运动医学相关词汇中英对照

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运动康复英语

运动康复英语
运动康复英语是指运动医学领域中用来描述康复运动和锻炼方
案的专业英语。

它包括多种词汇和术语，例如肌肉力量训练、柔韧性训练、心血管健康、康复护理等。

在康复过程中，医生、物理治疗师、康复治疗师和其他医疗专业人士需要掌握这些专业术语，以便能够与患者和其他医疗团队进行有效的沟通。

在运动康复英语中，一些常见的词汇包括：
1. Strength training：肌肉力量训练
2. Flexibility training：柔韧性训练
3. Cardiovascular health：心血管健康
4. Rehabilitation care：康复护理
5. Physical therapy：物理治疗
6. Range of motion：运动范围
7. Resistance training：抗阻训练
8. Aerobic exercise：有氧运动
9. Anaerobic exercise：无氧运动
10. Muscle endurance：肌肉耐力
以上这些词汇和术语是运动康复英语中最基本和最重要的部分。

在整个康复过程中，运动康复英语的运用是至关重要的，它可以帮助医生和治疗师更好地了解患者的情况，并制定适当的治疗计划，帮助患者尽快康复。

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体育相关词汇英文

1. Exercise -运动2. Fitness -健康3. Aerobic exercise -有氧运动4. Resistance training -抗阻力训练5. Cardiovascular fitness -心肺耐力6. Flexibility -灵活性7. Endurance -耐力8. Strength -力量9. Muscle tone -肌肉张力10. Workouts -训练11. Exercise routine -锻炼计划12. Exercise equipment -运动器材13. Stretching -拉伸14. Yoga -瑜伽15. Pilates -普拉提16. Running -跑步17. Cycling -骑自行车18. Swimming -游泳19. Sports -运动20. Team sports -团队运动21. Individual sports -个人运动22. Sports injuries -运动伤害23. Injury prevention -防伤24. Physical therapy -物理治疗25. Athletic performance -运动表现26. Training regimes -训练计划27. Recovery -恢复28. Nutrition -营养29. Health and wellness -健康与福祉30. Fitness goals -健身目标31. Exercise physiology -运动生理学32. Sports psychology -体育心理学33. Training zones -训练区间34. Heart rate monitoring -心率监测35. Rest intervals -休息间隔36. Interval training -间歇训练37. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) -高强度间歇训练(HIIT)38. Core strength -核心力量39. Agility drills -敏捷训练40. Speed training -速度训练41. Power training -力量训练42. Plyometrics -跳跃训练43. Balance exercises -平衡训练44. Coordination drills -协调性训练46. Sprints -冲刺47. Hill sprints -山地冲刺48. Long-distance running -长跑49. Trail running -林道跑50. Hiking -徒步旅行51. Climbing -攀岩52. Kayaking -划独木舟53. Surfing -冲浪54. Rock climbing -攀岩55. Biking -自行车骑行56. Mountain biking -山地自行车骑行57. Road biking -公路自行车骑行58. Track cycling -圈形赛道自行车骑行59. BMX racing -半山自行车比赛60. Triathlon -三项全能赛61. Duathlon -双项全能赛62. Aquathlon -水陆两项全能赛63. Obstacle course races -障碍赛跑64. CrossFit - CrossFit训练法65. Tabata - Tabata训练法66. Bootcamp -训练营68. Kettlebell workout -杠铃操69. Suspension training -悬挂训练70. Parkour -巴库尔运动71. Calisthenics -弹跳体操72. Yoga for athletes -运动员瑜伽73. Pilates for athletes -运动员普拉提74. Massage therapy -按摩疗法75. Foam rolling -泡沫轴滚动76. Ice baths -冰浴77. Recovery drinks -恢复饮料78. Active recovery -活动恢复79. Cold showers -冷水淋浴80. Sleep -睡眠81. Recovery meals -恢复餐82. Sports nutrition supplements -体育营养补充剂83. Protein shakes -蛋白质奶昔84. Carbohydrate loading -碳水化合物加载85. Electrolyte replacement -电解质替代86. Hydration -补充水分87. Post-workout stretching -训练后拉伸88. Joint mobility exercises -关节活动性锻炼89. Stretch bands -弹力带90. Foam rollers -泡沫滚轮91. Resistance bands -抗阻带92. Cable machines -曲柄机93. Medicine balls -医疗球94. TRX suspension trainer - TRX悬挂训练器95. Battle ropes -战斗绳96. Jump ropes -跳绳97. Kettlebells -杠铃98. Sandbags -沙袋99. Pull-up bars -上拉杆100. Push-up bars -推举杆101. Ab wheel -腹肌轮102. Weightlifting belts -杠铃腰带103. Lifting shoes -提升鞋104. Weight plates -杠铃片105. Dumbbells -杠铃106. Bodyweight exercises -自体重训练107. Squats -深蹲108. Lunges -弓箭步109. Deadlifts -死亡拖曳110. Bench press -柔性压力111. Rows -划船112. Overhead press -超过头顶的压力113. Pull-ups -上拉114. Chin-ups -上提115. Dips -潜水艇116. Tricep dips -三角肌压腹117. Sit-ups -平板支撑118. Russian twists -俄罗斯转体119. Leg press -大腿推挤120. Leg curls -膝关节弯曲121. Leg extensions -膝关节伸展122. Leg press calf raises -膝关节提升小腿123. Calf raises -小腿提起124. Glute bridges -臀桥125. Hip thrusts -臀部推进126. Box jumps -盒子跳跃127. Kettlebell swings -杠铃挥舞128. Burpees -波比跳129. Mountain climbers -登山者130. Plank variations -平板支撑变化。

运动系统英语单词及其翻译

《运动系统》专业单词1、运动系统（解剖学部分）cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sacrum 骶骨coccyx 尾骨sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔intervertebral foramen 椎间孔sternum 胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角rib 肋骨clavicle 锁骨scapula 肩胛骨humerus 肱骨radius 桡骨ulna 尺骨hip bone 髋骨ilium 髂骨pubis 耻骨ischium 坐骨femur 股骨patella 髌骨tibia 胫骨fibula 腓骨pterion 翼点optic canal 视神经管paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦superior orbital fissure 眶上裂jugular foramen 颈静脉孔synovial joints 滑膜关节articulation capsule 关节囊shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节wrist joint 腕关节hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节pelvis 骨盆greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹vertebral column 脊柱intervertebral disc 椎间盘pubic symphysis 耻骨联合greater sciatic foramen 坐骨大孔lesser sciatic foramen 坐骨小孔 cruciate ligament 十字韧带fibular collateral ligament 腓侧副韧带 tibial collateral ligament 胫侧副韧带 medial meniscus 内侧半月板 lateral meniscus 外侧半月板 sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌 scalenus 斜角肌 trapezius 斜方肌 latissimus dorsi 背阔肌 erector spinae 竖脊肌 pectoralis major 胸大肌external intercostal muscle 肋间外侧肌 internal intercostal muscle ，肋间内侧肌 diaphragm 横膈膜vena caval foramen 腔静脉孔 oesophageal hiatus 食管裂孔 aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔external oblique muscle of abdomen internal oblique muscle of abdomen transverse muscle of abdomen abdominal rectus musclesheath of abdominal rectus 腹直肌鞘 inguinal ligament 腹股沟韧带 superficial inguinal ring 腹股沟浅环 deltoid 三角肌 biceps brachii 肱二头肌 triceps brachii 肱三头肌 brachioradiallis 肱桡肌 pronator teres 旋前圆肌flexor digtorumsuperficialis 指浅屈肌 flexor digtorumprofundus iliopsoas muscle 髂腰肌 gluteus maximus muscle 臀大肌 piriformismuscle 梨状肌 sartorius muscle 缝匠肌quadriceps femorismuscle 股四头肌 biceps femorismuscle 股二头肌 gastrocnemius muscle 腓肠肌 soleus muscle 比目鱼肌腹外斜肌腹内斜肌腹横肌腹直肌2、运动系统（组织学部分）connective tissue proper 固有结缔组织loose connective tissue（LCT）疏松结缔组织collagenous fiber 胶原纤维elastic fiber 弹性纤维reticular fiber 网状纤维fibroblast 成纤维细胞fibrocyte 纤维细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞plasma cell 浆细胞mast cell 肥大细跑fat cell 脂肪细胞dense connective tissue（DCT）致密结缔组织adipose tissue 脂肪组织reticular tissue 网状组织ground substance 基质mesenchyme 间充质tissue fluid 组织液chondrocyte 软骨细胞hyaline cartilage 透明软骨elastic cartilage 弹性软骨fibrocartilage 纤维软骨osseous tissue 骨组织bone matrix 骨基质bone lamella 骨板osteocyte 骨细胞osteon 骨单位osteoblast 成骨细胞osteoclast 破骨细胞compact bone 骨密质spongy bone 骨松质bone collar 骨领ossification 骨化skeletal muscle 骨骼肌cardiac muscle 心肌smooth muscle 平滑肌myofibril 肌原纤维intercalated disk 闰盘sarcomere 肌节thick/thin myofilament 粗/细肌丝3、运动系统（生理学部分）motor unit: a single motor neuron + the set of muscle fibers innervated by it.striated muscle: Both cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated muscle. They are made up of large, rigid arrays of sarcomeres.Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Contractile response in skeletal muscle is triggered by an action potential, theAP is conducted down the T-tubules. They allow action potentials to penetrate deep into skeletal muscle cells. This allows an extracellular event to be signaled simultaneously throughout a large cell.a contraction/ a shortening contraction/a concentric contraction: A muscle is activated and it shortens.运动单位：单个运动神经元+由它支配的一组肌纤维。

运动医学常用英语词汇)

