1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beingswere portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument infavor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by thescience fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would beinterested in the discussion?[A] attended[B] attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides thebuilding blocks from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style________ in a personal one.[A] rather than[B] other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by thesmooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11.12.13.14.15.science are careful in checkingDthe accuracy of their reports.16. whenever we hear ofA a natural disaster, evenBin a distant part of the world, wefeel sympathyC for the people to have affectedD.17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trustingBourhealth, wealth and happiness to elements with whomCvery names the generalpublic areDunfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallBa portion19.20.and21.to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped22. A ________ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to themayor for approval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money tolive on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundredyears.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ freemedical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because theyhad more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’sspeech.[A] fatigued[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to findwhat was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’send.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and thecity is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions ofpassengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ forlanguage learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes if he couldfinish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off[D] let out35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitterregrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ inthe dictionary.[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________, but he gave us anidea about his plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in afurious state.ofFor example, it has long been known that total sleep 46is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 大49家bacterial infections of the blood, 大50家their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if onlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages ofadvertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providinginformation[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the studentwhose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referringto ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truestsaying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an informationera[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped deadseconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoolsbecause ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’sadaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgettingoccurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid1995年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)Part C (10 points)Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
1995考研数一真题及解析
(a b) c (a b) c 4 .
(其中 b b 0 )
(4)【答案】 3
【解析】令 an
2n
n (3)n
x 2n1 ,则当 n
时,有
lim
an1
lim
2n1
n 1 (3)n1
x 2 ( n 1) 1
a n n
n
2n
(A) f (1) f (0) f (1) f (0)
()
(B) f (1) f (1) f (0) f (0)
(C) f (1) f (0) f (1) f (0)
(D) f (1) f (0) f (1) f (0)
(3) 设 f (x) 可导, F (x) f (x)(1 | sin x |) ,则 f (0) 0 是 F (x) 在 x 0 处可导的 ( )
设 A 是 n 阶矩阵,满足 AAT E ( E 是 n 阶单位阵, AT 是 A 的转置矩阵), A 0 ,求 AE .
十、填空题(本题共 2 小题,每小题 3 分,满分 6 分.)
(1) 设 X 表示 10 次独立重复射击命中目标的次数,每次射中目标的概率为 0.4,则 X 2 的数
学期望 E( X 2 ) ___________.
故应选择(B). (3)【答案】(A)
【解析】由于利用观察法和排除法都很难对本题作出选择,必须分别验证充分条件和必要 条件.
充分性:因为 f (0) 0 ,所以
lim F (x) F (0) lim f (x)(1 sin x ) lim f (x) lim f (x) f (0) f (0) ,
(2) 将函数 f (x) x 1(0 x 2) 展开成周期为 4 的余弦级数.
1996年考研英语真题及解析
1996年考研英语真题精解精析1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1995年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文。
文章首段对维生素下定义。
第二段介绍了维生素的两大功能：将食物转化成能量和维持身体健康。
第三段介绍了各种维生素的异同：基本组成元素相同，但排列方式不同，并且各自承担一到多种特殊功能。
第四段指出：不需要获取过量的维生素，均衡的饮食通常就可以完全满足身体对它们的需求了。
【英汉对照】41.[A]either(也)[B]so(所以)[C]nor(也不)[D]never(从不)42.[A]shifting(替换,转移)[B]transferring(移动,传递)[C]altering(改变,变动)[D]transforming(转换，改变)43.[A]any(任何一个)[B]some(一些)[C]anything(任何事物)[D]something(某物)44.[A]serious(严肃的,认真的)[B]apparent(明显的)[C]severe(严厉的,剧烈的)[D]fatal(致命的)45.[A]mostly大部分,主要地[B]partially部分地[C]sometimes有时候[D]rarely很少地,罕有地46.[A]in that在……方面;因为[B]so that以致[C]such that以至[D]except that除了47.[A]undertakes承担,采取[B]holds保存，把握[C]plays担当,承担[D]performs表演，执行48.[A]Supplying供给,提供[B]Getting获得,使得[C]Providing供应,准备[D]Furnishing装备,布置49.[A]exceptional例外的,异常的[B]exceeding极度的,过度的[C]excess额外的,多余的[D]external外部的,客观的50.[A]nevertheless(然而,表转折)[B]therefore(所以,表因果)[C]moreover(此外,表递进)[D]meanwhile（同时,表时间）【核心词汇】c ompound[5kCmpaund]n.混合物,化合物a.混合的,化合的；复合的vt.混合（com全部+pound 放→全部放到一起→化合物）deficiency[di5fiFEnsi]n.缺乏,不足;缺点,缺陷（de不+fic做……做得不够,……的缺陷+iency→缺点）element[5elimEnt]n.元素;要素;成分;元件;自然环境；基础,纲要,原理；自然力maintenance[5meintinEns]n.维修,保养,维持,保持,生活费用（mainten+ance名词后缀）nutritional[njU: `trIFEnEl]a.营养的；滋养的（nutrition+al形容词后缀）organic[C:5^Anik]a.器官的;有机的;有机体的，有机物的（organ+ic形容词后缀→有机体的）【常用词组】meet the need满足……的需求well-balanced diet均衡饮食【答案与详解】41.答案→C考点→连词辨析题解题技巧→空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句；后文讲到它们构建身体的任放→全部放到一起→化合物）deficiency[di5fiFEnsi]n.缺乏,不足;缺点,缺陷（de不+fic做……做得不够,……的缺陷+iency→缺点）element[5elimEnt]n.元素;要素;成分;元件;自然环境；基础,纲要,原理；自然力maintenance[5meintinEns]n.维修,保养,维持,保持,生活费用（mainten+ance名词后缀）nutritional[njU: `trIFEnEl]a.营养的；滋养的（nutrition+al形容词后缀）organic[C:5^Anik]a.器官的;有机的;有机体的，有机物的（organ+ic形容词后缀→有机体的）【常用词组】meet the need满足……的需求well-balanced diet均衡饮食【答案与详解】41.答案→C考点→连词辨析题解题技巧→空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句；后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分，是倒装句，因此选项必须既能引导倒装句，又能与前面的否定相呼应。
1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学二真题及答案
ey 确定,其中
f
具有二阶导数,且
f
1
,求
d2 dx
y
2
.
