chapter1 0.
chapter1 量子力学基础知识习题解答
λ/nm
v /1014 s−1
312.5 9.59
365.0 8.21
404.7 7.41
546.1 5.49
Ek/10-19J
3.41
2.56
1.95
0.75
由表中数据作图，示于图 1.2 中
由式 hν = hν 0 + Ek 推知
E /10-19J k
4 3 2 1 0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ν/1014g-1
= 9.403×10-11m
(3) λ = h = h p 2meV
=
6.626 ×10−34 J ⋅ s
2× 9.109 ×10−31kg ×1.602×10−19 C × 300V
= 7.08×10−11m
4
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
【1.5】用透射电子显微镜摄取某化合物的选区电子衍射图，加速电压为 200kV，计算电子 加速后运动时的波长。
算符：作用对象是函数，作用后函数变为新的函数。 线性算符：作用到线性组合的函数等于对每个函数作用后的线性组合的算 符。
1
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
Aˆ (c1ψ1 + c2ψ 2 ) = c1Aˆψ1 + c2 Aˆψ 2
∫ ∫ 自厄算符：满足
ψ
* 2
(
Aˆψ
1
)dτ
=
ψ 2 ( Aˆψ1)*dτ 的算符。
【1.8】电视机显象管中运动的电子，假定加速电压为 1000V，电子运动速度的不确定度 ∆v
为 v 的 10%，判断电子的波性对荧光屏上成像有无影响？
解：在给定加速电压下，由不确定度关系所决定的电子坐标的不确定度为：
∆x = h =
Chapter1第1章
1.2 组织行为学的研究内容
个体心理与行为 个体心理与行为 包括个人的态度、价值观、能力、气质、性格、 社会知觉、情绪以及工作压力等。 群体心理与行为 研究的主要内容包括群体构成、规范、角色、 团队建设和冲突、群体人际关系与信息沟通以 及领导等。 组织心理与行为 组织心理与行为 研究的主要内容包括组织结构与设计、组织变 革与发展以及组织文化等。
2. 组织行为学的产生和发展
2.1 组织行为学的理论基础
2.2 组织行为学的概念由来
2.3 组织行为学的理论发展
科学组织理论时期：组织行为学的准备阶段。 科学组织理论时期：组织行为学的准备阶段。
泰罗的组织理论
标准化作业管理和职能化组织设计
法约尔的组织理论
管理的五种职能，十四条组织管理原则
韦伯的组织理论
行为科学
行为科学创始于1949年，行为科学的原文有“单数” 和“复数”两种形式，也就有两种不同的含义： “单数”的行为科学指的是把行为科学直接视为一种管 理科学。《国际管理词典》的定义：“行为科学主要是 有关对工作环境中个人和群体的行为进行分析和解释的 心理学和社会学学说。……它强调的是试图创造出一种 最优工作环境，以使每个人既能为实现公司目标，又能 为实现个人目标有效地做出贡献。” “复数”的行为科学指行为科学不是一门单独的学科， 而是一个学科群。例如，美国《管理百科全书》（1982 年版）的定义是：“行为科学是包括类似运用自然科学 的实验的观察方法，研究在自然和社会环境中人和低等 动物的行为的任何科学。已经公认的学科有心理学、社 会人类学和其他学科中类似的观点和方法。”
传统型权威、魅力型权威和法理型权威
这一时期的组织行为理论在管理思想的历史里程 中第一次获得了科学的框架形式，尤其是在组织结构 的设计理论方面体现了20世纪初期的工业文明所要求 的时代水平，提出了丰富的组织原则和理论，形成了 初步的概念系统，它的科学精神、法制意识和极强调 组织效益的观念对未来组织行为学的新理论的建构以 及管理者组织领导的实践都具有深远的影响和极大的 意义。显然，准备时期的组织行为理论也必然具有历 史的局限性，它视人为生产工具，否定员工的人格尊 严和价值，认为人参加社会生产的目的仅在于以劳力 换取报酬；它忽视了人的心理层面对人的行为的影响， 表面看来，它对人的生理层面的研究是客观的和技术 性的，但并未真正挖掘到人的本质的层面；它忽视了 组织的动态的开放的方面，过多过杂地在组织的目标、 分工、岗位、责任、结构等静态的方面着墨。
1.Chapter1
1-4
LO1
Financial Management Decisions
• Capital budgeting
• What long-term investments or projects should the business take on?
• Capital structure
• How should we pay for our assets? • Should we use debt or equity?