运动医学相关词汇比哆醇( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 ) α生育酚( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E ) α波( 脑波) == alpha wave ( brainwave ) β波( 脑波) == beta wave ( brainwave )δ波( 脑波) == delta wave ( brainwave ) θ波( 脑波) == theta wave ( brainwave )ABO 系统( 血型) == ABO system ( blood group ) B 细胞== B cellRh 系统== rhesus system Rh 阴性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system ) Rh 阳性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system ) T 细胞== T cellX 光( 放射线摄影术) == X-ray ( radiography ) X 染色体( 性染色体) == X chromosome ( sexchromosome ) Y 染色体( 性染色体) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome )一划：乙状结肠( 结肠) == sigmoid colon ( colon )二划：二尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve ) 二尖齿( 前臼齿) == bicuspid ( premolar )二倍体细胞== diploid cell 二氧化碳( 无机化合物) == carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound ) 人口( 死亡率) == population ( mortality rate ) 人工肾脏( 透析) == artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结) == artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜) == artificial valve ( heart valve ) 人工关节== artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝) == lambdoid suture ( suture ) 人乳( 乳汁) == human milk ( milk )人体生物学== human biology ( biology ) 人体系统== body system 十二指肠== duodemun人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) == Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组) == Human Genome Project ( gemone )三划：三甘油酯( 脂肪) == triglyceride ( fat ) 三尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌== deltoid 三角骨( 腕骨) == triquetrum ( carpal ) 下位的== inferior三胞胎( 多胎妊娠) == triplets ( multiple pregnancy ) 上位的== superior三级支气管( 支气管) == tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下直肌( 眼直肌) == inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 下肢== lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌) == lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌) == depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌) == inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉) == inferior vena cava ( vena cava ) 下视丘== hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨) == inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone ) 下颌( 颌骨) == lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨) == mandible ( facial bone ) 下臂( 上肢) == lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织) == epithelium ( epithelial tissue )上皮组织== epithelial tissue上直肌( 眼直肌) == superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 上肢== upper extremity上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌) == levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌) == superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle )上腔静脉( 腔静脉) == superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨) == upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨) == maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢) == upper arm ( upper extremity)上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌) == levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi )丸，丸剂( 避孕用具) == pill ( contraceptive ) 上颚犬齿( 犬齿) == eye teeth ( canine )千卡( 千焦耳) == kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) == kilojoule ( kh )口== mouth口角降肌( 笑肌) == depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) == levator anguli oris ( risorius )口渴( 营养) == thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口) == oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌== orbicularis oris大分子( 分子) == macromolecule ( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道) == labia majora ( vagina )大量营养素== macronutrient大肠== large intestine大脑== cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑) == cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum )大脑疲质( 大脑) == cerebral cortex ( cerebrum ) 大腿( 下肢) == thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢) == upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨) == thighbone ( femur )大隐静脉( 股静脉) == great saphenous vein ( femoral vein )子宫== uterus / womb子宫内膜( 月经周期) == endometrium ( menstrual cycle )子宫颈( 子宫) == cervix ( uterus )小动脉( 动脉) == arteriole ( artery )小阴唇( 阴道) == labia minora ( vagina )小肠== small intestine小脑== cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞) == lobule ( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝) == lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢) == lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉) == venule ( vein )干扰素== interferon弓== arch四划不孕== infertility不表现的( 基因型) == unexpressed ( genotype )不相容血液( 血型) == incompatible blood ( blood group )不动关节( 关节) == fixed joint ( joint )不溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质) == insoluble fibre ( dietary fibre )不随意肌( 平滑肌) == involuntary muscle ( smooth muscle )不饱和的( 油) == unsaturated ( oil )中子( 原子) == neutron ( atom )中心粒( 纺锤体) == centriole ( spindle )中央窝( 视网膜) == fovea ( retina )中央管( 脑脊髓液) == central canal ( cerebrospinal fluid )中耳== middle ear中风( 栓塞) == stroke ( thrombosis )中胚层( 分化) == mesoderm ( differentiation )中暑( 温度调节) == heatstroke ( thermoregulation )中轴== axis中轴骨胳== axial skeleton中脑( 脑干) == midbrain ( brain stem )中隔( 心脏) == septum ( heart )中线( 中轴) == midline ( axis )中枢神经系统( 神经系统) == central nervous system / CNS ( nervous system )元素== element内分泌系统== endocrine system内分泌腺( 腺体) == endocrine gland ( gland )内分泌学== endocrinology内出血( 出血) == internal haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )内刺激( 刺激) == internal stimulus ( stimulus )内在环境( 环境) == internal environment ( enviromment )内收== adduction内收肌( 内收) == adductor ( adduction )内收大肌( 内收长肌) == adductor magnus ( adductor longus ) 内收短肌( 内收长肌) == adductor brevis ( adductor longus ) 内耳== inner ear内呼吸( 呼吸) == internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌) == medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle )内胚层( 分化) == endoderm ( differentiation )内侧的== medial内斜肌( 外斜肌) == internal oblique ( external oblique )内视镜( 内视镜检查) == endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查== endoscopy内质网== endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利) == salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子== molecule分化== differentiation分泌( 腺体) == secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产) == parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛) == first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩) == second stage of labour ( laborur )分娩第三期( 分娩) == third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂) == blastomere ( cleavage )分节== segmentation分叶( 肺) == segment ( lung )分解代谢== catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢) == catabolic reaction ( catabolism ) 分解激素== hormone breaddown化学反应== chemical reaction化学抵抗== chemical resistance化合物== chemical compound化学能( 能量) == chemical energy ( energy )化学受器== chemoreceptor化学键== chemical bond升结肠( 结肠) == ascending colon ( colon )反射== reflelx反射弧== reflex arc反应( 刺激) == response ( stimulus )天花== smallpox尺神经== ulnar nerve尺骨== ulna尺侧屈腕肌( 手部屈肌) == flexor carpi ulnaris ( flexor of the hand )巴托林== Bartholin , Csspar巴甫洛夫== Pavlov , Ivan巴斯德== Pasteur , Louis巴齐尼氏小体( 机械性受器) == Pancinian corpuscle ( mechanoreceptor ) 引起过敏的( 过敏原) == allergenic ( allergen )心力衰竭( 心脏病发作) == heart failure ( heart attack )心包囊( 心脏) == pericardium ( heart )心肌== cardiac muscle心肌梗塞( 心脏病发作) == myocardial infarction ( heart attack )心房== atrium / atria心房收缩( 心抟) == atrial systole ( heartbeat )心室( 心脏) == ventricle ( heart )心室收缩( 心抟) == ventricular systole ( heartbeat )心舒期( 心抟) == diastole ( heartbeat )心抟．心跳== heartbeat心抟周期( 心抟) == heartbeat cycle ( heartbeat )心跳速率== heart rate心电图( 心电图仪) == ECG / electrocardiogram ( electrocardiograph )心电图仪== electrocardiograph心瓣膜== heart valve心脏== heart心脏血管系统( 循环系统) == cardiovascular system ( circulatory system ) 心脏病发作== heart attack心脏病学== cardiology手== hand手指( 指骨) == finger / digit ( phalanx of the hand )手部伸肌== extensor of the hand手部屈肌== flexor of the hand支气管== bronchus / bronchi支气管分支== bronchial tree月状骨( 腕骨) == lunate ( carpal )月经== menstruation月经周期== menstrual cycle止痛剂( 药物) == analgesic ( drug )比目鱼肌( 跟腱) == soleus ( Achilles tendon )比沙== Bichat , Marie Francois毛细胞== hair cell毛发== hair毛囊( 毛发) == hair follicle ( hair )水== water / H2O水痘== chickenpox水溶性纤维生素== water-soluble vitamins水样波( 玻璃液) == aqueous humour ( vitreous humour )牙痛( 龋齿) == toothache ( tooth decay )牙齿== tooth生皮癣== psoriasis犬齿== canine五划丙酮酸( 糖解) == pyruvic acid ( glycolysis )主动免疫( 免疫) == active immunization ( immunization )主动脉== aorta主动脉半月瓣( 心瓣膜) == aortic semilunar valve ( heart valve )主动运动== active transport代谢== metabolism代谢脂肪== fat metabolism代谢蛋白质== protein metabolism代谢率== metabolic rate代谢产物== metabolite代谢障碍== metabolic disorder充氧血( 动脉) == oxygenated blood ( artery )出汗( 排汗) == sweating ( perspiration )出血== haemorrhage出生率( 死亡率) == birth rate ( mortality rate )加瓦尼== Galvani , Luigi加伦== Galen , Claudius ( Galenus )北里柴三郎== Kitasato , Shibasaburo半月板== meniscus / menisci半动关节( 关节) == partially moveable joint ( joint )半球( 小脑) == hemisphere ( cerebellum )半规管== semicircular canal半透膜( 差异性渗透膜) == semi-permeable membrane ( differentially ) 半腱肌( 腿后腱) == semitendinosus ( hamstring )半膜肌( 腿后腱) == semimembranosus ( hamstring )卡路里( 禾焦耳) == calorie ( kilojoule )卡尔梅特== Calmette , Albert去氧核糖核酸== DNA去氧核糖核酸( 去氧核糖核酸) == deoxyribonucleic ( DNA )去胺基作用== deamination可伦坡== Colombo , Matteo可溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质) == soluble fibre ( dietary fibre )右肺动脉( 肺循环) == right pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation ) 右肺静脉( 肺循环) == right pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation ) 右淋巴导管( 淋巴管) == right lymphatic duct ( lymph vessel )史密斯== Smith , Theobald史塔林( 高峰丈吉) == Starling , Ernest ( Jokichi , Takamine )四分体( 交换) == tetrad ( crossing over )四胞胎( 多胎妊娠) == quadruplets ( multiple pregnancy )外分泌腺( 腺体) == exocrine gland ( gland )外出血( 出血) == external haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )外半规管( 半规管) == lateral semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )外皮( 外皮系统) == integument ( integumentary system )外皮系统== integumentary system外在环境( 环境) == external environment ( environment )外耳== outer ear外耳道( 外耳) == auditory canal ( outer ear )外呼吸( 呼吸) == external respiration ( respiration )外刺激( 刺激) == external stimulus ( stimulus )外直肌( 眼直肌) == lateral rectus ( rectus eye muscle )外胚层( 分化) == ectoderm ( differentiation )外展== abduction外展肌( 外展) == abductor ( abduction )外侧的( 内侧的) == lateral ( medial )外斜肌== external oblique巨人症( 生长激素) == gigantism ( growh hormone )左肺动脉( 肺循环) == left pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation )左肺静脉( 肺循环) == left pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation )平面关节( 滑动关节) == plane joint ( gliding joint )平滑内质网( 内质网) == smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( endoplasmic reticulum )平滑肌== smooth muscle平衡== balance平衡( 平衡) == equilibrium ( balance )弗拉卡斯托罗== Fuacastoro , Girolamo弗勒明== Flemming , Walther必需胺基酸== essential amino acid本能( 行为) == instinct ( behaviour )本能行为( 行为) == instinctive behaviour ( behaviour )本体感受器( 机械性受器) == proprioceptor ( mechanoreceptor )正子发射断层( 正子发射断层摄影) == PET / positron emission tomograph ( positron emission tomography )正子发射断层摄影== positron emission tomography正中神经( 桡神经) == median nerve ( radial nerve )正回馈( 回馈系统) == positive feedback ( feedback system )甘油( 脂肪) == glycerol ( fat )甘农( 贝尔那) == Cannon , Walter ( Claude Bernard )生化学家( 生物化学) == biochemist ( biochemistry )生育控制== birth control生物化学== biochemistry生物时钟( 昼夜节律) == biological clock ( circadian rhythm )生物素== biotin生物学== biology生长== growth生长激素== growth hormone生理学== physiology生理学家( 生理学) == physiologist ( physiology )生产== birth生殖系统== reproductive system生殖周期== reproductive cycle生殖器( 生殖系统) == genitals ( reproductive system )用手习惯== handedness甲状软骨( 喉) == thyroid cartilage ( larynx )甲状腺== thyroid gland甲状腺素( 甲状腺) == thyroxine ( thyroid gland )甲状腺机能亢进( 代谢障碍) == hyperthyroidism ( metabolic disorder )白子( 黑色素) == albinos ( melanin )白化症== albinism白血病== leukaemia白血球== white blood cell / leucocyte白喉== diphtheria白质== white matter布罗卡== Broca , Paul皮内尔== Pinel , Phillipe皮脂( 皮脂腺) == sebum ( sebaceous gland )皮脂腺== sebaceous gland皮肤== skin皮肤病学== dermatology皮质( 肾上腺) == cortex ( adrenal gland )皮质( 肾) == cortex ( kidney )皮质骨( 致密骨) == cortical bone ( compact bone )皮质类固醇( 肾上腺) == corticosteroid ( sdrenal gland )矢状缝( 骨缝) == sagittal suture ( suture )石绵肺症== asbestosis六划交叉( 交换) == chiasmata / chiasma ( crossing over )交换== crossing over交媾( 性交) == copulation ( sexual intercourse )交感神经系统( 自律神经系统) == sympathetic nervous system ( autonomic nervous system )亥姆霍兹== Helmhltz , Hermann休克== shock光受器== photoreceptor光学显微镜( 显微镜检查) == light microscope ( microscopy )光学显微照片( 显微镜检查) == light micrograph ( microscopy )先天性反射== inborn reflex先天性行为( 行为) == innate behaviour ( behaviour )先天性缺陷== birth defect全身感觉( 感觉) == general sense ( sense )共价键( 化学键) == covalent bond ( chemical bond )再生( 组织) == regeneration ( tissue )列奥米尔== Reaumur , Rene Antoine同化作用== assimilation同卵双胞胎== identical twins同源染色体== homologous chromosome同质结合细胞== homozygous cell合子== zygote合成代谢== anabolism合成代谢反应( 合成代谢) == anabolic reaction ( anabolism )回馈系统== feedback system多不饱和脂肪( 油) == polyunsaturated fat ( oil )多伊西== Doisy , Edward多胎妊脤== multiple pregnancy多发性硬化== multiple sclerosis ( MS )多醣( 碳水化合物) == polysaccharide ( carbohydrate )字根== word root安．纳菲斯== An-Nafis , Ibn安德森== Anderson , Elizabeth Garrett成人== adult成年齿( 恒齿) == adult teeth ( permanent teeth )收缩压( 血压计) == systolic blood pressur ( sphygmomanometer ) 早产== premature birth有性生殖( 生殖系统) == sexual reproduction ( reproductive system ) 有氧呼吸== aerobic respiration有丝分裂== mitosis有意识的( 意识) == conscious ( consciousness )有机化合物== organic compound次级支气管( 支气管) == secondary ( bronchus )次级滤泡( 滤泡) == secondary follicle ( follicle )死亡== death死亡率== mortality rate / death rate汗( 汗线) == sweat ( sweat gland )汗孔( 汗腺) == sweat pore ( sweat gland )汗线== sweat gland汗管( 汗腺) == sweat duct ( sweat gland )灰质== grey matter百日咳== whooping cough / pertussis米勒== Muller , Johannes米德== Mead , Margaret羊水( 羊膜) == amniotic fluid ( amnion )羊膜== amnion羊膜穿刺术( 羊膜) == amniocentesis ( amnion )老化== ageing老花眼( 远视) == presbyopia ( long sight )耳== ear耳石( 球囊) == otolith ( saccule )耳咽管== eustachian tube耳廓( 外耳) == pinna ( outer ear )耳鸣== tinnitus耳蜗== cochlea耳聋== deafness肋骨( 胸廓) == rib ( ribcage )肋软骨( 胸廓) == costal cartilage ( ribcage )肋间肌== intercostal muscle肌小束( 肌肉) == sarcomere ( muscle )肌肉== muscle肌肉收缩== muscle contraction肌肉疲劳== muscle fatigue肌肉组织== muscular tissue肌肉紧张( 肌肉收缩) == muscle tone (muscle contraction )肌原纤维( 肌肉) == myofibril ( muscle )肌动蛋白( 肌肉) == actin ( muscle )肌凝蛋白( 肌肉) == myosin ( muscle )肌肉萎缩症== muscular dystrophy肌纤维( 肌肉) == muscle fibre / myofibre ( muscle )自律神经系统== autonomic nervous system自然免疫( 免疫系统) == natural immunity ( immune system )自溶( 溶梅体) == autolysis ( lysosome )自体免疫== autoimmunity自体免疫疾病( 自体免疫) == autoimmune disease ( autoimmunity ) 臼齿== molar舌== tongue舌下腺( 唾液腺) == sublingual gland ( salivary galnd )舌骨== hyoid bone舟状骨( 腕骨) == scaphoid ( carpal )舟状骨( 跗骨) == navicular ( tarsal )色盲== colour blindness色觉== colour vision艾克曼== Eijkman , Christiaan艾利希== Ehrlich , Paul血小板== platelet血小板栓子( 血小板) == platelet plug ( platelet )血友病( 凝固) == haemophilia ( coagulation )血型== blood group血型系统( 血型) == blood group system ( blood group )血红素== haemoglobin血栓( 栓塞) == thrombus ( thrombosis )血栓细胞( 血小板) == thrombocyte ( platelet )血液== blood血液透析( 透析) == haemodialysis ( dialysis )血液学== haematology血管== blood vessel血管加压素( 抗利尿激素) == vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone )血管收缩( 血管舒张) == vasoconstriction ( vasodilation )血管造影( 血管造影术) == angiograph (angiography )血管造影片( 血管造影术) == angiogram (angiography )血管造影术== angiography血管舒张== vasodilation血凝块( 凝固) == blood clot ( coagulation )血浆== blood plasma血浆蛋白( 血浆) == plasma protein ( blood plasma )血糖( 葡萄糖) == blood sugar ( glucose )血压== blood pressure血压计== sphygmomanometer行为== behaviour囟门== fontanelle七划亨耳== Henle , Friedrich亨氏环( 肾小管) == loop of Henle ( renal tubule )亨特== Hunter , John佛莱明爵士== Fleming , Sir Alexander佛罗瑞爵士== Florey , Sir Howard伸肌( 伸展) == extensor ( extension )伸肌支带( 手部伸肌) == extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the hand ) 伸肌支带( 足部伸肌) == extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the foot ) 伸展== extension伸展感受器( 机械性受器) == stretch receptor ( mechanoreceptor )低张的( 等张的) == hypotonic ( isotonic )佝偻病== rickets克里克== Crick , Francis克列伯氏循环== Krebs cycle克列伯斯== Krebs , Hans免疫反应== immune response免疫系统== immune system免疫法== immunization免疫( 免疫系统) == immune ( immune system )免疫球蛋白( 抗体) == immunoglobulin ( antibody )免疫学== immunology利斯特== Lister , Joseph利维–蒙塔西尼== Levi-Montalcini , Rita卵子== ovum / ova卵子发生( 卵子) == oogenesis ( ovum )卵母细胞( 卵子) == oocyte ( ovum )卵巢== ovary卵巢周期== ovarian cycle卵细胞( 卵子) == egg cell ( ovum )卵裂== cleavage卵圆窗( 内耳) == oval window ( inner ear )卵磷脂( 磷脂) == lecithin ( phospholipid )吞噬作用== phagocytosis吞噬细胞== phagocyte吞咽== swallowing呃逆== hiccup / hiccough吸入== inhalation吸入( 气体交换) == inhale ( gas exchange )吸收== absorption吸气( 吸入) == inspiration ( inhalation )含氮废物( 排泄) == nitrogenous waste ( excretion )均衡的饮食( 食物) == balanced diet ( diet )坐骨( 骨盆带) == ischium ( pelvic girdle )坐骨神经== sciatic nerve坐骨神经痛== sciatica妊娠== pregnancy尿素( 尿液) == urea ( urine )尿液== urine尿道( 膀胱) == urethra ( bladder )尿嘧啶( 盐基) == uracil ( base )利尿剂( 抗利尿激素) == diuretic ( antidiuretic hormone )尾骨== coccyx尾椎( 尾骨) == coccygeal vertebra ( coccyx )希波克拉底== Hippocrates希斯== His , Wilhelm快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠) == rapid eye movement sleep / REM sleep ( sleep )抗生素( 药物) == antibiotic ( drug )抗利尿激素== antidiuretic hormone / ADH抗原== antigen抗胰岛素== glucagon抗组织胺药物( 枯草热) == antihistamine drug ( hay fever )抗凝血剂== anticoagulant抗坏血酸( 维生素C ) == ascorbic acid ( vitamin C )抗体== antibody抗体间接免疫(体液免液) == antibody-mediated immunity ( humoral immunity ) 扭伤== sprain折射( 调节) == refracted ( accommodation )杜维== Duve , Christian de杓状软骨( 喉) == arytenoid cartilage ( larynx )沙克== Salk , Jonas狂犬病== rabies肝== liver肝炎== hepatitis肝门静脉( 肝动脉) == hepatic portal vein ( hepatic artery ) 肝动脉== hepatic artery肝细胞== hepatocyte肝循环( 肝动脉) == hepatic circulation ( hepatic artery ) 肝糖== glycogen肘( 铰金关节) == elbow ( hinge joint )肛门( 直肠) == anus ( rectum )肛门内括约肌( 直肠) == internal anal sphincter ( rectum ) 肛门外括约肌( 直肠) == external anal sphincter ( rectum ) 肛道( 直肠) == anal canal ( rectum )肚脐( 脐带) == navel ( umbilical cord )角蛋白( 结构蛋白) == keratin ( atructural protein )角膜== cornea角质层( 表皮) == cornified layer ( epidermis )贝尔== Baer , Karl von贝尔那== Benard , Claude贝尔爵士== Bell , Sir Charles足．