(3)
设
f (x2 1) ln
x2 x2 2
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1995年考研英语真题与答案-推荐下载
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最新1995考研数四真题及解析
精品资料1995考研数四真题及解析........................................1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1) 设1lim xt x x te dt x αα-∞→∞+⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭⎰,则常数α= .(2) 设()y z xyf x=,()f u 可导,则xyxz yz ''+= .(3) 设(ln )1f x x '=+,则()f x = .(4) 设100220345A ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,*A 是A 的伴随矩阵,则1()A *-= .(5) 设X 是一个随机变量,其概率密度为则方差()D X = .二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1) 设()f x 为可导函数,且满足条件0(1)(1)lim 12x f f x x→--=-,则曲线()y f x =在点 (1,(1))f 处的切线斜率为( )(A) 2 (B) 1- (C) 12(D) 2- (2) 下列广义积分发散的是( )(A) 111sin dx x -⎰(B) 1dx -⎰(C) 2x edx +∞-⎰ (D) 221ln dx x x+∞⎰(3) 设n 维行向量11(,0,,0,)22α=,矩阵T A E αα=-,2T B E αα=+,其中E 为n 阶单位矩阵,则AB 等于 ( )(A) 0 (B) E - (C) E (D)T E αα+(4) 设矩阵m n A ⨯的秩为()r A m n =<,m E 为m 阶单位矩阵,下述结论中正确的是 ( )(A) A 的任意m 个列向量必线性无关 (B) A 的任意一个m 阶子式不等于零(C) A 通过初等行变换,必可以化为(,0)m E 的形式(D) 非齐次线性方程组Ax b =一定有无穷多组解(5) 设随即变量X 服从正态分布2(,)N μσ,则随σ的增大,概率{}P X μσ-< ( )(A) 单调增大 (B) 单调减少 (C) 保持不变 (D) 增减不定三、(本题满分6分)设2202(1cos ),0()1,01cos ,0xx x x f x x t dt x x ⎧-<⎪⎪==⎨⎪⎪>⎩⎰,试讨论()f x 在0x =处的连续性和可导性.四、(本题满分6分)求不定积分2(arcsin )x dx ⎰.五、(本题满分7分)设()f x 、()g x 在区间[,]a a -(0a >)上连续,()g x 为偶函数,且()f x 满足条件()()f x f x A +-=(A 为常数).(1) 证明0()()()a aaf xg x dx A g x dx -=⎰⎰；(2) 利用(1)的结论计算定积分22sin arctan x x e dx ππ-⎰.六、(本题满分6分)设某产品的需求函数为()Q Q p =,收益函数为R pQ =,其中p 为产品价格,Q 为需求量(产品的产量),()Q p 为单调减函数.如果当价格为0p ,对应产量为0Q 时,边际收益00Q Q dR a dQ ==>,收益对价格的边际效应0p p dRc dp==<,需求对价格的弹性1p E b =>.求0p 和0Q .七、(本题满分5分)设()f x 在区间[,]a b 上连续,在(,)a b 内可导.证明：在(,)a b 内至少存在一点ξ,使()()()()bf b af a f f b aξξξ-'=+-.八、(本题满分9分)求二元函数2(,)(4)z f x y x y x y ==--在由直线6x y +=、x 轴和y 轴所围成的闭区域D 上的极值、最大值与最小值.九、(本题满分8分)对于线性方程组1231231233,2,2.x x x x x x x x x λλλλ++=-⎧⎪++=-⎨⎪++=-⎩ 讨论λ取何值时,方程组无解、有惟一解和有无穷多组解.在方程组有无穷多组解时,试用其导出组的基础解系表示全部解.十、(本题满分8分)设三阶矩阵A 满足(1,2,3)i i A i i αα==,其中列向量1(1,2,2)T α=,2(2,2,1)T α=-, 3(2,1,2)T α=--.试求矩阵A .十一、(本题满分8分)假设一厂家生产的每台仪器,以概率0.70可以直接出厂；以概率0.30需进一步调试,经调试后以概率0.80可以出厂；以概率0.20定为不合格品不能出厂.现该厂新生产了(2)n n ≥台仪器(假设各台仪器的生产过程相互独立).求：(1) 全部能出厂的概率α；(2) 其中恰好有两台不能出厂的概率β； (3) 其中至少有两台不能出厂的概率θ.十二、(本题满分7分)假设随机变量X 服从参数为2的指数分布.证明：21X Y e -=-在区间(0,1)上服从均匀分布.1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】2【解析】等式左端是1∞型未定式求极限,11lim lim 1xx x x x e x x ααα⋅→∞→∞+⎛⎫⎛⎫=+= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,等式右端是求一个定积分,可以用分部积分法求得. (1)t t t ttte dt tde e dt te e e ααααααα-∞-∞-∞-∞-∞=-=-=-⎰⎰⎰.由题设有(1)e e ααα=-,解得2α=.【相关知识点】分部积分公式：假定()u u x =与()v v x =均具有连续的导函数,则,uv dx uv u vdx ''=-⎰⎰ 或者 .udv uv vdu =-⎰⎰(2)【答案】2y xyf x ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭【解析】根据复合函数求导法则,可得22x y y y y y y z yf xyf yf f x x x x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫'''=+⋅-=-⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭, 1y y y y y z xf xyf xf yf x x x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫'''=+⋅=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭. 所以 222x y y y y y y yf y f xyf y f yf x x x x x xz yz x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫''-++= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭'⎝⎭⎝'+⎭=.【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则：(())y f x ϕ=的导数为(())()y f x f x ϕ'''=. (3)【答案】x x e C ++【解析】在(ln )1f x x '=+中令ln x t =,则()1t f t e '=+,从而()()1()t t x f t e dt t e C f x x e C =+=++⇒=++⎰.(4)【答案】100122010345⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭【解析】由AA A E *=,有A A E A *=,故()1AA A-*=. 而 10022010345A ==,所以 ()1100122010345A A A -*⎛⎫⎪== ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭. (5)【答案】16【解析】 011()(1)(1)0EX xf x dx x x dx x x dx +∞-∞-==++-=⎰⎰⎰,01222211()(1)(1)6EX x f x dx x x dx x x dx +∞-∞-==++-=⎰⎰⎰, ()2216DX EX EX =-=. 【相关知识点】连续型随机变量的数学期望和方差的定义：(),EX x f x dx +∞-∞=⋅⎰22()()()D X E X E X =-.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】(D)【解析】因 0(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)limlimx x f x f f x f f x x xx→→+---'==--00(1)(1)lim(1)(1)2lim 2,2x x f f x xf f x x →→--=--==-所以应选(D).(2)【答案】(A)【解析】由计算知111arcsin x π--==⎰,222111ln ln ln 2dx x x x +∞+∞=-=⎰,且泊松积分20x e dx +∞-=⎰故应选(A).注：对于本题选项(A),由于当0x =时sin 0x =,故在积分区间[1,1]-中0x =是瑕点,反常积分111sin dx x-⎰应分解为两个反常积分之和: 101110111sin sin sin dx dx dx x x x --=+⎰⎰⎰,而且111sin dx x -⎰收敛的充要条件是两个反常积分011sin dx x -⎰与101sin dx x⎰都收敛. 由于广义积分 11001ln tan sin 2x dx x ⎛⎫==+∞ ⎪⎝⎭⎰, 即101sin dx x ⎰发散,故111sin dx x-⎰发散. 在此不可误以为1sin x是奇函数,于是1110sin dx x -=⎰,从而得出它是收敛的错误结论. (3)【答案】(C)【解析】利用矩阵乘法的分配律、结合律,有()()222T T T T T T AB E E E αααααααααααα=-+=+--()2T T T E αααααα=+-.由于 120111(,0,,0,)222012ααT ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,所以T T AB E E αααα=+-=.故应选(C). (4)【答案】(D)【解析】()r A m =表示A 中有m 个列向量线性无关.有m 阶子式不等于零,并不是任意的,因此(A)、(B)均不正确.经初等变换可把A 化成标准形,一般应当既有初等行变换也有初等列变换,只有一种不一定能化为标准形.例如010001⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭,只用初等行变换就不能化成2(0)E 的形式,故(C)不正确.关于(D),因为A 为m n ⨯矩阵,且()r A m =,故增广矩阵的秩必为m ,那么()()r A r A m n ==<,所以方程组Ax b =必有无穷多组解,故选 (D). (5)【答案】(C) 【解析】由于2(,),XN μσ将此正态分布标准化,故()0,1X N μσ-,{}()1211X P X P .μμσσ⎧-⎫-<=<=Φ-⎨⎬⎩⎭计算看出概率{}P X μσ-<的值与σ大小无关.所以本题应选(C).三、(本题满分6分)【解析】这是一道讨论分段函数在分界点处的连续性和可导性的问题.一般要用连续性与可导性的定义并借助函数在分界点处的左极限与右极限以及左导数和右导数.222000122(1cos )2lim ()lim lim 1x x x x x f x x x ---→→→⋅-===, 220cos cos lim ()limlim 11xx x x t dt x f x x+++→→→===⎰, 故(00)(00)(0)f f f +=-=,即()f x 在0x =处连续.2004222001cos 1()(0)(0)lim lim 01cos cos 12lim lim lim 0,22x x x xx x x t dt f x f xf x xx t dt x x x x x++++++→→→→→--'==----====⎰⎰2002320002(1cos )1()(0)(0)lim lim02(1cos )2sin 22(cos 1)lim lim lim 0.36x x x x x x f x f x f x xx x x x x x x x------→→→→→---'==-----==== 即(0)(0)0f f +-''==,故()f x 在0x =处可导,且(0)0f '=.四、(本题满分6分)【解析】当被积函数仅仅为反三角函数时,这种积分肯定要用分部积分法. 方法一：22(arcsin )(arcsin )x dx x x =-⎰2(arcsin )2arcsin x x =+⎰2(arcsin )2x x x dx =+-⎰2(arcsin )2.x x x x C =+-+方法二：令arcsin x u =,则2222222(arcsin )cos sin sin 2sin sin 2cos sin 2cos 2cos sin 2cos 2sin .x dx uudu u d uu u u udu u u ud uu u u u udu u u u u u C ===-=+=+-=+-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰五、(本题满分7分)【解析】(1)由要证的结论可知,应将左端积分化成[]0,a 上的积分,即00()()()()()()aaaaf xg x dx f x g x dx f x g x dx --=+⎰⎰⎰,再将0()()af xg x dx -⎰作适当的变量代换化为在[]0,a 上的定积分.