• Maximize shareholder wealth • Maximize share price • Maximize firm value
1-12
LO4
The Agency Problem 1.4
• Agency relationship • Principal hires an agent to represent their interests • Stockholders (principals) hire managers (agents) to run the company • Agency problem • Conflicts of interest can exist between the principal and the agent • Agency costs • Direct agency costs • Indirect agency costs 1-13
• Corporate control
• The threat of a takeover may result in better management
• Conflicts with other stakeholders
Chapter0-1微积分序言
概念定义要弄清; 学习要求 —— 上海交大数学系编, 高等教育出版社, 2008
参考书 1) 《高等数学试题分析与解答》, 上海交大出版社, 2012 2) 《高等数学习题与精解》,上海交大出版社, 2005
贡献: 886本书和论文、平均每年 800多页论文、耗时47年整理其论著 领域: 分析、几何、力学、弹道学 Laplace: “读读欧拉, 他是我们所有 人的老师”！ 精神: 痴迷数学、失明17年! Euler (1707-1783)
第6版拾圆瑞士法郎
1957年苏联纪念邮票
微积分
微积分
为什么学习数学, 学习微积分?
数学是科学的大门和钥匙! — F. Bacon 微积分是数学的基础分支, 应用广泛! 培养计算能力和逻辑推理!
例 Fermat数 Fn 2 1 (n 0,1, 2, ) 为素数?
2n
F5 641 6700417 —— Euler
hard times CHAPTER1-01
Hard Times
by Charles Dickens
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
BOOK THE FIRST - SOWING
CHAPTER I - THE ONE THING NEEDFUL
'NOW, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing
pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts
stored inside. The speaker's obstinate carriage, square coat,
square legs, square shoulders, - nay, his very neckcloth, trained
but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else,
and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of
reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any
The speaker, and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person
present, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the
inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order,
国际财务管理课后习题答案chapter 10
CHAPTER 10 MANAGEMENT OF TRANSLATION EXPOSURESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTERQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1. Explain the difference in the translation process between the monetary/nonmonetary method and the temporal method.Answer: Under the monetary/nonmonetary method, all monetary balance sheet accounts of a foreign subsidiary are translated at the current exchange rate. Other balance sheet accounts are translated at the historical rate exchange rate in effect when the account was first recorded. Under the temporal method, monetary accounts are translated at the current exchange rate. Other balance sheet accounts are also translated at the current rate, if they are carried on the books at current value. If they are carried at historical value, they are translated at the rate in effect on the date the item was put on the books. Since fixed assets and inventory are usually carried at historical costs, the temporal method and the monetary/nonmonetary method will typically provide the same translation.2. How are translation gains and losses handled differently according to the current rate method in comparison to the other three methods, that is, the current/noncurrent method, the monetary/nonmonetary method, and the temporal method?Answer: Under the current rate method, translation gains and losses are handled only as an adjustment to net worth through an equity account named the “cumulative translation adjustment” accoun t. Nothing passes through the income statement. The other three translation methods pass foreign exchange gains or losses through the income statement before they enter on to the balance sheet through the accumulated retained earnings account.3. Ident ify some instances under FASB 52 when a foreign entity’s functional currency would be the same as the parent firm’s currency.Answer: Three examples under FASB 52, where the foreign entity’s functional currency will be the same as the parent firm’s currency, are: i) the foreign entity’s cash flows directly affect the parent’s cash flows and are readily available for remittance to the parent firm; ii) the sales prices for the foreign entity’s products are responsive on a short-term basis to exchange rate changes, where sales prices are determined through worldwide competition; and, iii) the sales market is primarily located in the parent’s country or sales contracts are denominated in the parent’s currency.4. Describe the remeasurement and translation process under FASB 52 of a wholly owned affiliate that keeps its books in the local currency of the country in which it operates, which is different than its functional currency.Answer: For a foreign entity that keeps its books in its local currency, which is different from its functional currency, the translation process according to FASB 52 is to: first, remeasure the financial reports from the local currency into the functional currency using the temporal method of translation, and second, translate from the functional currency into the reporting currency using the current rate method of translation.5. It is, generally, not possible to completely eliminate both translation exposure and transaction exposure. In some cases, the elimination of one exposure will also eliminate the other. But in other cases, the elimination of one exposure actually creates the other. Discuss which exposure might be viewed as the