脚== foot足部伸肌== extensor of the foot足部屈肌== flexor of the foot足趾( 趾骨) == toe / digit ( phalanx of the foot )足跟( 跗骨) == heel ( tarsal )防腐剂== antiseptic八划乳化( 胆汁) == emulsify ( bile )乳汁== milk乳房( 泌乳) == breast ( lactation )乳腺( 泌乳) == mammary gland ( lactation )乳管( 泌乳) == milk duct ( lactation )乳酸( 糖解) == lactic acid ( glycolysis )乳酸酦酵== lactic acid fermentation乳齿== milk teeth乳糖== lactose乳糖梅( 乳糖) == lactase ( lactose )乳头( 味蕾) == papilla ( taste bud)乳头( 泌乳) == nipple ( lactation )乳糜管== lacteal供血者( 输血) == blood donor ( blood transfusion )佩鲁茨== Perutz , Max侏儒症( 生长激素) == dwarfism ( growth hormone )两手同利的== ambidextrous ( handedness )刺激== stimulus受孕== conception受精== fertilization受器( 感觉神经元) == receptor ( sensory neuron )受器位置( 激素) == receptor site ( bormone )味孔( 味蕾) == taste pore ( taste bud )味道( 味觉) == flavour ( taste )味蕾== taste bud味觉== taste呼出== exhalation呼出( 气体交换) == exhale ( gas exchange )呼吸== breathing呼吸== respiration呼吸中枢( 呼吸速率) == respiratory centre ( breathing rate )呼吸系统== respiratory system呼吸控制== respiratory control呼吸速率== breathing rate呼吸道== respiratory tract呼吸膜== respiratory membrane呼气( 呼出) == expiration ( exhalation )周围的，末梢的== peripheral周围神经( 神经系统) == peripheral nerve ( nervous system )周围神经系统( 神经系统) == peripheral nervous system ( nervous system ) 固定巨噬细胞( 单核球) == fixed macrophage ( monocyte )夜盲== night blindness孟德尔== Mendel , Gregor屈曲== flexion屈肌( 屈曲) == flexor ( flexion )屈肌支带( 手部屈肌) == flexor retinaculum ( flexor of the hand )屈趾长肌( 足部屈肌) == flexor digitorum longus ( flexor of the foot )屈拇长肌( 足部屈肌) == flexor hallucis longus ( flexor of the foot )屈拇短肌( 对掌拇肌) == flexor pollicis brevis (opponens pollicis )屈指浅肌( 手部屈肌) == flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor of the hand ) 屈趾短肌== flexor digitorum brevis帕金森氏症== Parkinson’s disease帕雷== Pare , Ambroise延髓( 脑干) == medulla oblongata ( brain stem )弧影( 指甲) == lunula ( nail )性交== sexual intercourse性染色体== sex chromosome性细胞== sex cell性联对偶基因== sex-linked allele性激素== sex hormone拉瓦钖== Lavoisier , Antoine拉埃内克== Laennec , Rene Theophile拇指( 指骨) == thumb / first digit ( phalanx of the hand )拇趾( 趾骨) == big toe ( phalanx of the foot )拇囊肿== bunion抵抗力== resistance放射线照片( 放射线摄影术) == radiograph ( radiography )放射线摄影术== radiography昏迷( 意识) == coma ( consciousness )枕骨大孔( 颅) == foramen magnum ( cranium )枕骨( 颅) == occipital bone ( cranium )枕骨肌( 额肌) == occipitalis ( frontalis )果糖( 糖) == fructose / fruit sugar ( sugar )林德== Lind , James杵臼关节== ball-and socket joint泌尿系统== urinary system泌乳== lactation柲乳反射( 泌乳) == milk let-down reflex ( lactation )波特== Pott , Percival法布里休斯== Fabricius , Hieronymus法罗皮欧== Fallopio Gabriello油== oil治疗( 诊断) == therapy ( diagnosis )泡( 胞饮作用) == vesicle ( pinocytosis )泛酸== pantothenic acid炎症== inflammation盲肠== caecum盲点== blind spot直肠== rectum空肠== jejunum肺== lung肺半月瓣( 心瓣膜) == pulmonary semilunar valve ( heart valve ) 肺泡== alveolus / alveoli肺泡巨噬细胞( 尘细胞) == alveolar macrophage ( dust cell )肺炎== pneumonia肺活量== vital capacity肺气肿== emphysema肺循环== pulmonary circulation肺叶( 肺) == lobe ( lung )肥胖== obesity肢带== girdle肱二头肌== biceps brachii肱三头肌== triceps brachii肱肌== brachialis肱骨== humerus肱骨内髁( 尺神经) == funny bone ( ulnar nerve )肱动脉== brachial artery肱静脉== brachial vein肱桡肌== brachioradialis股二头肌( 腿后腱) == biceps femoris ( hamstring )股中间肌( 股四头肌) == vastus intermedius ( quadriceps femoris )股内侧肌( 股四头肌) == vastus medialis ( quadriceps femoris )股四头肌== quadriceps femoris股外侧肌( 股四头肌) == vastus lateralis ( quadriceps femoris )股直肌( 股四头肌) == rectus femoris ( quadriceps femoris )股骨== femur股动脉== femoral artery股静脉== femoral vein肩( 杵臼关节) == shoulder ( ball-and-socket joint )肩胛骨( 胸带) == shoulderblade / scapula ( pectoral girdle )肩带( 胸带) == shoulder girdle ( pectoral girdle )虎克== Hooke , Robert初乳== colostrum初级支气管( 支气管) == primary bronchus ( bronhus )初级滤泡( 滤泡) == primary follicle ( follicle )初经，月经初潮== menarche表皮== epidermis表皮山脊== epidermal ridge表皮角层( 指甲) == cuticle ( nail )表面的== superficial表面活性剂== surfactant表面张力( 表面活性剂) == surface tension ( surfactant )表现的( 基因型) == expressed ( genotype )表现型== phenotype近曲小管( 肾小管) == proximal convoluted tubule ( renal tubule )近视== short sight / near sight / myopia近端的== proximal长出( 牙齿) == erupt ( tooth )长拇趾伸肌( 足部伸肌) == extensor hallucis longus (extensor of the foot ) 长趾伸肌( 足部伸肌) == extensor digitorum longus (extensor of the foot ) 长期记忆( 记忆) == long-term memory ( memory )门齿== incisor阿米巴病( 阿米巴痢疾) == amoebiasis ( amoebic dysentery )阿米巴痢疾== amoebic dysentery阿滋海默症== Alzheimer’s disease阿尔克迈翁== Alcmaeon阿维森纳== Avicenna , Idn Sina附肢( 附肢骨骼) == appendage ( appendicular skeleton )附肢骨骼== appendicular skeletom青少年期==adolescence青春期== puberty非快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠) == non-rapid eye movement sleep / NREM sleep ( sleep)非专一性抵抗力( 抵抗力) == non-specific resistance ( resistance )非传染性疾病== non-infectious非传染病( 传染病) == non-communicable disease (communicable disease )九划保温箱( 早产) == incubator ( premature birth )保险箱( 避孕用具) == condom ( contraceptive )促毋状腺激素( 脑下垂体) == thyroid-stimulating hormone ( pituitary gland )促甲状腺激素( 脑下垂体) == thyrotropin ( pituitary gland )促肾上腺皮质激素( 脑下垂体) == ACTH / adrenocorticotrophic hormone ( pituitary gland )促进扩散( 扩散) == facilitated diffusion ( diffusion )促滤泡成熟激素== follicle-stimulating hormone / FSH冠( 法琅质) == crown ( enamel )冠状动脉== coronary artery冠状动脉栓塞( 冠状动脉) == coronary thrombosis ( coronary artery )冠状循环( 冠状动脉) == coronary circulation ( coronary artery )冠状缝( 骨缝) == coronal suture ( suture )冠状窦( 冠状动脉) == coronary sinus ( coronary artery )前半规管( 半规管) == anterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )前列腺，摄护腺== prostate gland前臼齿== premolar前囟( 囟门) == anterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )前面的== anterior前庭( 球囊) == vestibule ( saccule )前脑== forebrain前叶( 脑下垂体) == anterior lobe ( pituitary gland )前锯肌== serratus anterior前臂( 上肢) == forearm ( upper extremity )咳嗽== coughing咽== pharynx咽喉( 咽) == throat ( pharynx )哈氏小管( 骨单元) == Haversian canal ( osteon )哈氏系统( 骨单元) == Haversian system ( osteon )哈弗斯== Havers , Clopton哈勒== Haller , Albrecht von哈维== Harvery , William垂体神部( 脑下垂体) == neurohypophysis ( pituitary gland )垂体腺性部( 脑下垂体) == adenohypophysis ( pituitary gland )姿势( 肌肉收缩) == posture ( muscle contraction )威尔柯夫== Virchow , Rudolph封闭式骨折( 骨折) == closed fracture ( fracture )幽门括约肌== pyloric sphincter后天性免疫下全征候群( 爱滋病) == Acquired lmmune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) 后半规管( 半规管) == posterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )后囟( 囟门) == posterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )后面的== posterior后叶( 脑下垂体) == posterior lobe ( pituitary gland )扁平足== flat foot扁桃腺== tonsil拮抗( 对掌拇肌) == oppose ( opponens pollicis )拮抗组( 骨骼肌) == antagonistic pair ( skeletal muscle )指甲== nail指纹( 表皮山脊) == fingerprint ( epidermal ridge )指骨== phalanx / phalanges of the hand指节== knuckle括约肌== sphincter染色分体( 染色体) == chromatid ( chromosome )染色体== chromosome染色体数( 染色体) == chromosome number ( chromosome )柔毛( 毛发) == vellus hair ( hair )枯草热== hay fever柯蒂氏器( 耳蜗) == organ of Corti ( cochlea )柯霍== Doch , Robert毒素( 病原体) == toxin ( pathogen )氟== fluorine流行性感冒== influenza / flu流行性腮腺炎== mumps流行( 接触传染病) == epidemic ( contagious disease )流行病学家( 病理学) == epidemiologist ( pathology )流产== miscarriage活体组织检查== biopsy洛尔== Lower, Richard玻璃液== vitreous humour玻璃软骨== hyaline cartilage玻璃体( 玻璃液) == vitreous body ( vitreous humour )疫苗== vaccine疫苗接种( 疫苗) == vaccination ( vaccine )眉毛( 眼睑) == eyebrow ( eyelid )科罗纳== Khorana , Hai Gobind穿孔( 鼓膜) == perforated ( eardrum )突触== synapse突触小结( 突触) == synaptic knob ( synapse )突变== mutation红血球== red blood cell / erythrocyte红骨髓( 骨髓) == red marrow ( bone marrow )红绿色盲( 色盲) == red-green colour blindness ( colour blindness ) 耶尔森== Yersin , Alexandre胚胎== embryo胚胞== blastocyst胃== stomach胃小凹( 胃液) == gastric pit ( gastric juice )胃液== gastric juice胃蛋白梅( 胃液) == pepsin ( gastric juice )胃肠病学== gastroenterology胃肠道( 消化系统) == gastrointestinal tract ( digestive system )胃腺( 胃液) == gastric gland ( gastric juice )背面的( 后面的) == dorsal ( posterior )背根( 神经根) == dorsal root ( nerve root )背阔肌== latissimus dorsi胎毛( 毛发) == lanugo ( hair)胎儿== fetus胎记( 先天性缺陷) == birthmark ( birth defeet )胎盘== placenta胞饮作用== pinocytosis胞嘧啶( 盐基) == cytosine ( base )胞器== organelle致癌物质( 癌症) == carcinogen ( cancer )苯酮尿症== phenylketonuria / PKU虹膜== iris负回馈( 回馈系统) == negative feedback ( feedback system )迪奥斯科里斯== Dioscorides , Pedanius重组( 交换) == recombination (crossing over )降肌( 降肌) == depressor ( depression )降血钙素( 甲状腺) == calcitonin ( thyroid gland )降低== depression降低毒性的( 疫苗) == attenuated ( vaccine )降结肠( 结肠) == descending colon ( colon )音箱( 喉) == voice box ( larynx )音调( 听觉) == pitch ( hearing )风湿症== rheumatism飞沬传递( 传染性疾病) == droplet transmission ( infectious disease ) 食道== oesophagus食管( 食道) == gullet ( oesophagus )食糜== chyme胜胎( 胺基酸) == peptide ( amino acid )胜胎键( 胺基酸) == peptide linkage / peptide bond ( amino acid )。