方法一：由于 00()()()()()()a aaaf xg x dx f x g x dx f x g x dx --=+⎰⎰⎰,在0()()af xg x dx -⎰中令x t =-,则由:0x a -→,得:0t a →,且00()()()()()()()()()a aa af xg x dx f t g t d t f t g t dt f x g x dx -=---=-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰,所以 []00()()()()()()aa aaf xg x dx f x f x g x dx A g x dx -=+-=⎰⎰⎰. 方法二：在()()aaf xg x dx -⎰中令x t =-,则由:x a a -→,得:t a a →-,且()()()()()()()()()aaaaaaaf xg x dx f t g t d t f t g t dt f x g x dx ---=----=-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰.所以 1()()()()()()2aaa aa a f x g x dx f x g x dx f x g x dx ---⎡⎤=+-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰⎰[]01()()()()().22a aa a aA f x f x g x dx g x dx A g x dx --=+-==⎰⎰⎰(2)令()arctan x f x e =,()sin g x x =,可以验证()f x 和()g x 符合(1)中条件,从而可以用(1)中结果计算题目中的定积分. 方法一：取()arctan x f x e =,()sin g x x =,2a π=.由于()()arctan arctan x x f x f x e e -+-=+满足()22arctan arctan 011x xxxx xe e eee e----'+=+≡++, 故 arctan arctan x x e e A -+=. 令0x =,得2arctan12A A π=⇒=,即()()2f x f x π+-=.于是有2222sin arctan sin sin 222xx e dx x dx xdx πππππππ-===⎰⎰⎰.方法二：取()arctan x f x e =,()sin g x x =,2a π=,于是1()()arctan arctan2x x f x f x e e π+-=+=. (这里利用了对任何0x >,有1arctan arctan 2x x π+=) 以下同方法一.六、(本题满分6分)【解析】本题的关键在于p 和Q 之间存在函数关系,因此R pQ =既可看作p 的函数,也可看作Q 的函数,由此分别求出dR dp 及dR dQ,并将它们与弹性p p dQE Q dp =联系起来,进而求得问题的解.由()Q Q p =是单调减函数知0dQ dp <,从而需求对价格的弹性0p p dQE Q dp=<,这表明题设1p E b =>应理解为1p p E E b =-=>.又由()Q Q p =是单调减函数知存在反函数()p p Q =且1dp dQdQ dp=.由收益R pQ =对Q 求导,有 1(1)p dR dp p p Q p p p dQ dQ dQ E Q dp=+=+=+,从而001(1)Q Q dR p a dQ b ==-=,得01abp b =-.由收益R pQ =对p 求导,有(1)(1)p dR dQ p dQ Q p Q Q E dp dp Q dp=+=+=+, 从而 00(1)p p dR Q b c dp==-=,于是01c Q b=-.七、(本题满分5分)【解析】由于本题中要证的结论中出现了()()f f ξξξ'+,所以应考虑辅助函数()()F x xf x =.因为()()()F x f x xf x ''=+.令()()F x xf x =,则()F x 在[,]a b 上连续,在(,)a b 内可导,满足拉格朗日中值定理条件,从而在(,)a b 内至少存在一点ξ,使()()()F b F a F b aξ-'=-,即 ()()()()bf b af a f f b aξξξ-'=+-.八、(本题满分9分)【解析】首先在区域D 内求驻点.令2(832)0,(42)0,x y f xy x y f x x y '=--=⎧⎪⎨'=--=⎪⎩ 在D 内仅有唯一驻点(2,1).在点(2,1)处,有2(2,1)2(2,1)2(2,1)(2,1)(862)60,(2,1)(834)4,(2,1)28.xxxyyyA f y xy yB f x x xyC f x ''==--=-<''==--=-''==-=-于是2320B AC -=-<,因此点(2,1)是极大值点,且极大值(2,1)4f =.在D 的边界0(06)x y =≤≤和0(06)y x =≤≤上,(,)0f x y =. 在D 的边界6(06)x y x +=<<上,把6y x =-代入(,)f x y 可得22(6)(06)z x x x =-<<.由于004,6(4)04,046,x z x x x x <<<⎧⎪'=-==⎨⎪><<⎩所以点(4,2)是这段边界上z 的最小值点,最小值(4,2)64f =-.综合以上讨论知(,)f x y 在D 的边界上的最大值是0,最小值是(4,2)64f =-. 比较D 内驻点的函数值(2,1)4f =和(,)f x y 在D 的边界上的最大值和最小值可得(,)f x y 在D 上的最大值和最小值分别是max (,)(2,1)4Df x y f ==,min (,)(4,2)64Df x y f ==-.【相关知识点】1.驻点：凡是能使(,)0x f x y =,(,)0y f x y =同时成立的点00(,)x y 称为函数(,)z f x y =的驻点.具有偏导数的函数的极值点必定是驻点.但函数的驻点不一定是极值点.例如,点(0,0)是函数z xy =的驻点,但函数在该点并无极值. 2.判定一个驻点是否是极值点的定理：定理：设函数(,)z f x y =在点00(,)x y 的某邻域内连续且有一阶及二阶连续偏导数,又(,)0x f x y =,(,)0y f x y =,令000000(,),(,),(,)xx xy yy f x y A f x y B f x y C ===,则(,)f x y 在00(,)x y 处是否取得极值的条件如下：(1) 20AC B ->时具有极值,且当0A <时有极大值,当0A >时有极小值； (2) 20AC B -<时没有极值；(3) 20AC B -=时可能有极值,也可能没有极值,还需另作讨论. 3.具有二阶连续偏导数的函数(,)z f x y =的极值的求法如下：第一步：解方程组(,)0x f x y =,(,)0y f x y =,求得一切实数解,即可求得一切驻点.第二步：对于每一个驻点00(,)x y ,求出二阶偏导数的值A 、B 和C . 第三步：定出2AC B -的符号,按上述定理的结论判定00(,)f x y 是不是极值、是最大值还是最小值.九、(本题满分8分)【解析】对增广矩阵作初等行变换,有113112112112112113λλλλλλλλ--⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥-→-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦()()21121120110011001133002133λλλλλλλλλλλλ--⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥→--→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥----+--⎣⎦⎣⎦当1λ≠且2λ≠-时,()()3r A r A ,==方程组有唯一解. 当2λ=-时,()()23r A ,r A ,==方程组无解. 当1λ=时,()()1r A r A ,==方程组有无穷多组解. 其同解方程组为：1232x x x ++=-. 令230x x ==,得到特解(2,0,0)T α=-.令1231,1,0x x x =-==及1231,0,1x x x =-==得到导出组的基础解系()()12110101T T,,,,,.ηη=-=-因此,方程组的通解是1122,k k αηη++其中12k ,k 是任意常数.十、(本题满分8分)【解析】由(1,2,3)i i A i i αα= =知123,,ααα是矩阵A 的不同特征值的特征向量,它们线性无关.利用分块矩阵,有()()12312323A ,,,,.αααααα= 由123,,ααα线性无关,知矩阵()123,,ααα可逆,故()()112312323A ,,,,αααααα-=而 ()1112312212212212219212212,,ααα---⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=--=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦故 72033146122152243221093322621222233A .⎡⎤-⎢⎥-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=--⋅-=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎣⎦十一、(本题满分8分)【解析】对于新生产的每台仪器,设事件A 表示“仪器需要进一步调试”,B 表示“仪器能出厂”,则A =“仪器能直接出厂”,AB =“仪器经调试后能出厂”.且B A AB =,A 与AB 互不相容,应用加法公式与乘法公式,且由条件概率公式()(|)()(|)()()P AB P B A P AB P B A P A P A =⇒=⋅, 有 ()()()()070308094P B P A P A P B |A ....=+=+⨯=.设X 为所生产的n 台仪器中能出厂的台数,则X 服从二项分布()094B n,..由二项分布的概率计算公式,可得所求概率为(1) {}0.94n P X n α===；(2) {}22220.940.06;n n P X n C β-==-=⋅⋅(3){}{}{}121110.060.940.94n n P X n P X n P X n n θ-=≤-=-=--==-⨯-⋅【相关知识点】二项分布的概率计算公式：若(,)Y B n p ~,则{}(1)k k n k n P Y k C p p -==-, 0,1,,k n =.十二、(本题满分7分)【解析】要证明21X Y e -=-在区间(0,1)上服从均匀分布,只需证明随机变量Y 的概率密度()1010Y ,y ,f y ,<<⎧=⎨⎩其他，或证明Y 的分布函数为()110001Y ,y ,F y ,y ,y y .≥⎧⎪=<⎨⎪≤<⎩， 方法1：21x y e -=-是()0,+∞上的单调函数,且其反函数为()()1ln 1.2x h y y -==- 在区间(0,1)上()()1021h y .y '=≠-应用单调函数公式法,Y 的概率密度为()()()()010X Y h y f h y ,y ,f y ,⎧'⋅<<⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他，()()212011012100h y e,y ,,y ,y ,,-⎧<<<<⎧⎪-==⎨⎨⎩⎪⎩其他.其他，由计算可知()Y f y 恰是(0,1)上均匀分布的密度函数. 方法2：用分布函数法求Y 的分布函数.当0y ≤时,()0Y F y =；当1y ≥时,()1Y F y =；当01y <<时,()1ln 102y -->,(){}{}()211ln 12X Y F y P Y y P e y P X y -⎧⎫=≤=-≤=≤--⎨⎬⎩⎭()()12ln 121ln 112y X F y e y ⎡⎤---⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤=--=-=⎢⎥⎣⎦.计算可知Y 的分布函数为()110001Y ,y ,F y ,y ,y y .≥⎧⎪=<⎨⎪≤<⎩，上式恰好是区间(0,1)上均匀分布随机变量的分布函数.【相关知识点】一维均匀分布的定义：若连续型X 的概率密度为1, ,()0, a x b f x b a⎧≤≤⎪=-⎨⎪⎩其他,则称X 服从区间[,]a b 上的均匀分布.其分布函数为0, ,(), ,1, x a x a F x a x b b a <⎧⎪-⎪=≤≤⎨-⎪⎪⎩其他.。
贺银成历年真题
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第10章 2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题参考答案
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第1章 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第2章 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题参考答案
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第8章 2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题参考答案
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第9章 2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
第11章 2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题参考答案
2000年全国硕士 1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
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2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
第3章 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题参考答案