most important to effectively manage, if a conflict between controlling both arises. Also, discuss and critique the common methods for controlling translation exposure.Answer: Since it is, generally, not possible to completely eliminate both transaction and translation exposure, we recommend that transaction exposure be given first priority since it involves real cash flows. The translation process, on-the-other hand, has no direct effect on reporting currency cash flows, and will only have a realizable effect on net investment upon the sale or liquidation of the assets.There are two common methods for controlling translation exposure: a balance sheet hedge and a derivatives hedge. The balance sheet hedge involves equating the amount of exposed assets in an exposure currency with the exposed liabilities in that currency, so the net exposure is zero. Thus when an exposure currency exchange rate changes versus the reporting currency, the change in assets will offset the change in liabilities. To create a balance sheet hedge, once transaction exposure has been controlled, often means creating new transaction exposure. This is not wise since real cash flow losses can result. A derivatives hedge is not really a hedge, but rather a speculative position, since the size of the “hedge” is based on the future expected spot rate of exchange for the exposure currency with the reporting currency. If the actual spot rate differs from the expected rate, the “hedge” may result in the loss of real cash flows.PROBLEMS1. Assume that FASB 8 is still in effect instead of FASB 52. Construct a translation exposure report for Centralia Corporation and its affiliates that is the counterpart to Exhibit 10.7 in the text. Centralia and its affiliates carry inventory and fixed assets on the books at historical values.Solution: The following table provides a translation exposure report for Centralia Corporation and its affiliates under FASB 8, which is essentially the temporal method of translation. The difference between the new report and Exhibit 10.7 is that nonmonetary accounts such as inventory and fixed assets are translated at the historical exchange rate if they are carried at historical costs. Thus, these accounts will not change values when exchange rates change and they do not create translation exposure.Examination of the table indicates that under FASB 8 there is negative net exposure for the Mexican peso and the euro, whereas under FASB 52 the net exposure for these currencies is positive. There is no change in net exposure for the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc. Consequently, if the euro depreciates against the dollar from €1.1000/$1.00 to €1.1786/$1.00, as the text example assumed, exposed assets will now fall in value by a smaller amount than exposed liabilities, instead of vice versa. The associated reporting currency imbalance will be $239,415, calculated as follows:Reporting Currency Imbalance=-€3,949,0000€1.1786/$1.00--€3,949,0000€1.1000/$1.00=$239,415.December 31, 2005 (in 000 Currency Units)Canadian Dollar MexicanPeso EuroSwissFrancAssetsCash CD200Ps 6,000€ 825SF 0 Accounts receivable09,0001,0450Inventory0000Net fixed assets0 0 0 0Exposed assets CD200Ps15,000€ 1,870SF 0LiabilitiesAccounts payable CD 0Ps 7,000€ 1,364SF 0Notes payable017,0009351,400Long-term debt 0 27,000 3,520 0Exposed liabilities CD 0Ps51,000€ 5,819SF1,400Net exposure CD200(Ps36,000)(€3,949)(SF1,400)2. Assume that FASB 8 is still in effect instead of FASB 52. Construct a consolidated balance sheet for Centralia Corporation and its affiliates after a depreciation of the euro from €1.1000/$1.00 to €1.1786/$1.00 that is the counterpart to Exhibit 10.8 in the text. Centralia and its affiliates carry inventory and fixed assets on the books at historical values.Solution: This problem is the sequel to Problem 1. The solution to Problem 1 showed that if the euro depreciated there would be a reporting currency imbalance of $239,415. Under FASB 8 this is carried through the income statement as a foreign exchange gain to the retained earnings on the balance sheet. The following table shows that consolidated retained earnings increased to $4,190,000 from $3,950,000 in Exhibit 10.8. This is an increase of $240,000, which is the same as the reporting currency imbalance after accounting for rounding error.December 31, 2005: Post-Exchange Rate Change (in 000 Dollars)a This includes CD200,000 the parent firm has in a Canadian bank, carried as $150,000. CD200,000/(CD1.3333/$1.00) = $150,000.b$1,750,000 - $300,000 (= Ps3,000,000/(Ps10.00/$1.00)) intracompany loan = $1,450,000.c,d Investment in affiliates cancels with the net worth of the affiliates in the consolidation.e The Spanish affiliate owes a Swiss bank SF375,000 (÷ SF1.2727/€1.00 = €294,649). This is carried on the books, after the exchange rate change, as part of €1,229,649 = €294,649 + €935,000. €1,229,649/(€1.1786/$1.00) = $1,043,313.3. In Example 10.2, a forward contract was used to establish a derivatives “hedge” to protect Centralia from a translation loss if the euro depreciated from €1.1000/$1.00 to €1.1786/$1.00. Assume that an over-the-counter put