运动医学(英文)

Anatomic Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee:A Case Series With Isolated Reconstructions in27PatientsBent Wulff Jakobsen,M.D.,Bent Lund,M.D.,Svend Erik Christiansen,M.D.and Martin C.Lind,M.D.,Ph.D.Purpose:This study presents clinical results of a case series of isolated reconstruction of theposterolateral corner(PLC)with a new technique that aims to reconstruct the lateral collateralligament(LCL),popliteus tendon,and popliteoﬁbular ligament.Methods:From1997to2005,27patients available for follow-up with isolated posterolateral instability were treated with primaryreconstruction of the LCL and PLC.The median age was28years,and there were16male patients.Of the patients,26%had remaining instability after anterior or posterior cruciate ligament recon-struction.All underwent reconstruction with a novel technique addressing both the LCL and the PLCby use of hamstring autografts.Follow-up was more than24months,and patients were examined byan independent observer using the International Knee Documentation Committee objective measuresand subjective Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores.Results:In our series95%of patientswith isolated lateral rotatory instability had rotatory stability after PLC reconstruction.On the basisof International Knee Documentation Committee scoring,71%were normal or nearly normal.Subjective Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores were comparable to scores in patientsafter meniscectomy.One patient had a deep infection,but none had any peroneal nerve injury.Conclusions:This case series presents a new method for combined reconstruction of the LCL andthe PLC.Despite the extensiveness of procedure,complications were low.The technique restoreslateral stability clinically at2years’follow-up.Level of Evidence:Level IV,therapeutic case series.I njury to the posterolateral ligament structures of theknee is uncommon and frequently related to high-energy trauma and knee dislocations.Isolated injuries are rare and seen in only2%of all knee ligament injuries.1Among combined knee ligament injuries, posterolateral injuries are more common and are seen in60%of cases with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)injury.2Overlooked injuries to the posterolateral complex in patients with multiligament injuries have been seen to lead to failure of reconstructed anterior cruciate liga-ments(ACLs)and PCLs.3,4Conservative treatment of posterolateral injuries has been shown to lead to re-sidual posterolateral laxity clinically.5The lateral and posterolateral complex(lateral col-lateral ligament[LCL]/posterolateral corner[PLC]) consists of numerous structures and has been divided into the iliotibial tract,long and short heads of the biceps femoris muscle,ﬁbular collateral ligament (LCL),midthird lateral capsular ligament,fabelloﬁbu-lar ligament,posterior arcuate ligament,popliteus muscle complex,lateral coronary ligament,and pos-terior capsule.6Knee instability due to lesions of the lateral and posterolateral structures causes increasedFrom the EIRA Private Hospital,Science Center Skejby(B.W.J.),and the Division of Sports Trauma,University Hospital ofAarhus(B.L.,S.E.C.,M.C.L.),Aarhus,Denmark.The authors report no conﬂict of interest.Received May3,2009;accepted November23,2009.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bent WulffJakobsen,M.D.,EIRA Private Hospital,Science Center Skejby,Brendstrupgaardsvej21,8200Aarhus N,Denmark.E-mail:bwj@eiradanmark.dk©2010by the Arthroscopy Association of North America0749-8063/9265/$36.00doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.11.019918Arthroscopy:The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery,Vol26,No7(July),2010:pp918-925load on the ACL during varus loading and internal rotation and increased load on the PCL during varus loading and external rotation.4,7Tibial internal rota-tion is restrained by the medial and posteromedial structures,whereas tibial external rotation is re-strained by the lateral and posterolateral structures.8,9 Early anatomic repair has been advocated for acute injuries with signiﬁcant clinical instability.The repair needs to be performed within2weeks of injury to be able to identify anatomic structures.Repair of the LCL-PLC structures has been reported to fail in37% of cases and with a higher failure rate than with PLC reconstructions performed nonacutely.10In addition, there is a risk of treating lesions that could have healed with conservative treatment.Several reconstructive procedures have been de-scribed.These techniques typically aim to reconstruct the LCL without addressing posterolateral structures or use combined techniques that address both the LCL and PLC.Biceps tenodesis with release of part of the biceps tendon andﬁxation of the free end to the LCL attachment at the femoral condyle is an isolated LCL reconstruction.11,12Similarly,several loop procedures using a tendon graft through theﬁbular head and ﬁxation to the LCL attachment at the femoral condyle have been described.13-16Finally,combined LCL-PLC reconstruction has been described by LaPrade et al17 and other authors.18,19Studies presenting clinical re-sults with the different techniques are very limited.In a case series with22patients,15with multiligament injuries and8with isolated PLC injuries,83%of patients with multiligament injuries and88%of those with isolated PLC injuries obtained normal or nearly normal results according to International Knee Docu-mentation Committee(IKDC)scoring after recon-struction with a modiﬁed sling technique.10A recent study compared PLC reconstructions usingﬁbular and tibial canals and found better rotational stability with theﬁbular technique in47patients with multiligament injuries.20No clinical studies have presented clinical results after isolated PLC injuries treated with com-bined LCL-PLC reconstructions.The aim of this study is to present clinical results of a retrospective case series after isolated PLC recon-struction using a novel PLC reconstruction technique that addresses both LCL and popliteal tendon ligaments.METHODSPatientsFrom October1997to April2005,a total of40 patients with isolated lateral and posterolateral insta-bility had combined LCL and PLC reconstruction. Inclusion criteria were isolated LCL/PLC reconstruc-tion for isolated LCL/PLC instability or isolated LCL/ PLC reconstruction for remaining lateral instability after ACL or PCL reconstruction.Exclusion criteria were combined knee ligament reconstructions.Of the 40patients,7had previous knee ligament surgery and thus had isolated posterolateral instability after cruci-ate ligament reconstruction.In the same time period a total of2,293patients had a knee ligament reconstruc-tion performed at our clinic.Of the total number who underwent surgery,27responded to a follow-up visit in2007,and all patients had more than2years’follow-up. All patients complained of subjective knee instabil-ity and were diagnosed with isolated objective varus and external rotation instability.The varus instability was conﬁrmed intraoperatively by an excessive open-ing of the lateral tibiofemoral joint of more than6 mm.The rotatory instability was measured with the dial test with patients in the prone position and the kneeﬂexed90°and30°(Fig1).19A greater than10°side-to-side difference in external rotation was con-sidered clinically signiﬁcant.The indication for sur-gery was clinically established rotatory and varus lax-ity.Therefore magnetic resonance imaging–described PLC soft-tissue injury without laxity would not indi-cate surgery.That is why magnetic resonance imaging was not systematically used for diagnosis of PLC injury.For similar reasons,plain radiographs were not obtained in all patients to assess osteoarthritisbecauseF IGURE1.Dial test performed in a patient with excessive external rotation ability.The test is performed with the patient in the prone position and the knee in90°and30°ofﬂexion.919RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERthey were relatively young,with a mean age around 28years.DemographicsTwenty-seven patients underwent follow-up for more than24months postoperatively.The median follow-up was46months(range,24to86months). There were11female patients and16male patients. The median age was28years,with a range from13to 57years.Causes of initial injury were trafﬁc accidents in25%of cases and sports in53%.Seven patients had remaining varus and rotatory instability after ACL or PCL reconstruction.One patient had a PCL recon-struction,and the remainder(6patients)had ACL reconstruction.There was no signiﬁcant difference in gender,age,body mass index,time from injury to surgery,and frequency of other previous surgeries between all operated patients and the patients avail-able for follow-up(Table1).Only3patients had a body mass index between30and35,so obesity was not frequent in this patient material.EvaluationAll patients with a minimum of2years’follow-up were seen for follow-up in2007.Objective examina-tion was performed by an independent observer who was an experienced physiotherapist.Patients were evaluated by preoperative and follow-up IKDC objective scores.21At follow-up,a subjec-tive Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)proﬁle was obtained.22The follow-up KOOS proﬁles were compared with published proﬁles from normal subjects,ACL-reconstructed subjects,and subjects who had undergone meniscectomy.Anterior-posterior instability was objectively assessed by KT-1000testing(MEDmetric,San Diego,CA)because it has been recognized that the PLC also plays a role in