialized VocabularyEnglish loanwords are frequently adopted in Chinese to express technical or specialized concepts in fields such as science, technology, and business. Due to the dominance of English as a language of innovation and advancement, Chinese speakers often rely on English loanwords to convey cutting-edge ideas, technologies, and practices. This pragmatic function of borrowed English loanwords in Chinese demonstrates their utility in facilitating precision and efficiency in communication.3. Pop culture and Media InfluenceThe infiltration of English loanwords into Chinese is also influenced by popular culture, media, and entertainment industries. English loanwords are often used in advertising, marketing, film, and music to create a sense of novelty, excitement, and global appeal. The adoption of English loanwords in Chinese can serve as a marketing strategy to attract a younger, more cosmopolitan audience and position products or brands as trendy and aspirational.ConclusionIn conclusion, the characteristics and pragmatic evidence of borrowed English loanwords in Chinese language reflect the dynamic interchange between languages, cultures, and communication practices in contemporary society. The integration of English loanwords into Chinese represents a complex process of linguistic adaptation, cultural negotiation, and social identification. By examining the phonological adaptation, semantic extension, grammar integration, as well as the social, technical, and cultural functions of borrowed English loanwords in Chinese, we gain insights into the diverse roles and meanings of language borrowing in a globalized world.。
英语中汉语借词的词汇化研究
英语中汉语借词的词汇化研究The influx of Chinese loanwords into the English language is a testament to the cultural and economic exchanges between the East and the West. These linguistic borrowings are not just words but bridges that connect diverse cultures.The culinary sphere is particularly rich with such borrowings, with terms like 'dim sum' and 'wok' becoming staples in English-speaking kitchens. They are more than just food; they represent the art of Chinese cuisine and its global influence.In the realm of martial arts, 'kung fu' and 'tai chi' have transcended their original context to symbolize discipline and balance in the English lexicon. These words have found a place in conversations about health and well-being.The adoption of Chinese philosophical concepts like 'yin and yang' and 'feng shui' into English reflects a deeperlevel of cultural integration. They are now commonly used to describe the balance of opposites and the art of placement.The digital age has accelerated the process, with 'emoji' being a prime example of how language evolves to include symbols from other cultures. This visual language has become a global phenomenon, further blurring the lines between linguistic boundaries.The study of lexical borrowing is not just about understanding the mechanics of language; it's about appreciating the rich tapestry of human interaction that shapes our global community.As we delve deeper into this research, we uncover the subtle ways in which languages evolve, adapt, and enrich each other, creating a vibrant mosaic of global communication.。
英语词汇学
英语词汇学
英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始 承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于 20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20 世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学 科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。
英语词汇学
Nature and domain of English lexicology:
Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability；but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.Therefore， “all national character”is the most important of allfeatures that may differentiate words of common use from all others.
英语词汇学
Most words of this stock have five characteristics: a. All national character b. Stability c. Productivity d. Polysemy e. Collocability
英语词汇学
Of course，not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics.
英语词汇学
d. Argot :can-opener e. Dialectal words f. Archaisms:thou,wherein g. Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,data bank 2.By notion,words can be grouped into A. Content words(notional,full words) Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs and numerals. They constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is growing.
文化词的翻译
汉英文化词翻译的策略选择摘要做过翻译的人都知道，翻译不仅仅是语言之间的转换，它更是文化之间的交流，翻译与文化密切相关。
有时候在翻译中会碰到一类词，是目的语的文化缺失的一类词，这类词被称为文化内涵词，这种现象被称为文化空缺。
而这类词恰恰是我们翻译的主要障碍。
本文主要探讨在汉英翻译中,我们应该怎样选择翻译策略，来达到文化交流的目的。
关键词汉英翻译文化内涵词异化归化1翻译与文化翻译既是语言之间的转换,更是文化之间的交流。
翻译离不开文化。
Claire Kramsch 在其《语言与文化》一书说到：Language expresses cultural reality. Language embodies cultural reality. Language symbolizes cultural reality(2000:3)，可见翻译与文化是密不可分的。
从跨文化交流的角度看,原作和译作都是文化产物。
(杨仕章a.2001:15—19)整个翻译过程就是文化交流的过程。
翻译工作者“处理的是个别的词,而他面对的是两大片文化。
”(王佐良,1989:34)。
异化和归化是翻译中常用的两种方法，前者强调以原语文化为中心，保持原语的特色，让读者主动了解原语文化并与之靠拢，而后者是强调以译入语文化为中心，通过译者的翻译，使目的语的读者人群能更好的理解原语作者的意图。
这两种翻译方法是相互对立的翻译方法，但对文化而言，在翻译中通过异化的方法可以更多保留作品中的源语文化成分。
对读者来说，一方面可以吸收国外文化的异质成分来丰富本土文化，另一方面对译文增加了陌生感，使得理解并接受译文变得更加艰难。
而通过归化把源语文化中的异质成分转化为读者所熟悉的内容，有助于读者更容易理解、接受异域文化，但也牺牲了源语文化中的大量负载信息。
由于地域、社会发展和宗教的影响,这两种文化之间的差别非常大,经常出现一种文化中的词汇或者意象在另一种文化中找不到对应项的情况，翻译学中我们称之为语义空白，英文我们表示成semantic gap 或者lexical gap，这是非常难处理的情况。
汉语外来语的发展英语作文
汉语外来语的发展英语作文Chinese loanwords in English have a long history. The word "ketchup" comes from the Chinese word "kôe-chiap." It was brought to England from Southeast Asia by sailors in the 17th century.Today, English has borrowed many words from Chinese, especially in the fields of martial arts, food, and traditional medicine. For example, "kung fu" and "dim sum" are widely used in English.The influence of Chinese culture on the English language is evident in the increasing use of words like "feng shui" and "qi" in everyday conversation. These words have become part of the global lexicon, reflecting the growing importance of Chinese culture on the world stage.The popularity of Chinese cuisine has also contributed to the adoption of Chinese loanwords in English. Words like "tofu," "soy sauce," and "sesame" are now commonly used inEnglish-speaking countries.In recent years, the rise of China as a global economic power has further accelerated the influx of Chinese loanwords into English. Words like "yuan," "renminbi," and "guanxi" are now part of the international business vocabulary.In conclusion, the development of Chinese loanwords in English reflects the deepening cultural and economic ties between China and the English-speaking world. As these ties continue to strengthen, we can expect to see even more Chinese loanwords entering the English language in the future.。