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合科目试题详细解答
1995年英语试题及答案
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。
——培根1995年英语试题及答案PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. Other thanC. better thanD. less than8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. atD. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as aA Bbusy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.C D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or denyAthat what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canA BCmake the difference between a full and an empty life.D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, thatA B Cman was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science areA B C careful in checking the accuracy of their reports.D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyA BCfor the people to have affected.D17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealthA Band happiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth toA Bpublic assistance and health than the United States does.C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projectsAwill account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protectB C our diminishing resources.D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely toA Bbecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.A. spaciousB. sophisticatedC. substantialD. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.A. entitled toB. involved inC. associated withD. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ____.A. dangerB. stakeC. lossD. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.A. wrongB. troubleC. faultD. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step into31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened witha likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.A. missingB. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field is climbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.A. at handB. in turnC. in conclusionD. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.A. stableB. rationalC. legalD. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of theSociety for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each tn)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required ( C) assumed ( D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue (C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of tc)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (c)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value inthe products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov-ern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known televisionpersonality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive----advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame. (C) Enhancing living standards.(B) Providing more jobs. (D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we seeour-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient ( B) considerate ( C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity (C) competitive spirit(B) academic acbievements (D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(B) he would have a lot of trouble (D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization of。
1995年考研英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world int0 which he is taken by the science fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?[A] attended[B] attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one.[A] rather than[B] other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyB lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areC too valuable to be wastedD.12. In debating, one must correct the opponent’sA facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny thatB whatC he presents as proof, unlessD relevant, is sufficient.13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichB work provides the psychological satisfaction thatC can make the differenceD between a full and an empty life.14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel, that man wasD Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.15. Accounts ofA scientific experiments are generally correct forB those write aboutC science are careful in checkingD the accuracy of their reports.16. whenever we hear ofA a natural disaster, evenB in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyC for the people to have affectedD.17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trustingB our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whomC very names the general public areD unfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forB an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do muchC to protect our diminishingD resources.20. If individuals are awakenedA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped22. A ________ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.[A] fatigued[B] tired[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run int0[C] abide by[D] step int031. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off[D] let out35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary.[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go int0 it ________, but he gave us an idea about his plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state.[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credible Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Sleep is divided int0 periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. （41） kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is （42） to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more （43）. The new experiments, such as those （44） for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations （45）of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep （46） is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, （47） examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now （48） the mystery of why the animals die. The rats （49） bacterial infections of the blood, （50） their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease --had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if only Section III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer onANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change int0 B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencing Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences int0 Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.”[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1995年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. [D]2. [A]3. [B]4. [D]5. [B]。