anterior-posterior stability.Any complications and reoperations were regis-tered.Range-of-motion evaluation was based on ob-jective IKDC scores.Patients were asked to describe any problems with pain.Surgical TechniqueThe semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are har-vested at the pes anserinus.Tendons are prepared with No.2FiberWire baseball suture(Arthrex,Naples,FL) teral structures are exposed through a hockey-stick incision.The peroneal nerve is exposed distal to theﬁbular head for visual nerve protection during drilling.An incision above the biceps tendon insertion enables palpation of the posterolateral aspect of the tibial condyle.A tibial tunnel is then drilled from the anterior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle at the level of theﬁbula head to the posterior corner of the lateral tibial condyle.The drill hole should exit10 mm below the tibial plateau posteriorly at the center of the popliteus muscle.The tunnel diameter is the size of the semitendinosus graft,which typically will be6 mm.An oblique tunnel is drilled through the proximal ﬁbula at the insertion site of the LCL,heading toward the posterior tip of theﬁbula.The iliotibial tract is split over the lateral femoral condyle to expose the insertion sites of the LCL and popliteus tendon.Two femoral tunnels are then drilled at the LCL and pop-liteus tendon femoral insertion sites sized according to the measured diameter of the double looped tendon grafts.The semitendinosus tendon is passed from pos-terior through the tibial condyle hole.Then,it is passed from anterior through theﬁbular hole and subsequently under the fascia to the femoral insertion site of the popliteus tendon,creating a double loopedT ABLE1.Epidemiologic Data in All Patients Operated on With Isolated Lateral Reconstruction,Patients With More Than24Months’Follow-Up,and Patients With Previous Cruciate Ligament ReconstructionAll Patients Patients WithϾ24mo Follow-UpPatients With Previous CruciateLigament ReconstructionNumber40277Gender(F/M)18/2211/161/6Median age(range)(yr)29(13-57)28(13-57)36(23-46)Chronic cases42.5%29.6%100%*Time from injury to surgery(mo)363250Previous surgery32.5%25.9%100%*Body mass index25.125.626.8NOTE.A chronic case is deﬁned as more than12months from injury to surgery.*Data are presented as mean.920 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.PLC reconstruction with tendon strand coming from the posterior tibial condyle and posterior ﬁbular head.The gracilis graft is passed through the ﬁbular tunnel and passed under the fascia as a sling to the femoral LCL insertion (Fig 2).The other end of the grafts are measured and cut according to femoral drill holes,with 15to 20mm over length,and the free end is sutured with a No.2FiberWire.The graft ends are then passed into the femoral tunnels with a Bio-Tenodesis screwdriver (Arthrex)and ﬁxed with Bio-Tenodesis screws with adiameter equal to the diameter of graft and bone tunnel with the knee in 60°of ﬂexion,neutral rotation,and valgus stress.LCL sling graft is ﬁxed in the same manner with the knee in near extension,neutral rota-tion,and valgus stress.The LaPrade technique entails a single-strand LCL and popliteal tendon reconstruction.In addition,the popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed from the pos-terolateral aspect of the tibia to the posterior aspect of the ﬁbula.Our technique entails double-stranded LCL reconstruction with a sling technique and a single-stranded popliteal tendon reconstruction.In addition,a popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed but in a more anatomic manner,going from the posterior aspect of the ﬁbula to the popliteal tendon insertion on the femur.For an experienced surgeon,the procedure is esti-mated to take approximately 60minutes.RehabilitationWe used a hinged brace with 0°to 90°of motion for the ﬁrst 2weeks and partial weight bearing.Starting in week 2,continued brace use is recommended,with unlimited degrees of range of motion and weight bearing during standing and walking.After 6weeks,unrestricted activity was allowed.Controlled sports activities after 3months and contact sports after 6months were allowed.StatisticsDemographic data were compared between re-sponders and nonresponders with the Student t test and ␹2test.Preoperative and postoperative IKDC values were compared with the ␹2test.KOOS data were compared between isolated LCL-PLC–operated patients and those with previous cruciate ligament reconstructions with the Student t test.RESULTSObjective IKDC ScoreRotatory instability evaluated by the dial test was abnormal in 60%of patients preoperatively and in only 5%of patients at follow-up (P Ͻ.05).A similar outcome was found for varus stability.The overall ob-jective IKDC score improved,with an abnormal score of C or D in 60%of patients preoperatively and in 28.6%of patients at follow-up (P Ͻ.05)(Table 2).On the basis of KT-1000measurements,there wasnoF IGURE 2.The posterolateral reconstruction is shown at the lat-eral aspect of the knee.The reconstruction consist of 2parts.First,a gracilis autograft sling is placed through the proximal ﬁbula to the LCL insertion point at the lateral femoral condyle to reconstruct the LCL.Second,a semitendinosus autograft is used to reconstruct both the popliteus tendon and popliteoﬁbular ligament.The pop-liteus tendon is reconstructed by a graft strand going from the drill hole opening at the posterolateral tibial condyle to the popliteus tendon insertion point at the femoral condyle.The popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed by a graft strand starting from the pos-terior aspect of the proximal ﬁbula to the popliteus tendon insertion point at the femoral condyle.Resorbable interference screws are used for ﬁxation of the graft in the femoral drill holes.921RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERsigniﬁcant change in anterior-posterior stability,with normal scores in88%of patients preoperatively and 94%of patients at follow-up.Of the27patients,4had ﬂexion deﬁcits.Two patients had a10°deﬁcit,and two had a5°deﬁcit.When we compared the patients who had previous cruciate ligament reconstruction with the patients with true isolated LCL-PLC injury, objective rotational and varus instability was not sig-niﬁcantly different between groups.Both groups had only1patient with IKDC grade B varus and external rotational instability;the remainder were grade A. KOOS ProﬁleThe KOOS proﬁle showed that the ability to per-form sports/recreational activities and quality of life were the subscores that were most affected after PLC reconstruction(Table3).When we compared the KOOS proﬁle with published results after other pro-cedures,PLC-reconstructed patients were similar to patients after meniscectomy and had a moderately poorer outcome compared with patients who had un-dergone ACL reconstruction.23,24When we compared the patients who had previous cruciate ligament re-construction with the patients with true isolated LCL-PLC injury,the KOOS was signiﬁcantly worse for patients with previous cruciate ligament reconstruc-tion,with subscores for activities of daily living, sports and recreation,and quality of life that were17, 26,and30points lower,respectively.Return to SportsTegner score at follow-up was4.6(2,2).Of27 patients,3had Tegner scores of1and2,indicating poor function level.Seven patients returned to a high level of sports participation,and the remainder re-turned to recreational sports.Of the27patients,13 had a higher level of sports function after reconstruc-tion than preoperatively.ComplicationsThere was1major complication,which was a deep infection along the tibial drill tunnel.The infection was treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics, and the reconstruction was preserved.One patient had deep knee pain that was treated with arthroscopic partial synovectomy without success.Two patients complained of moderate function related knee pain, and one patient had rotatory pain during examination.T ABLE2.Patients Divided Into Groups Preoperatively and at Follow-up Based on IKDC Rotational Instabilityand Overall ScoreIKDC LevelRotational Stability Varus Stability Anterior-Posterior Stability Overall Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-upA(%)—76—895262—14 B(%)401915736334057 C(%)4856741254829 D(%)12—13———12—T ABLE3.KOOS at Follow-up in Present Study Compared With ACL-Reconstructed Patients After1Year and PartialMeniscectomy After15Years*KOOS Subscale Isolated LCL-PLC Patients with PreviousACL/PCLReconstructionACL Reconstruction inDanish ACL RegistryLong-Term Resultsof PartialMeniscectomyPain75(39-100)60(39-86)6184 Symptoms77(42-100)62(42-75)8486 Activities of daily living83(38-100)66(38-87)**8988 Sports/recreation55(0-100)29(0-55)**6364 Quality of life59(15-100)29(13-56)**6071 NOTE.Data are presented as median(range).*Based on data from references23and24.