option on the euro with a strike price of €1.1393/$1.00 (or $0.8777/€1.00) can be purchased for $0.0088 per euro. Show how the potential translation loss can be “hedged” with an option contract.Solution: As in example 10.2, if the potential translation loss is $110,704, the equivalent amount in functional currency that needs to be hedged is €3,782,468. If in fact the euro does depreciate to €1.1786/$1.00 ($0.8485/€1.00), €3,782,468 can be purchased in the spot market for $3,209,289. At a striking price of €1.1393/$1.00, the €3,782,468 can be sold through the put for $3,319,993, yielding a gross profit of $110,704. The put option cost $33,286 (= €3,782,468 x $0.0088). Thus, at an exchange rate of €1.1786/$1.00, the put option will effectively hedge $110,704 - $33,286 = $77,418 of the potential translation loss. At terminal exchange rates of €1.1393/$1.00 to €1.1786/$1.00, the put option hedge will be less effective. An option contract does not have to be exercised if doing so is disadvantageous to the option owner. Therefore, the put will not be exercised at exchange rates of less than €1.1393/$1.00 (more than $0.8777/€1.00), in which case the “hedge” will lose the $33,286 cost of the option.MINI CASE: SUNDANCE SPORTING GOODS, INC.Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc., is a U.S. manufacturer of high-quality sporting goods--principally golf, tennis and other racquet equipment, and also lawn sports, such as croquet and badminton-- with administrative offices and manufacturing facilities in Chicago, Illinois. Sundance has two wholly owned manufacturing affiliates, one in Mexico and the other in Canada. The Mexican affiliate is located in Mexico City and services all of Latin America. The Canadian affiliate is in Toronto and serves only Canada. Each affiliate keeps its books in its local currency, which is also the functional currency for the affiliate. The current exchange rates are: $1.00 = CD1.25 = Ps3.30 = A1.00 = ¥105 = W800. The nonconsolidated balance sheets for Sundance and its two affiliates appear in the accompanying table.Nonconsolidated Balance Sheet for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. and Its Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005 (in 000 Currency Units)a The parent firm is owed Ps1,320,000 by the Mexican affiliate. This sum is included in the parent’s accounts receivable as $400,000, translated at Ps3.30/$1.00. The remainder of the parent’s (Mexican affiliate’s) a ccounts receivable (payable) is denominated in dollars (pesos).b The Mexican affiliate is wholly owned by the parent firm. It is carried on the parent firm’s books at $2,400,000. This represents the sum of the common stock (Ps4,500,000) and retained earnings (Ps3,420,000) on the Mexican affiliate’s books, translated at Ps3.30/$1.00.c The Canadian affiliate is wholly owned by the parent firm. It is carried on the parent firm’s books at $3,600,000. This represents the sum of the common stock (CD2,900,000) and the retained earnings (CD1,600,000) on the Canadian affiliate’s books, translated at CD1.25/$1.00.d The parent firm has outstanding notes payable of ¥126,000,000 due a Japanese bank. This sum is carried on the parent firm’s books as $1,200,000, translated at ¥105/$1.00. Other notes payable are denominated in U.S. dollars.e The Mexican affiliate has sold on account A120,000 of merchandise to an Argentine import house. This sum is carried on the Mexican affiliate’s books as Ps396,000, translated at A1.00/Ps3.30. Other accounts receivable are denominated in Mexican pesos.f The Canadian affiliate has sold on account W192,000,000 of merchandise to a Korean importer. This sum is carried on the Canadian affiliate’s books as CD300,000, translated at W800/CD1.25. Other accounts receivable are denominated in Canadian dollars.You joined the International Treasury division of Sundance six months ago after spending the last two years receiving your MBA degree. The corporate treasurer has asked you to prepare a report analyzing all aspects of the translation exposure faced by Sundance as a MNC. She has also asked you to address in your analysis the relationship between the firm’s translation exposure and its transaction exposure. After performing a forecast of future spot rates of exchange, you decide that you must do the following before any sensible report can be written.a. Using the current exchange rates and the nonconsolidated balance sheets for Sundance and its affiliates, prepare a consolidated balance sheet for the MNC according to FASB 52.b. i. Prepare a translation exposure report for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc., and its two affiliates.ii. Using the translation exposure report you have prepared, determine if any reporting currency imbalance will result from a change in exchange rates to which the firm has currency exposure. Your forecast is that exchange rates will change from $1.00 = CD1.25 = Ps3.30 = A1.00 = ¥105 = W800 to $1.00 = CD1.30 = Ps3.30 = A1.03 = ¥105 = W800.c. Prepare a second consolidated balance sheet for the MNC using the exchange rates you expect in the future. Determine how any reporting currency imbalance will