1995考研数一真题答案及详细解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】6e【解析】这是1∞型未定式求极限,2123sin 3sin 0lim(13)lim(13)x xx xx x x x ⋅⋅→→+=+,令3x t =,则当0x →时,0t →,所以1130lim(13)lim(1)xtx t x t e →→+=+=,故00266lim6lim6sin sin sin sin 0lim(13)lim x x x x x xxx xx x x eeee →→→→+====.(2)【答案】2224cos 2cos xt dt x x -⎰【解析】()220022cos cos x x d d x t dt x t dt dx dx=⎰⎰()()20222cos cos 2xt dt x x x =-⋅⎰20224cos 2cos xt dt x x =-⎰.【相关知识点】积分上限函数的求导公式：()()()()()()()()()x x d f t dt f x x f x x dx βαββαα''=-⎰.(3)【答案】4【解析】利用向量运算律有[()()]()a b b c c a +⨯+⋅+ [()]()[()]()a b b c a a b c c a =+⨯⋅+++⨯⋅+ ()()()()a b b b c a a c b c c a =⨯+⨯⋅++⨯+⨯⋅+ (其中0b b ⨯=)()()()()a b c a b a a c c b c a =⨯⋅+⨯⋅+⨯⋅+⨯⋅ ()()a b c b c a =⨯⋅+⨯⋅ ()()4a b c a b c =⨯⋅+⨯⋅=.【解析】令212(3)n n n nn a x -=+-,则当n →∞时,有2(1)1111212211112(3)limlim2(3)23(1)311lim ,323(1)3n n n n n n n nn nnn n n n n n n x a a n xn x x n +-+++→∞→∞-+→∞++++-=+-⎡⎤⎛⎫+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭+⎢⎥⎣⎦=⋅⋅=⎡⎤⎛⎫+-⎢⎥⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦而当2113x <时,幂级数收敛,即||x <2113x >时,即||x >时,此幂级数发散,因此收敛半径为R =(5)【答案】300020001⎛⎫⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭【解析】在已知等式16A BA A BA -=+两边右乘以1A -,得16A B E B -=+,即1()6A E B E --=.因为1300040007A -⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,所以116()6B A E --=-=1200030006-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭=300020001⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】(C)【解析】这是讨论直线L 的方向向量与平面∏的法向量的相互关系问题.直线L 的方向向量132281477(42)2110i jk l i j k i j k ⎛⎫ ⎪==-+-=--+ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭,平面∏的法向量42n i j k =-+,l n ,L ⊥∏.应选(C).(2)【答案】(B)【解析】由()0f x ''>可知()f x '在区间[0,1]上为严格单调递增函数,故(1)()(0),(01)f f x f x '''>> <<由微分中值定理,(1)(0)(),(01)f f f ξξ'-=<<.所以(1)(1)(0)()(0)f f f f f ξ'''>-=>,(01)ξ<<故应选择(B).(3)【答案】(A)【解析】由于利用观察法和排除法都很难对本题作出选择,必须分别验证充分条件和必要条件.充分性:因为(0)0f =,所以000()(1sin )()(0)()()(0)limlim lim lim (0)x x x x f x x F x F f x f x f f x x x x →→→→+--'====,由此可得()F x 在0x =处可导.必要性:设()F x 在0x =处可导,则()sin f x x ⋅在0x =处可导,由可导的充要条件知00()sin ()sin limlim x x f x xf x xxx-+→→⋅⋅=.①根据重要极限0sin lim1x xx→=,可得sin sin lim lim 1x x x x xx --→→=-=-,00sin sin lim lim 1x x x xx x++→→==,②结合①,②,我们有(0)(0)f f =-,故(0)0f =.应选(A).(4)【答案】(C)【解析】这是讨论1nn u∞=∑与21nn u∞=∑敛散性的问题.11(1)ln 1nn n n u ∞∞==⎛=-+ ⎝∑∑是交错级数,显然ln(1单调下降趋于零,由莱布尼兹判别法知,该级数收敛.正项级数2211ln 1n n n u ∞∞==⎛=+ ⎝∑∑中,2221ln 1~n u n ⎛=+= ⎝.根据正项级数的比较判别法以及11n n∞=∑发散,21n n u ∞=⇒∑发散.因此,应选(C).【相关知识点】正项级数的比较判别法：设1n n u ∞=∑和1n n v ∞=∑都是正项级数,且lim,nn nv A u →∞=则⑴当0A <<+∞时,1nn u∞=∑和1nn v∞=∑同时收敛或同时发散；⑵当0A =时,若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn v∞=∑收敛；若1nn v∞=∑发散,则1nn u∞=∑发散；⑶当A =+∞时,若1nn v∞=∑收敛,则1nn u∞=∑收敛；若1nn u∞=∑发散,则1nn v∞=∑发散.(5)【答案】(C)【解析】1P 是交换单位矩阵的第一、二行所得初等矩阵,2P 是将单位矩阵的第一行加到第三行所得初等矩阵；而B 是由A 先将第一行加到第三行,然后再交换第一、二行两次初等交换得到的,因此12PP A B =,故应选(C).三、(本题共2小题,每小题5分,满分10分.)(1)【解析】这实质上已经变成了由方程式确定的隐函数的求导与带抽象函数记号的复合函数求导相结合的问题.先由方程式2(,,)0yx e z ϕ=,其中sin y x =确定()z z x =,并求dz dx.将方程两边对x 求导得1232cos 0y dzx e x dxϕϕϕ'''⋅+⋅+⋅=,解得()12312cos y dz x e x dxϕϕϕ''=-⋅+⋅'.①现再将(,,)u f x y z =对x 求导,其中sin y x =,()z z x =,可得123cos du dzf f x f dx dx'''=+⋅+⋅.将①式代入得()213321cos 12cos y du f f x f dxx e x ϕϕϕ'''=+⋅-⋅''⋅+⋅'.【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则：如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u v f f x u x v x x x ∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂；12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂.(2)【解析】方法一：用重积分的方法.将累次积分11()()xI dx f x f y dy =⎰⎰表成二重积分()()D I f x f y dxdy =⎰⎰,其中D 如右图所示.交换积分次序1()()yI dy f x f y dx =⎰⎰.由于定积分与积分变量无关,改写成10()()xI dx f y f x dy =⎰⎰.⇒11102()()()()xxI dx f x f y dy dx f x f y dy=+⎰⎰⎰⎰111120()()()().dx f x f y dy f x dx f y dy A ===⎰⎰⎰⎰⇒212I A =.方法二：用分部积分法.注意()1()()xdf y dy f x dx=-⎰,将累次积分I 写成()()()111111212()()()()11().22xxxx xx I f x f y dy dx f y dyd f y dy f y dy A ====-=-=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰四、(本题共2小题,每小题6分,满分12分.)(1)【解析】将曲面积分I 化为二重积分(,)xyD I f x y dxdy =⎰⎰.首先确定被积函数(,)f x y ==对锥面z =而言,=.xyOD1y x=其次确定积分区域即∑在xOy 平面的投影区域xyD (见右图),按题意：22:2xy D x y x +≤,即22(1)1x y -+≤.xyD I =⎰⎰.作极坐标变换cos ,sin x r y r θθ==,则:02cos ,22xy D r ππθθ≤≤-≤≤,因此2cos 2cos 3220213I d r rdr r d θππθπθθ-=⋅==⎰.(2)【解析】这就是将()f x 作偶延拓后再作周期为4的周期延拓.于是得()f x 的傅氏系数：0(1,2,3,)n b n == 2002200222220222()cos 2(1)cos 222(1)sin sin 2244cos((1)1)28,21,(21)1,2,3,0,2,ln n n x n a f x dx l x xdxl l n n x d x xdx n n n x n n n k k k n k ππππππππππ==-=-=-==---⎧=-⎪-==⎨⎪=⎩⎰⎰⎰⎰ 2222000021()(1)(1)022a f x dx x dx x ==-=-=⎰⎰.由于(延拓后)()f x 在[2,2]-分段单调、连续且(1)1f -=.于是()f x 有展开式22181(21)()cos ,[0,2](21)2n n f x x x n ππ∞=-=-∈-∑.五、(本题满分7分)【解析】设点M 的坐标为(,)x y ,则M 处的切线方程为()Y y y X x '-=-.令0X =,得Y y xy '=-,切线与y 轴的交点为(0,)A y xy '-.由MA OA =,有y xy '=-.Oyx1xyD化简后得伯努利方程212,yy y x x '-=-()221y y x x'-=-.令2z y =,方程化为一阶线性方程()1z z x x'-=-.解得()z x c x =-,即22y cx x =-,亦即y =又由3322y ⎛⎫⎪⎭=⎝,得3c =,L的方程为3)y x =<<.六、(本题满分8分)【解析】在平面上LPdx Qdy +⎰与路径无关(其中,P Q 有连续偏导数),⇔P Qy x∂∂=∂∂,即2Qx x∂=∂.对x 积分得2(,)()Q x y x y ϕ=+,其中()y ϕ待定.代入另一等式得对t ∀,()()(,1)(1,)(0,0)2(0)2,0()()22t t xydx dy xydx d x y y x y ϕϕ+=+++⎰⎰.①下面由此等式求()y ϕ.方法一：易求得原函数()()()222202()()2(()()).yyxydx dy ydx dyd x y dd x y x s d x dy y s s y ds ϕϕϕϕ+=+=+=+++⎰⎰于是由①式得()()(,1)(1,)2200(0,0)(0,0)()()t t y yx y ds x y d s s sϕϕ+=+⎰⎰.即1200()()tt ds t ds s s ϕϕ+=+⎰⎰,亦即21()ts t t ds ϕ=+⎰.求导得)2(1t t ϕ=+,即()21t t ϕ=-.因此2(,)21Q x y x y =+-.方法二：取特殊的积分路径：对①式左端与右端积分分别取积分路径如下图所示.于是得()()12()1()t tdy dy y y ϕϕ+=+⎰⎰.OxyOyxt(,1)t 1(1,)t即12()()tt dy t dy y y ϕϕ+=+⎰⎰,亦即21()ty t t dy ϕ=+⎰.其余与方法一相同.七、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)反证法.假设(,)c a b ∃∈,使()0g c =.则由罗尔定理,1(,)a c ξ∃∈与2(,),c b ξ∈使12()()0g g ξξ''==；从而由罗尔定理,12(,)(,)a b ξξξ∃∈⊂,()0g ξ''=.这与()0g x ''≠矛盾.(2)证明本题的关键问题是：“对谁使用罗尔定理？”换言之,“谁的导数等于零？”这应该从所要证明的结果来考察.由证明的结果可以看出本题即证()()()()f x g x f x g x ''''-在(,)a b 存在零点.方法一：注意到()()()()()()()()()f x g x f x g x f x g x f x g x '''''''-=-,考察()()()()f x g x f x g x ''''-的原函数,令()()()()()x f x g x f x g x ϕ''=-,()x ϕ⇒在[,]a b 可导,()()0a b ϕϕ==.