**Signiﬁcantly different from isolated LCL-PLC group.922 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.DISCUSSIONThough a rare condition,isolated symptomatic LCL-PLC insufﬁciency exists and may require surgi-cal treatment.Our series of40isolated PLC recon-structions was part of a total of2,293ligament recon-structions performed in the inclusion period,resulting in isolated LCL-PLC reconstructions being performed in only1.7%of all ligament reconstructions at our university clinic.This correlated well with previous ﬁndings of DeLee et al.1The rareness of the condition can lead to injuries being overlooked because of the lack of a routine clinical instability examination that addresses the posterolateral structures.In addition,the rare need for surgical treatment may cause surgeons to be reluctant to perform a posterolateral reconstruction procedure because of the relatively advanced tech-nique necessary and the extra time that the LCL-PLC procedure adds to other ligament reconstruction pro-cedures.In this study we present a new technique for com-bined LCL-PLC reconstruction.We found a good ability of the procedure to restore rotational stability and therefore considered the clinical outcome of the procedure acceptable.In addition,the complications were acceptable,with1deep infection and a few patients with postoperative knee pain,which in1 patient was related to lateral structures.Our case series included patients with isolated PLC instability after either ACL or PCL reconstruction. The injuries in these patients did not represent true isolated injuries but are surgical cases in which iso-lated PLC reconstruction is performed.The patients with previous surgery were older and had a longer period from injury to surgery than patients with iso-lated injuries.The clinical outcome based on the KOOS was poorer when previous surgery had been performed despite the fact that objective instability did not differ between the groups.The knee stability obtained by the PLC reconstruc-tion is relatively good,with more than90%of the patients having good and excellent IKDC results.For the subjective KOOS proﬁles,the outcome of PLC reconstruction in patients without previous surgery was comparable to that in patients with primary ACL reconstruction.In contrast,the KOOS was signiﬁ-cantly lower for patients who had had a previous cruciate ligament reconstruction.Several reconstructive procedures for reconstruc-tion of the lateral knee ligament structure have been described.Biceps tenodesis as shown by Bousquet et al.11did not restore lateral stability because of femoral ﬁxation performed too proximally.12Biceps tenodesis alone with aﬁxation point located1cm anterior to the LCL insertion on the femur was effective at restoring external rotation and varus laxity in a cadaveric study,12but biceps tenodesis is not an anatomic re-construction,and the technique has no widespread clinical usage.Similarly,several loop procedures re-store varus stability biomechanically and clinically, but they do not reconstruct the popliteal tendon and the poplitealﬁbular complex.13-16A recent study showed that a single-loop allograft reconstruction passed through a drilled tunnel in the head of the ﬁbula at a45°angle andﬁxed in the femoral tunnel at the lateral epicondyle with a Bio-Tenodesis screw seems to restore LCL and popliteal ligament function, but similar to the sling techniques,this method does not address the popliteus tendon component.25A cadaveric study found that the posterolateral structures play an important role at full extension in intact knees and at all angles ofﬂexion in PCL-deﬁcient knees,and the popliteus muscle appears to be a major stabilizer under this loading condition.26In addition,Suda et al.27found that combined recon-struction of the PCL,LCL,and popliteus tendon is essential and adequate for treating severe chronic pos-terolateral rotatory instability.Although surgical re-construction of the popliteal tendon will not be able to provide the dynamic stabilization of the popliteus muscle,28,29the importance of an anatomic reconstruc-tion including the popliteal tendon in an attempt to address the complete posterolateral complex seems evident.17The clinical signiﬁcance of reconstructing both structures has been shown in a study by Yoon et al.30In their study comparing2case series using the sling technique and an anatomic reconstruction of both the LCL and the popliteus tendon with an Achil-les tendon allograft,the anatomic reconstruction showed superior rotational and varus stability and a higher Lysholm score.The best documented tech-nique biomechanically is that described by LaPrade et al.17This technique combines LCL and PLC recon-struction using split Achilles tendon allograft. Through bone canals in theﬁbular head and lateral tibial condyle,the LCL and PLC are reconstructed to normal femoral attachments.This reconstruction has been shown to restore both varus and external rota-tional instability biomechanically.17A recent report has described a posterolateral reconstruction tech-nique that attempts the same combined LCL and pop-liteoﬁbular ligament reconstruction by use of Achilles tendon allograft.17923RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERThe technique presented in this study uses a sling technique for the LCL reconstruction and a second tendon graft from the posterolateral tibial condyles to the popliteal insertion on the femur for popliteal re-construction.In addition,aﬁbular popliteal ligament reconstruction is included,with a tendon graft going from the posterior part of theﬁbular head to the popliteal insertion on the femur.Despite the extensive exposure and the complex tendon reconstruction in multiple drill holes in both the lateral femoral and tibial condyles,we observed very limited postoperative morbidity that could be related to the procedure.Peroneal nerve injury is an important complication that needs to be avoided when one is performing lateral knee procedures.31In our technique we ex-posed the peroneal nerve early in the procedure where the nerve passes theﬁbular neck.This enables visual conﬁrmation of nerve protection during the drilling procedures that most likely could cause nerve injury. In our series no nerve injuries were observed.How-ever,in combined reconstructions for multiligament injuries,especially when the trauma is a knee dislo-cation,very careful nerve exposure must be performed because the nerve can be dislocated from its anatomic position,due to severe soft-tissue injury during the dislocation.Only a few clinical studies have presented outcomes after PLC reconstruction.These studies are typically small case series with the majority of patients having multiligament injuries.Zhao et al.32reported good objective stability in95%of28PLC reconstructed patients.Noyes and Barber-Westin33reported excel-lent objective knee stability in13patients,12of whom had multiligament injuries.Stannard et al.34 found no failures in7isolated PLC reconstructions, with generally good objective stability in a total of22 patients who underwent reconstruction.A recent study by Schechinger et al.35showed a follow-up subjective IKDC score of80in16patients with PLC reconstruc-tion.Our data are difﬁcult to compare with these studies because a majority of patients in our material had isolated PLC injuries compared with the previ-ously mentioned studies.However,overall,the results are similar to PLC reconstruction,showing good ob-jective stability for all patient types and a good clinical outcome overall for patients with isolated PLC inju-ries.This study is limited by the fact that it is a retro-spective case series.However,the rareness of postero-lateral injuries has thus far resulted in no published randomized studies that address lateral and postero-lateral ligament reconstructions.Another study weakness is the suboptimal follow-up completeness of27patients compared with the40patients who underwent the procedure.The main reason for this poor follow-up is that our clinic is a national refer-ral center for advanced knee ligament reconstruc-tion and,therefore,many patients live far from the clinic and did not want to travel for a study follow-up.This study is,to our knowledge,the largest case series published thus far and the only study to present clinical results after isolated LCL-PLC re-constructions.In the study we present a new tech-nique for combined LCL-PLC reconstruction,but we lack in vitro biomechanical documentation to describe the degree to which the reconstruction restores normal knee biomechanics.Such a study is currently being performed and will enable compar-ison to other in vitro documented techniques such as the LaPrade technique.17When one is performing posterolateral reconstruction,a popliteal tendon re-construction is necessary.However,the normal muscle and tendon complex is a dynamic entity that is activated during rotation,and this dynamic func-tion can never be restored with a static tendon reconstruction as presented.CONCLUSIONSThis case series presents a new method for com-bined reconstruction of the LCL and the PLC.Despite the extensiveness of procedure,complications were low.The technique restores lateral stability clinically at2years’follow-up.REFERENCES1.DeLee JC,Riley MB,Rockwood CA Jr.Acute posterolateralrotatory instability of the knee.Am J Sports Med1983;11:199-207.2.Fanelli GC,Edson CJ.Posterior cruciate ligament injuries intrauma patients:Part II.Arthroscopy1995;11:526-529.3.Wentorf FA,LaPrade RF,Lewis JL,Resig S.The inﬂuence ofthe integrity of posterolateral structures on tibiofemoral orien-tation when an anterior cruciate ligament graft is tensioned.Am J Sports Med2002;30:796-799.Prade RF,Resig S,Wentorf F,Lewis JL.The effects ofgrade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cru-ciate ligament graft force.A biomechanical analysis.Am J Sports Med1999;27:469-475.5.Kannus P.Nonoperative treatment of grade II and III sprainsof the lateral ligament compartment of the knee.Am J Sports Med1989;17:83-88.6.Terry GC,LaPrade RF.The posterolateral aspect of the knee.Anatomy and surgical approach.Am J Sports Med1996;24: 732-739.Prade RF,Muench C,Wentorf F,Lewis JL.The effect of924 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.。