affect the new consolidated balance sheet for the MNC.d. i. Prepare a transaction exposure report for Sundance and its affiliates. Determine if any transaction exposures are also translation exposures.ii. Investigate what Sundance and its affiliates can do to control its transaction and translation exposures. Determine if any of the translation exposure should be hedged.Suggested Solution to Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc.Note to Instructor: It is not necessary to assign the entire case problem. Parts a. and b.i. can be used as self-contained problems, respectively, on basic balance sheet consolidation and the preparation of a translation exposure report.a. Below is the consolidated balance sheet for the MNC prepared according to the current rate method prescribed by FASB 52. Note that the balance sheet balances. That is, Total Assets and Total Liabilities and Net Worth equal one another. Thus, the assumption is that the current exchange rates are the same as when the affiliates were established. This assumption is relaxed in part c.Consolidated Balance Sheet for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. its Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005: Pre-Exchange Rate Change (in 000 Dollars)Sundance, Inc. (parent)MexicanAffiliateCanadianAffiliateConsolidatedBalance Sheeta$2,500,000 - $400,000 (= Ps1,320,000/(Ps3.30/$1.00)) intracompany loan = $2,100,000.b,c The investment in the affiliates cancels with the net worth of the affiliates in the consolidation.d The parent owes a Japanese bank ¥126,000,000. This is carried on the books as $1,200,000 (=¥126,000,000/(¥105/$1.00)).e The Mexican affiliate has sold on account A120,000 of merchandise to an Argentine import house. This is carried on the Mexican affiliate’s books as Ps396,000 (= A120,000 x Ps3.30/A1.00).f The Canadian affiliate has sold on account W192,000,000 of merchandise to a Korean importer. This is carried on the Canadian affiliate’s books as CD300,000 (= W192,000,000/(W800/CD1.25)).b. i. Below is presented the translation exposure report for the Sundance MNC. Note, from the report that there is net positive exposure in the Mexican peso, Canadian dollar, Argentine austral and Korean won. If any of these exposure currencies appreciates (depreciates) against the U.S. dollar, exposed assets denominated in these currencies will increase (fall) in translated value by a greater amount than the exposed liabilities denominated in these currencies. There is negative net exposure in the Japanese yen. If the yen appreciates (depreciates) against the U.S. dollar, exposed assets denominated in the yen will increase (fall) in translated value by smaller amount than the exposed liabilities denominated in the yen.Translation Exposure Report for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. and its Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005 (in 000 Currency Units)b. ii. The problem assumes that Canadian dollar depreciates from CD1.25/$1.00 to CD1.30/$1.00 and that the Argentine austral depreciates from A1.00/$1.00 to A1.03/$1.00. To determine the reporting currency imbalance in translated value caused by these exchange rate changes, we can use the following formula:Net Exposure Currency i S(i/reporting)-Net Exposure Currency i S(i/reporting)new old = Reporting Currency Imbalance.From the translation exposure report we can determine that the depreciation in the Canadian dollar will cause aCD4,200,000 CD1.30/$1.00-CD4,200,000CD1.25/$1.00= -$129,231reporting currency imbalance.Similarly, the depreciation in the Argentine austral will cause aA120,000 A1.03/$1.00-A120,000A1.00/$1.00= -$3,495reporting currency imbalance.In total, the depreciation of the Canadian dollar and the Argentine austral will cause a reporting currency imbalance in translated value equal to -$129,231 -$3,495= -$132,726.c. The new consolidated balance sheet for Sundance MNC after the depreciation of the Canadian dollar and the Argentine austral is presented below. Note that in order for the new consolidated balance sheet to balance after the exchange rate change, it is necessary to have a cumulative translation adjustment account balance of -$133 thousand, which is the amount of the reporting currency imbalance determined in part b. ii (rounded to the nearest thousand).Consolidated Balance Sheet for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. its Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005: Post-Exchange Rate Change (in 000 Dollars)a$2,500,000 - $400,000 (= Ps1,320,000/(Ps3.30/$1.00)) intracompany loan = $2,100,000.b,c The investment in the affiliates cancels with the net worth of the affiliates in the consolidation.d The parent owes a Japanese bank ¥126,000,000. This is carried on the books as $1,200,000 (=¥126,000,000/(¥105/$1.00)).e The Mexican affiliate has sold on account A120,000 of merchandise to an Argentine import house. This is carried on the Mexican affiliate’s books as Ps384,466 (= A120,000 x Ps3.30/A1.03).f The Canadian affiliate has sold on account W192,000,000 of merchandise to a Korean importer. This is carried on the Canadian affiliate’s bo oks as CD312,000 (=W192,000,000/(W800/CD1.30)).d. i. The transaction exposure report for Sundance, Inc. and its two affiliates is presented below. The report indicates that the Ps1,320,000 accounts receivable due from the Mexican affiliate is not also a translation exposure because this is netted out in the consolidation. However, the ¥126,000,000 notes payable of the parent is also a translation exposure. Additionally, the A120,000 accounts receivable of the Mexican affiliate and the W192,000,000 accounts receivable of the Canadian affiliate are both translation exposures.Transaction Exposure Report for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. andits Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005d. ii. Since transaction exposure may potentially result in real cash flow losses while translation exposure does not have an immediate direct effect on operating cash flows, we will first address the transaction exposure that confronts Sundance and its affiliates. The analysis assumes the depreciation in the Canadian dollar and the Argentine austral have already taken place.The parent firm can pay off the ¥126,000,000 loan from the Japanese bank using funds from the cash account and money from accounts receivable that it will collect. Additionally, the parent firm can collect the accounts receivable of Ps1,320,000 from its Mexican affiliate that is carried on the books as $400,000. In turn, the Mexican affiliate can collect the A120,000 accounts receivable from the Argentine importer, valued at Ps384,466 after the depreciation in the austral, to guard against further depreciation and to use to partially pay off the peso liability to the parent. The Canadian affiliate can eliminate its transaction exposure by collecting the W192,000,000 accounts receivable as soon as possible, which is currently valued at CD312,000.The elimination of these transaction exposures will affect the translation exposure of Sundance MNC. A revised translation exposure report follows.Revised Translation Exposure Report for Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc. and its Mexican and Canadian Affiliates, December 31, 2005 (in 000 Currency Units)Note from the revised translation exposure report that the elimination of the transaction exposure will also eliminate the translation exposure in the Japanese yen, Argentine austral and the Korean won. Moreover, the net translation exposure in the Mexican peso has been reduced. But the net translation exposure in the Canadian dollar has increased as a result of the Canadian affiliate’s collection of the won receivable.The remaining translation exposure can be hedged using a balance sheet hedge or a derivatives hedge. Use of a balance sheet hedge is likely to create new transaction exposure, however. Use of a derivatives hedge is actually speculative, and not a real hedge, since the size of the “hedge” is based on one’s expectation as to thefuture spot exchange rate. An incorrect estimate will result in the “hedge” los ing money for the MNC.。
Chapter1(命题逻辑篇)
1.3命题形式与翻译
例: 考虑命题“小张或小李都可以办好这件事”。
令P为“小张可以办好这件事”,Q为“小李可以办好 这件事”,则原命题F(P,Q)的真值表是：
1.3命题形式与翻译
• 为方便计，对于圆括号的使用做如下约 定：
• ①公式最外层的圆括号可省略． • ②只作用于邻接后的原子命题变元，如
可把(¬P)∨Q写成¬P∨Q． 定义1.3.2 如果A1是公式A的一部分，且A1
是一个公式，称A1是A的子公式．
1.3命题形式与翻译
2.命题的翻译 • 把一个用文字叙述的命题相应地写成由命题
1.1 命题
2.命题标识符 • 在科学领域中，每门科学为描述它的概念和
论证其有关定理，都拥有自己的语言符号以 及所使用的规则． • 在Ls中，采用一种形式语言，形式语言与我们 通常使用的自然语言不同，它由特定意义的 符号和规则组成，其特征是有确定的含义．
• 一个原子命题，一般用大写字母或带下标的 大写字母，如P,Q,R,…,或Pi,Qi,Ri,…,等表示， 把表示原子命题的符号，称为命题标识符， 简称命题符．
假．
1.1 命题与联结词
• 因此，在数理逻辑中，不能去纠缠各种具体 命题的真假问题，而是将命题当成数学概念 来处理，看成一个抽象的形式化的概念，把 命题定义成非真必假的陈述句．
• 此时所关心的并不仅仅是这些陈述句究竟是 真还是假，更关心的是它可以被赋予真或假 的可能性，以便被规定真值后它与其他命题 发生的联系．
1.2 逻辑联词
• 联结词是逻辑联结词或命题联结词的简 称，它是自然语言中连词的逻辑抽象. 有了联结词，便可以用它和原子命题构 成复合命题．常用联结词有以下5种．
chapter1习题答案
chapter1习题答案一、名词解释1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。
2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。
3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。
4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。
6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。
7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。
包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。
8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。
9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。
10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。
11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。
二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。
2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。
3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。
4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。
5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。
6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。
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Q = -1.666MeV Q = -2.226MeV
47
H + hν → H + n
1 1 1 0
相应的中子能量可由下式计算：
E n (θ ) ≅ M (E γ + Q) m+M + E γ [(2m M )(m + M )(E λ + Q)] (m + M )
18
考古测年
14 C
→
14N
+
e- +
( -1,0 ) ( 0,0 )
( 6 ,14 )
( 7,14 )
19
20
1.2.2 内转换
β-衰变源的能量连续分布----电子探测器能量刻度？
Ee - = Eex - Eb
Eex 原子核处于激发态时的能量 Eb 电子在原来壳层中的结合能
21
22
23
1.2.3 俄歇电子
16
Figure 1-1 The decay scheme of 36Cl and the resulting beta particle energy distribution.