由罗尔定理,(,)a b ξ∃∈,使()0ϕξ'=.即有()()()()0f g f g ξξξξ''''-=,亦即()()()()f fg g ξξξξ''=''.方法二：若不能像前面那样观察到()()()()f x g x f x g x ''''-的原函数,我们也可以用积分来讨论这个问题：[]()()()()(?)()()()()?f x g x f x g x f x g x f x g x dx '''''''''-=⇔-=⎰.[]()()()()()()()()f xg x f x g x dx f x dg x g x df x ''''''-=-⎰⎰⎰()()()()()()()()f x g x g x f x dx f x g x f x g x dx ⎡⎤⎡⎤''''''=---⎣⎦⎣⎦⎰⎰()()()()f x g x f x g x ''=-(取0C =).令()()()()()x f x g x f x g x ϕ''=-,其余与方法一相同.八、(本题满分7分)【解析】设对应于231λλ==的特征向量为123(,,)Tx x x ξ=,因为A 为实对称矩阵,且实对称矩阵的不同特征值所对应的特征向量相互正交,故10Tξξ=,即230x x +=.解之得23(1,0,0),(0,1,1)T T ξξ==-.于是有123112233(,,)(,,)A ξξξλξλξλξ=,所以1112233123(,,)(,,)A λξλξλξξξξ-=1010010100101101001101101010-⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪=-=- ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭.九、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法一：根据TAA E =有|||||()|||||||||T T A E A AA A E A A E A A A E +=+=+=+=+,移项得(1||)||0A A E -+=.因为0A <,故1||0A ->.所以||0A E +=.方法二：因为()TTTTA E A AA A E A E A +=+=+=+,所以A E A E A +=+,即(1||)||0A A E -+=.因为0A <,故1||0A ->.所以||0A E +=.十、填空题(本题共2小题,每小题3分,满分6分.)(1)【解析】由题设,因为是独立重复实验,所以X 服从10,0.4n p ==的二项分布.由二项分布的数学期望和方差计算公式,有()4,()(1) 2.4E X np D X np p ===-=,根据方差性质有22()()[()]18.4E X D X E X =+=.(2)【解析】令{0},{0}A X B Y =<=<,则{max(,)0}1{max(,)0}1{0,0}P X Y P X Y P X Y ≥=-<=-<<.由概率的广义加法公式()()()()P A B P A P B P AB =+- ,有{max(,)0}1[1()]()()()()P X Y P AB P A B P A p B P AB ≥=--=+=+-4435.7777=+-=十一、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法1：用分布函数法先求Y 的分布函数()Y F y .当1y ≤时,()0;Y F y =当1y >时,(){}()X Y F y P Y y P e y =≤=≤{}ln P X y =≤ln ln 011,yy x xe dx e y--==-=-⎰所以由连续型随机变量的概率密度是分布函数的微分,得21, 1,()()0, 1.Y Y y yf y F y y ⎧>⎪'==⎨⎪≤⎩或者直接将ln 0yxe dx -⎰对y 求导数得ln ln 2011.y x y d e dx e dy y y--==⎰方法2：用单调函数公式直接求Y 的概率密度.由于xy e =在()0,+∞内单调,其反函数()ln x h y y ==在()1,+∞内可导且其导数为10y x y'=≠,则所求概率密度函数为()()()()ln 1,1,,1,0, 1.0,1.yX Y e y h y f h y y y f y y y -⎧⎧'⋅>⋅>⎪⎪==⎨⎨≤⎪⎪⎩≤⎩21, 1,0, 1.y y y ⎧>⎪=⎨⎪≤⎩【相关知识点】对积分上限的函数的求导公式：若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.。
英语三级历年真题试题及答案
1995年北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The market is a concept. If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard for sale you are producing for the market. You might sell some to your neighbor and some to the manager of the local supermarket. If people stop buying tomatoes, you will stop producing them.If you bake care of a sick person to earn money, you are producing for the market. If your father is a steelworker or a truck driver or a doctor or a grocer, he is producing goods or service for the market.When you spend your income, you are buying things from the market. You may spend money in stores, supermarkets, gas stations, and restaurants. Still you are buying from the market. When the local grocer hires you to drive the delivery truck, he is buying your labor in the labor market. The market may seem to be something abstract. But for each person or businessman who is making and selling something, it’s very real. If nobody buys your tomatoes, it won’t be long before you get the message. The market is telling you something. It’s telling you that you are using energies and resources in doing something the market doesn’t want you to do.1.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.Selling and BuyingB.What Is the Market?C.Everything you Do is Producing for the MarketD.What Can the Market Do for You?2.All of the following acts are producing for the market EXCEPT ____.A.working in a bankB.printing a bookC.attending a night schoolD.growing beans for sale3.You are buying form the market when you ____.A.borrow a book from the libraryB.look after your childrenC.drive to the seaside for a holidayD.dine at a restaurant4.The word “real” in the last paragraph may most probably mean ____.A. seriousB. importantC. trueD. concrete5.In what way is the market very real for each person or businessman who is making andselling something?A.It tells you what to produce.B.It tells you how to grow tomatoes.C.It provides you with everything you need.D.It helps you save money.Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:England is not a big country; from north to south and from east to west it is only about three hundred miles across. But for a small country it has a surprising range of climate. People who have never visited England, or who have visited only one part of it, often make the mistake of thinking that it is a cold and wet country. Except for the summer months of June to September, this is probably true of the north of England and the Midlands. In the south, however, the climate is much more pleasant. One result is that when people retire from a job in the north they often prefer to move down to the milder south.Perhaps the warmest part of the country is the southwest, which consists of the counties of Devon and Cornwall. The warm Gulf Stream flows across the North Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico and makes the coastal regions of the southwest quite warm. Palm trees, bamboo(竹) and many semitropical (亚热带的) plants grow well in the southwest of England. Flowers and vegetables ripen (成熟) as much as month earlier than those elsewhere. Farmers in the area obtain a higher price for their vegetables and flowers because they are ready earlier. In winter there may be several feet of snow in other parts of England but there will probably be no snow at all in the southwest. This may be one of the reasons why the southwest is one of England’s most popular holiday areas.6. The distance from the center of England to the south coast is about ____.A.one hundred milesB.threes hundred milesC.one hundred and fifty milesD.six hundred miles7. England is a country ____.A.with a cold and wet climateB.with a surprising climatesC.with a pleasant climateD.with a variety of climates8. According to the passage, _____.A.flowers and vegetables from Devon are on the market one month earlierB.farmers in the southwest grow as many vegetables and flowers as farmers elsewhereC.people in the southwest have to pay a higher price for vegetables and flowersD.vegetables in Cornwall ripen as much as a month earlier than flowers9. In the north of England and the Midlands, ____.A.it is cold and wet all the year roundB.the climate is pleasant as a wholeC.it is warm most of the time in