运动医学相关词汇中英对照

运动医学相关词汇中英对照运动医学是医学与体育运动相结合的综合性应用科学。

接下来小编为大家整理运动医学相关词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!比哆醇 ( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 )α生育酚 ( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E )α波 ( 脑波 ) == alpha wave ( brainwave )β波 ( 脑波 ) == beta wave ( brainwave )δ波 ( 脑波 ) == delta wave ( brainwave )θ波 ( 脑波 ) == theta wave ( brainwave )ABO 系统 ( 血型 ) == ABO system ( blood group )B 细胞 == B cellRh 系统 == rhesus systemRh 阴性 ( Rh 系统 ) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system )Rh 阳性 ( Rh 系统 ) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system )T 细胞 == T cellX 光 ( 放射线摄影术 ) == X-ray ( radiography )X 染色体 ( 性染色体 ) == X chromosome ( sex chromosome ) Y 染色体 ( 性染色体 ) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome ) 一划乙状结肠( 结肠 ) == sigmoid colon ( colon )二划二尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve )二尖齿( 前臼齿 ) == bicuspid ( premolar )二倍体细胞 == diploid cell二氧化碳( 无机化合物 ) == carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound )人口( 死亡率 ) == population ( mortality rate )人工肾脏( 透析 ) == artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结 ) == artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜 ) == artificial valve ( heart valve )人工关节 == artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝 ) == lambdoid suture ( suture )人乳( 乳汁 ) == human milk ( milk )人体生物学 == human biology ( biology )人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) == Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组) == Human Genome Project ( gemone )人体系统 == body system十二指肠 == duodemun三划三甘油酯( 脂肪 ) == triglyceride ( fat )三尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) == tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌 == deltoid三角骨( 腕骨 ) == triquetrum ( carpal )三胞胎( 多胎妊娠 ) == triplets ( multiple pregnancy )三级支气管( 支气管 ) == tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下位的 == inferior下直肌( 眼直肌 ) == inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )下肢 == lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌 ) == lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌 ) == depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) == inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) == inferior vena cava ( vena cava )下视丘 == hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨 ) == inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone )下颌( 颌骨 ) == lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨 ) == mandible ( facial bone )下臂( 上肢 ) == lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织 ) == epithelium ( epithelial tissue )上皮组织 == epithelial tissue上位的 == superior上直肌( 眼直肌 ) == superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )上肢 == upper extremity上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌 ) == levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) == superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle ) 上腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) == superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨 ) == upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨 ) == maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢 ) == upper arm ( upper extremity)上颚犬齿( 犬齿 ) == eye teeth ( canine )上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌) == levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi )丸，丸剂( 避孕用具 ) == pill ( contraceptive )千卡( 千焦耳 ) == kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) == kilojoule ( kh )口 == mouth口角降肌( 笑肌 ) == depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) == levator anguli oris ( risorius )口渴( 营养 ) == thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口 ) == oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌 == orbicularis oris大分子( 分子 ) == macromolecule ( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道 ) == labia majora ( vagina )大量营养素 == macronutrient大肠 == large intestine大脑 == cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑 ) == cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum ) 大脑疲质( 大脑 ) == cerebral cortex ( cerebrum )大腿( 下肢 ) == thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢 ) == upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨 ) == thighbone ( femur )小肠 == small intestine小脑 == cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞 ) == lobule ( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝 ) == lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢 ) == lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉 ) == venule ( vein )干扰素 == interferon弓 == arch内呼吸( 呼吸 ) == internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌 ) == medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 内胚层( 分化 ) == endoderm ( differentiation )内侧的 == medial内斜肌( 外斜肌 ) == internal oblique ( external oblique ) 内视镜( 内视镜检查 ) == endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查 == endoscopy内质网 == endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利 ) == salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子 == molecule分化 == differentiation分泌( 腺体 ) == secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产 ) == parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛 ) == first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩 ) == second stage of labour ( laborur ) 分娩第三期( 分娩 ) == third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂 ) == blastomere ( cleavage )分节 == segmentation分叶( 肺 ) == segment ( lung )分解代谢 == catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢 ) == catabolic reaction ( catabolism ) 分解激素 == hormone breaddown化学反应 == chemical reaction化学抵抗 == chemical resistance化合物 == chemical compound化学能( 能量 ) == chemical energy ( energy )化学受器 == chemoreceptor化学键 == chemical bond升结肠( 结肠 ) == ascending colon ( colon )反射 == reflelx反射弧 == reflex arc反应( 刺激 ) == response ( stimulus )天花 == smallpox尺神经 == ulnar nerve。

健身行业术语英文缩写

健身行业术语英文缩写1. BMI - Body Mass Index: 身体质量指数2. HR - Heart Rate: 心率3. HIIT - High-Intensity Interval Training: 高强度间歇训练4. PT - Personal Trainer: 个人教练5. REP - Repetition: 重复次数6. WOD - Workout of the Day: 当日锻炼计划7. DOMS - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: 延迟性肌肉酸痛8. BCAA - Branched-Chain Amino Acids: 支链氨基酸9. PR - Personal Record: 个人最佳记录10. RM - Repetition Maximum: 重复次数的最大值11. CNS - Central Nervous System: 中枢神经系统12. LBM - Lean Body Mass: 瘦体重13. AMRAP - As Many Reps As Possible: 在规定时间内完成尽可能多的重复次数14. EMOM - Every Minute on the Minute: 每分钟内完成15. RPE - Rate of Perceived Exertion: 感知努力度评分16. DB - Dumbbell: 哑铃17. PB - Personal Best: 个人最佳18. GPP - General Physical Preparedness: 普通体能准备19. OTF - Orange Theory Fitness: 一种健身课程体系20. VO2max - Maximum Oxygen Uptake: 最大摄氧量。

康复术语中英对照

康复术语中英对照为大家整理了有关康复术语中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦! 康复术语中英对照：1.最大心率AAMHR2.腹式呼吸运动abdominal breathing exercises3.擦浴ablution4.可进入;可使用accessibility5.适应比值accommodation ratio6.主动助力运动active assistant exercises7.主动运动active exercises8.日常生活活动activities of daily living，ADL9.日常生活活动Activities of Daily Living，ADL10.适应性活动adaptive activity11.有氧训练aerobic training，aerobic exercise12.空气离子化疗法aeroionotherapy13.空气疗法aerotherapy14.冲浴afusion15.步行训练ambulation training16.减痛步态antalgic gait17.失语症aphasia18.失用症apraxia19.水疗，水中运动治疗aqua-therapy20.氯离子激光疗法argon ion laser therapy21.假肢artificial limb22.工艺疗法arts and crafts therapy23.助力运动assistant exercises24.辅助器具Assistive Devices25.联合运动associated movement26.共济失调ataxia27.手足徐动athetoid28.自我训练autotraining29.轴索断裂axonotmesis30.八段锦Baduanjin31.平衡运动balance exercises32.无障碍通行barrier free accessibility，barrier free passage33. Barthel指数Bartbel index34.巴氏指数评分Barthel Index，BI35.狭义ADL，基本ADLBasic ADL，BADL36.床上运动bed exercises37.行为疗法behavior therapy38.行为模式behavioral model39.行为理论behavioral theory40.阅读治疗bibliotherapy41.生物反馈疗法biofeedback therapy，BFT42.眨眼反射blink reflex43.蓝紫光疗法blue and violet light therapy44.支架brace45.脑可塑性Brain Plasticity46.脑干听觉诱发电位brainstem auditory evoked potential，BAEP47.屏气试验breath holding test48.呼吸运动breathing exercises49.盐水浴brine bath50.气泡浴bubble bath。

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两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供：运动医学相关词汇中英对照运动医学是医学与体育运动相结合的综合性应用科学。

接下来小编为大家整理运动医学相关词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!比哆醇( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 )α生育酚( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E )α波( 脑波) == alpha wave ( brainwave )β波( 脑波) == beta wave ( brainwave )δ波( 脑波) == delta wave ( brainwave )θ波( 脑波) == theta wave ( brainwave )ABO 系统( 血型) == ABO system ( blood group )B 细胞== B cellRh 系统== rhesus systemRh 阴性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system )Rh 阳性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system )T 细胞== T cellX 光( 放射线摄影术) == X-ray ( radiography )X 染色体( 性染色体) == X chromosome ( sex chromosome ) Y 染色体( 性染色体) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome ) 一划乙状结肠( 结肠) == sigmoid colon ( colon )二划二尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve )二尖齿( 前臼齿) == bicuspid ( premolar )二倍体细胞== diploid cell二氧化碳( 无机化合物) == carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound ) 人口( 死亡率) == population ( mortality rate )人工肾脏( 透析) == artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结) == artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜) == artificial valve ( heart valve )人工关节== artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝) == lambdoid suture ( suture )人乳( 乳汁) == human milk ( milk )人体生物学== human biology ( biology )人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) == Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组) == Human Genome Project ( gemone )人体系统== body system十二指肠== duodemun三划三甘油酯( 脂肪) == triglyceride ( fat )三尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌== deltoid三角骨( 腕骨) == triquetrum ( carpal )三胞胎( 多胎妊娠) == triplets ( multiple pregnancy )三级支气管( 支气管) == tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下位的== inferior下直肌( 眼直肌) == inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )下肢== lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌) == lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌) == depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌) == inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉) == inferior vena cava ( vena cava )下视丘== hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨) == inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone )下颌( 颌骨) == lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨) == mandible ( facial bone )下臂( 上肢) == lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织) == epithelium ( epithelial tissue )上皮组织== epithelial tissue上位的== superior上直肌( 眼直肌) == superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )上肢== upper extremity上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌) == levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌) == superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle )上腔静脉( 腔静脉) == superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨) == upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨) == maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢) == upper arm ( upper extremity)上颚犬齿( 犬齿) == eye teeth ( canine )上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌) == levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi ) 丸，丸剂( 避孕用具) == pill ( contraceptive )千卡( 千焦耳) == kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) == kilojoule ( kh )口== mouth口角降肌( 笑肌) == depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) == levator anguli oris ( risorius )口渴( 营养) == thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口) == oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌== orbicularis oris大分子( 分子) == macromolecule ( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道) == labia majora ( vagina )大量营养素== macronutrient大肠== large intestine大脑== cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑) == cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum )大脑疲质( 大脑) == cerebral cortex ( cerebrum )大腿( 下肢) == thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢) == upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨) == thighbone ( femur )小肠== small intestine小脑== cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞) == lobule ( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝) == lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢) == lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉) == venule ( vein )干扰素== interferon弓== arch内呼吸( 呼吸) == internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌) == medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 内胚层( 分化) == endoderm ( differentiation )内侧的== medial内斜肌( 外斜肌) == internal oblique ( external oblique ) 内视镜( 内视镜检查) == endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查== endoscopy内质网== endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利) == salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子== molecule分化== differentiation分泌( 腺体) == secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产) == parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛) == first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩) == second stage of labour ( laborur )分娩第三期( 分娩) == third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂) == blastomere ( cleavage )分节== segmentation分叶( 肺) == segment ( lung )分解代谢== catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢) == catabolic reaction ( catabolism ) 分解激素== hormone breaddown化学反应== chemical reaction化学抵抗== chemical resistance化合物== chemical compound化学能( 能量) == chemical energy ( energy )化学受器== chemoreceptor化学键== chemical bond升结肠( 结肠) == ascending colon ( colon )反射== reflelx反射弧== reflex arc反应( 刺激) == response ( stimulus )天花== smallpox尺神经== ulnar nerve两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0。