17
Table 1-1 Some “Pure” Beta-Minus Sources
Nullide
3H 14C 32P 33P 35S 36Cl 45Ca 63Ni 90Sr/90Y 99Tc 147Pm 204Tl
12
放射性活度单位
早期单位： 居里(Ci): 1Ci = 3.7×1010 s-1 1mCi = 3.7×107 s-1 1μCi = 3.7×104 s-1 卢瑟福(Rd):1Rd = 1×106 s-1 现在单位： 贝克勒尔(Bq): 1Bq = 1 s-1 1Ci = 3.7×1010 Bq 1Rd = 1.0×106 Bq
测量方法
3
实验安排：
周次 4 4 5，6 5，6 7，8 7，8 实验内容 实验一 放射性衰变涨落的统计规律 实验二 放射性核素的衰变规律及半衰期的测定 实验三 α射线在物质中的能量损失测量 实验四 X射线荧光定性定量分析测量 实验五 物质对γ射线的吸收及γ射线仪器谱测量 实验六 符合测量方法
4
教材： (1)《核辐射测量原理》.汤彬等，哈尔滨工程大学出版 社。 (2)《原子核物理实验方法》.清华大学，复旦大学等 三校合编，原子能出版社 参考书： (1)《Radiation Detection and Measurement》, G F Knoll, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. (2)《核辐射物理及探测学》，清华大学工程物理系， 2008 （内部使用）； (3)《核辐射探测器》，凌球，郭兰英等，原子能出版 社； (4)《核辐射探测器与核电子学》，赖万昌.成都理工大 学03年5月（内部使用）。
35
注入放射源
辐射监测器
36
1.4.2 湮没辐射
当母核经受β+衰变时还伴有另外的电磁辐射， 起因在于初级衰变过程中产生的正电子的湮没。 湮没辐射： 正电子在接近其射程末端时，与吸收材料中的电 子相结合，原来的正电子和电子消失，代之以向相 反发射的0.511MeV 的γ光子 例: 22Na衰变
37
1.4.3 伴随核反应的γ射线
如果所需要的γ射线的能量高于β放射性同位素所 能达到的能量，就需要另外一些过程； 例1:
4 2
α+ Be→ C + n
9 4 12 6 * 1 0
γ~4.44MeV 例2:
4 2 13 6
12 6
C
* 1 0
α+ C → O + n
16 8
γ~6.130MeV
16 8
4 2
α+ Be→ C + n
9 4 12 6 1 0
其Q值:5.71MeV. 2) 239Pu/Be 源是最常用的(α, n) 中子源。
45
46
1.5.3 光致中子源
某些放射性γ发射体与适当的靶材料相结合也可 用来产生中子. 这种光致中子源的依据是，通过吸收一 个γ光子为把材料提供足以发射自由中子的激发能。 只有两种靶核, 9Be 和 2H对放射性同位素光致中子 源有实际意义。
54
Fig. 1-3’ alpha particle groups produced in the decay of 241Am
28
29
1.3.2 自发裂变
裂变过程是产生质量大于α粒子的、具有相当能 量的重带电粒子的唯一天然源，因此裂变碎片广泛用 于刻度和检验重粒子探测器； 最广泛应用的自发裂变源是252Cf；see fig.1-4(a) (b).