a yearD.only the summer is not cold and wet10. In winter, people in Devon and Cornwall ____.A.seldom see snowB.never see any snowC.may have several feet of snowD.often see snowPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Are you worried by the rising crime rate? If you are then you probably know that your house, possessions and person are increasingly in danger of suffering from the tremendous rise in the cases of burglary (盗窃) and assault (袭击) .Figures indicate an ever-increasing crime rate, but it is only too easy to imagine “ It will never happen to me”. Unfortunately, statistics show that it really can happen to you and, if you live in a large city, you run twice the risk of being a victim.Fortunately, there is something definite which you can do. Protect Alarms can help to protect your house with a burglar alarm system which is effective, simple to operate and easily affordable.You must remember that possessing a burglar alarm is no indication that your house is packed with valuable possessions. It quite simple indicates to unwelcome visitors that yours is one house they will not break into easily, so they carry on to an unprotected house where their job is made a lot easier.Send now for our free leaflet (小册子) telling you how we can Protect Alarm your house quickly, easily and cheaply. Complete and tear off the slip below and post it to us. Postage is free. Alternatively, telephone us at 3276721 where we have around-the-clock answering service. It costs nothing to find out about Protect Alarms.11. Anyone who takes an interest in the crime rate will, according to the text, be aware that ____.A.more burglars are being caught than ever beforeB.people have more possessions to worry about nowadaysC.burglars are more at risk than they used toD.homes are more likely to be broken into than before12. I seems that people who live in cities are ____.A.more likely to fall victim to burglary than those living in the countryB.of the opinion that statistics on robbery is wrongC.twice as well-off as people living in the countryD.convinced that burglars only rob unprotected houses13. The writer of this text wants to give the impression that the Protect Alarms system is ____.A. elementaryB. everlastingC. experimentalD. economical14. The article claims that possessing an alarm system will ____.A.show burglars that you have nothing worth stealingB.warn burglars not to break into your houseC.make the burglars’ undertaking more complicatedD.persuade burglars to try coming another time15. The purpose of the article is ____.A.to warn people against the danger of the rising crime rateB.to help people to protect their housesC.to persuade people to buy somethingD.to discourage the burglarsPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the early post-war era (战后时期), there was a quite widespread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem. People tend to be over-trusting (过分信任) of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed, they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or that a computer may simply malfunction (失灵).Obviously, there would be no point in investing (投入) in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. May be each computer should come with the following warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.16. What is the main purpose of this passage?A.To look back to the early days of computers.B.To explain what technical problems may occur with computer.C.To discourage unnecessary investment in computer.D.To warn against the blindness to the probable shortcomings of computer.17. The passage recommends those dealing with computers to ____.A.be reasonably doubtful about themB.check all their answersC.substitute them for basic thinkinge them for business purpose only18. An “internal computer” (para.2) is ____ .A. a computer used exclusively by one company for its own problems.B. a person’s store of knowledge and the ability to process itC.the most up-to date in-home computer a company can buyD. a computer from the post-war era which is very reliable19. The passage suggests that the present-day problem with regard to computers is ____.A. challengingB. psychologicalC. dramaticD. over-trusting20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would disapprove of ____.puter-science courses in high schoolsB.businessmen and women who use pocket calculatorsC.maintenance (继续不断) checks on computerspanies which depend entirely on computers for decision-makingPart II Vocabulary and Structure (40%)Directions: In this part, there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.21. Let’s go to the cinema tonight. I ____ for you at the gate.A. waitB. shall waitC. am waitingD. shall have waited22. Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house ____ so well.A. to be decoratedB. to decorateC. be decoratedD. decorating23. The United States is composed of fifty states, two of ____ are separated from the other by land or water.A. themB. thatC. whichD. those24. The chemistry class ___ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on25. By the time Juan gets home, his aunt ____.A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have leftD. is leaving26. The disease ____ his mind so that he lost his memory.A. effectedB. impressedC. affectedD. hurt27. The new English dictionary I bought yesterday ____ me almost twenty yuan.A. spentB. paidC. costD. took28. In fact he had done ____ he could to help the poor.A. whatB. whichC. asD. all which29. They discussed the problem three of four times, but could come to no ____.A. endB. conclusionC. resultD. judgment30. She is very careful. She ____ very few mistakes in her work.A. doesB. takesC. makesD. gets31. When he was set free after twenty years in prison, he was amazed ____ the changes he found.A. atB. inC. onD. to32. At the beginning of this term, our history professor ____ a list of books for us to read.A. passed onB. fished outC. handed inD. made out33. Don’t ___ the camera ____ unless you are sure you can put it toget her.A. take … offB. work … outC. set … offD. take … apart34. At first I thought that math problem would be rather difficult, but it ____ to be fairly easy.A. turned outB. turned upC. turned onD. turned over35. ____ makes men different from the other animals is that they can think and speak.A. ThatB. The thingC. AllD. What36. We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, ____ completely waterproof.A. no of whichB. none of whichC. some of thatD. neither of which37. She was sitting in an armchair ____ a book.A. readingB. to readC. to be readingD. to have read38. I would ask George to lend us the money if I ____ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. newD. to have read39. I’m feeling sick. I ____ so much chocolate.A. needn’t have eatenB. couldn’t have eatenC. mustn’t have eatenD. shouldn’t have eaten40. While he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg ____.A. brokeB. breakC. brokenD. breaking41. He was last seen in public on the ____ of his daughter’s wedding.A. chanceB. occasionC. eventD. affair42. Please keep an eye on my luggage, and I’ll be back ____.A. in timeB. in no timeC. at one timeD. at a time43. Such a skilled tennis player knows how to take ____ of his opponent’s (对手) chief weakness.A. useB. advantageC. utilityD. chance44. It is impossible to live in society and be independent ____ society.A. onB. fromC. inD. of45. She scarcely cares for anything, ____ ?A. doesn’t sheB. does sheC. is sheD. isn’t she46. There is an old saying which goes, “Never ____ until tomorrow what you can do today.”A. put asideB. put upC. put offD. put away47. His car broke down when he was only ____ home.A. a half wayB. halfwayC. half a wayD. halfway to48. The patient’s progress was very encouraging as he could ____ get out of bed without help.A. nearlyB. onlyC. merelyD. barely49. He has ____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into50. He has made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to science.A. which I think it isB. of which I think it isC. I think which isD. which I think is51. That field ____ a good crop of potatoes last year.A. plantedB. grewC. raisedD. yielded52. I am ____ of the same old breakfast every morning.A. worn outB. tiredC. illD. exhausted53. John suggested ____ anything about it until they found out more facts.A. not to sayB. saying notC. to say notD. not saying54. You’ve already missed too many classes this term. You ____ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed55. Mr. Smith promised me a good position and ____.A. to pay me a fair salaryB. a fair salaryC. paying me a fair salaryD. pay the a fair salary56. How far was he ____ for what had happened?A. reliableB. respectiveC. responsibleD. provided57. Not until Columbus discovered America ____ to Europe.A. bananas were broughtB. bananas broughtC. are bananas broughtD. were bananas brought58. He said he was quite satisfied ____ my progress.A. withB. toC. onD. at59. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ____ the same language?A. spokeB. speakC. had spokenD. will speak60. Your comments ____ my work have proved to be helpful.A. inB. for C on D againstPart III Identification (10%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is not correct. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.61 In his latest article, the reporter criticized the way which the racial problem was being handledA B C D62.If you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different understandingA B Cof the events described in it.D63. If the experiment succeeds or fails, it will provide us with valuable experience, which isA B Cessential to improving our future work.D64. It was through his uncle’s influence which Philip obtained his position with the biggest oilA B C Dcompany in the country.65. It was during the 1990’s that the friendship between Edward and Jeremy reached their highestA B C D point.66. George and his brother have a little in common except that they share the same interest inA B C D playing football.67. You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because there’s hardly something left.A B C D68. I came here three and a half months ago. I think I have made a good progress in English.A B C D69. When we walked past the theater, there were a lot of people waited in a long line outside theA B Cbox office.D70. Our football team feels proud of that it has won every match this year.A B C DPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: T here are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.Let me tell you a story about Bert and Mildred Bumbridge, who used to be very ____ .for example, Mildred would forget to cook dinner, of Bert would ___ up for work on Sunday ___ it was Monday. One summer they ___ to take a long plane trip. What do ___ suppose happened? Well, they got ___ the airport with only ten minutes to ___. So time was short. In that situation anyone would ___ the plane right away. But not Mr. and Mrs. Bumbridge. They just had to buy some flight insurance ___. All in all, who knows what will happen ___ a plane flight? They quickly put some coins into a machine and ___ came their insurance policy. “ Who ___ get the money if we ___ , I wonder?” asked Mildred. “My mother, of course,” her husband ___. “We’ll mail the policy to her. Now quickly give me a stamp, ___ you?” he said. “The plane’s going to ___ off in another minute.” Bert put the stamp on the envelope, ___ it in the mailbox, and ___ began to cry. What happened, ___ you suppose? He had mailed their ___ to his mother!71. A. careless B. forgetful C. indifferent D. loose72. A. step B. stand C. show D. set73. A. thinking B. neglecting C. ignoring D. overlooking74. A. occurred B. appeared C. were D. supposed75. A. they B. it C. I D. you76. A. into B. on C. to D. at77. A. spare B. exist C. keep D. remain78. A. abroad B. broad C. aboard D. board79. A. primarily B. first C. earliest D. firstly80. A. in B. on C. at D. with81. A. on B. off C. down D. out82. A. must B. would C. may D. should83. A. crash B. crack C. crush D. creep84. A. relied B. related C. replied D. responded85. A. do B. will C. should D. won’t86. A. put B. take C. dive D. rise87. A. dropped B. drop C. dropping D. drops88. A. immediately B. quickly C. suddenly D. sooner89. A. may B. will C. did D. do90. A. stamp B. tickets C. passports D. envelope1995年6月1~5BCDDA 6~10CDADA 11~15DADCC 16~20DABDD 21~25BACAC26~30CCABC 31~35ADDAD 36~40BAADC 41~45BBBDB 46~50CBACD51~55DBDAB 56~60CDAAC 61~65CBABC 66~70ADDBB 71~75BCACD76~80CADBB 81~85DDACB 86~90BACDB。