40
41
42
1.5 中子源
1.5.1 自发裂变
1) 常用的自发裂变源是 252Cf; 2) 半衰期:2.65y; 3) 主要衰变机理是α衰变; 4) 其中子能谱如图 1-10.
dN 1 / 2 -E / T =E e dE
43
44
1.5.2 放射性同位素 (α,n) 源
在放射性衰变中容易得到的α粒子的能量可使几 种靶物质产生(α, n) 反应 1)选用铍靶时可得到最大中子产额
O
38
1.4.4 韧致辐射
当快电子与物质相互作用时，其部分能量将转换成 韧致辐射； 1) 对于在靶物质中减速并停止的单能电子，韧致辐 射能谱是连续谱，光子能量一直延续到电子本身 的能量。 2) 通过过滤，即穿过适当的吸收物质，可使由X射线 管所产生的能谱形状得到改善。 3) 韧致辐射源可由包括β粒子在内的其它快电子源 产生。
26
27
241Am
α5.389MeV(1.0%) α5.443MeV(12.5%) α5.869MeV(86.0%) 0.156
γ0.097(0.02%)
α5.545MeV(0.3%)
0.102
γ0.043(0.1%)
0.059 γ0.102(0.02%) γ0.059(36%) 0.000
237Np
核辐射测量原理
王玲，魏强林 核工程与地球物理学院 2014-09-1
1
分析传送带上的煤品质
2
辐射源 基础知识 射线与物质的相互作用 放射性测量中的统计学
重带电粒子 快电子 X/γ射线 中子
核辐射测量原理
探测器
气体探测器 闪烁探测器 半导体探测器 其他探测器及其进展 带电粒子测量方法 核物理实验中的符合法 γ射线测量方法 X射线荧光测量方法 中子测量方法
1/ 2 1/ 2
cos θ
这里: θ – γ光子与中子方向间的夹角; Eγ – γ射线的能量 (假定 << 931MeV) M – 反冲核质量 × c2. m – 中子质量 ×c2.
48
1）光致中子源的优点：当γ射线为单能时中子也接 近单能; 2）缺点：要产生足够的强度必须使用非常大的γ放 射性活度，本底较高； 一个γ光子 (105 or 106) → 一个中子 3）常用的γ发射体有： 226Ra, 124Sb, 72Ga, 140La 和 24Na.
39
1.4.5 特征X射线
如果原子中的轨道电子的正常组态被某种激发 过程打乱，该原子可能在短暂的时间内处于受激态。 电子的自然趋向是重新排列，以使原子恢复到最低 能态或基态，在固态物质中电子重新排列的时间不 超过１ns。 在从激发态到基态的跃迁中以特征X射线光子 的形式释放能量，该光子的能量等于初态与终态间 的能量差。
一般情况下，俄歇电子的能量比β粒子和内转 换电子的能量低；
24
1.3 重带电粒子源
1.3.1 α衰变
A Z
X→
A-4 Z -2
Y+ α
4 2
衰变机理服从量子力学中的势垒贯穿理论，常 用α源的半衰期从几天到几千年不等。
25
Notes: 1）α粒子具有一个或几个能量组，每组能量都是 单能的； 2）α粒子能量范围在4~7MeV之间； 3）241Am是最常用的α粒子刻度源； 4）常用探测器是硅固体探测器。
15
1.2 快电子源
1.2.1 β衰变
在辐射测量中常用的快电子源是放射性同位素 经β-衰变得到的
A Z
X →
A Z+1
Y + β− + ν
这里： X, Y 是衰变前后的核素类型. ν 是反中微子 每种类型的β衰变都有固定的衰变能或Q值(β极限能). 衰变过程中β粒子的能量范围可从0变化到Q值, 如表 1-1所示.
13
放射性强度
定义：放射源在单位时间内放出某种粒子的个数，可 以用I来表示。 与A的关系：活度是针对放射性核素的原子核的，而 强度是针对放射出的射线的； 举例：60Co源一次衰变释放2个γ光子，因此60Co源的 γ射线强度是放射性活度的2倍。
14
1.1.2 能量
辐射能量测量的单位常用电子伏 eV, (keV, MeV).是指一个电子经过1伏特的电场加速后所获 得的动能。 电子伏与SI制的能量单位焦耳(J)的换算关系： 1eV=1e ×1V≈1.602×10-19C·V=1.602×10-19J
3 4 1 H +1 H →2 He+ 0 n
Notes : 1) 1mA D (加速电压 100~300keV) → 109n/s (D-D), 1011n/s(D-T). 2) 其它的中子发生器 (高能): 9Be(d,n), 7Li(p,n), 3H(p,n)
52
53
作业：
1、实验室常用辐射源有哪几类？按产生机 每一类又可细分为哪几种？ 2、选择放射性核素辐射源时，需要考虑的 个因素是什么？ 3、252Cf可作哪些辐射源？