relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定语从句授课原创课件 - 教学资料
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关系从句知识讲解
关系从句（Relative clauses）/定语从句（Attributive clauses）关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。
关系从句可分为限定性（defining）关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性（non-defining）关系从句（带逗号）。
我们在这里只讨论限定性关系从句。
关系代词可以有四个概念:①代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom②代物的, 做主语或宾语which③代人的也可以代物的做主语或宾语that④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分_____决定(不一定指人)不论这些关系代词指的是单数还是复数，其形式都保持不变。
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以：This is the photo (that/which) I took.这是我拍的照片。
The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.我接待的那个人戴着一顶帽子。
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.接待我的是站在柜台后面的那位女士。
I bought the books which are on the counter.我买的就是柜台上的那些书。
The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.有个儿子一周前从家里逃走的那位百万富翁不是个慈父。
The girls who are standing behind the counter served us.接待我们的是站在柜台后面的那几位姑娘。
关系代词that和which的用法区别：在定语从句中，当先行词是指物时，关系代词which可以由that代替，如果which不在介词之后，也可省略。
Relative-Clause关系从句的用法
People whose dog bite other people should keep them tied up.
The few points ( which / that ) the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
详细阐述了关系从句的用法与章振邦语法教程配套适合高等教育学生
Lecture 6
English Grammar
Changbiao Li December, 2009
第1页，共28页。
Majorห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Contents
Lecture 1 Introduction to NEG Lecture 2 Non-finite verb (infinitive, -ing / -ed participles)
in the summer vacation.
第10页，共28页。
2. Only “that” in use, not “which, who, whom”
ordinal numeral / superlative degree + Antecedent
This is most interesting film that has been produced in recent years.
第13页，共28页。
2. Only “that” in use, not “which, who, whom”
antecedent + (that) there be…
I know the difference (that) there is between you. The number of mistakes (that) there are in this
The few points ( which / that ) the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
详细阐述了关系从句的用法与章振邦语法教程配套适合高等教育学生
Lecture 6
English Grammar
Changbiao Li December, 2009
第1页，共28页。
Majorห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Contents
Lecture 1 Introduction to NEG Lecture 2 Non-finite verb (infinitive, -ing / -ed participles)
in the summer vacation.
第10页，共28页。
2. Only “that” in use, not “which, who, whom”
ordinal numeral / superlative degree + Antecedent
This is most interesting film that has been produced in recent years.
第13页，共28页。
2. Only “that” in use, not “which, who, whom”
antecedent + (that) there be…
I know the difference (that) there is between you. The number of mistakes (that) there are in this
Relative Clause定语从句(全)
Relative Clause定语从句General Idea• 1.origin• 2.general rulesTesting Point8 pointsⅠGeneral Idea:1. Origin:Verb=1 简单句Verb≥21)并列句→用and, but, or, so, for, etc.连接E.g. Tom is a boy. He likes football.=Tom is a boy, and he likes football.2)主从句→名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句E.g. Tom is a boy. He likes football.=Tom is a boy who likes football.(定语从句)3）非谓语化→略2. General Rules:【总纲】：被修饰的词叫做先行词。
引导从句的词叫做关系词。
关系词与先行词没有关系，只与从句中所缺成份有关。
从句中只可能缺少两种成份，为副词性成份与名词性成份。
代替从句中副词性成份的词叫做关系副词，代替从句中名词性成份的词叫做关系代词。
【关系代词】：指人：who, whom指物：which两者皆可：that, whose, as【关系副词】：when, where, why*Q:为什么不出现what与how？A: 1.what=先行词+关系代词E.g. This is the word（先行词）that（关系代词）he said.=This is what he said.*what引导的从句一定是名词性从句2.在唯一需要使用how的情况中（先行词为the way,从句中不缺名词性成份）做了特殊规定。
how需用in which, that或╱代替。
【只能用that的9种情况】1.取决于先行词的修饰词1）最高级2）序数词3) “the same”4) 强调词→①强调内容：only, very, just, quite②强调数量：all, no, any, many2.取决于先行词1）先行词既有人又有物2）先行词为不定代词：none, one, those, something, anything, nothing, everything 3) 先行词为all3.取决于主从句关系1）避免重复（主句中出现which, who ）2) 先行词在从句中做表语【只能用which的2种情况】1）关系词前有介词2）非限定性定语从句（non-restrictive）*当只用that的情况与只用which的情况矛盾时，依照只用which的情况。
relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定语从句授课原创
"Then he goes on to say how much he appreciates all the effort we've put into it." "Which is strange because he never seemed to care much about what we do."
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
Omitting the Relative Pronoun in Restrictive Clauses
In the following examples, the man is the subject of both verbs and cannot be omitted:
The man who told me is coming later. The man that told me is coming later.
NB - WHOM is an object pronoun. It is used in formal English after a preposition and can be used to replace an object,although many no longer do this. In a phrase like 'To whom it may concern', who would not be acceptable.
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
Omitting the Relative Pronoun in Restrictive Clauses
In the following examples, the man is the subject of both verbs and cannot be omitted:
The man who told me is coming later. The man that told me is coming later.
NB - WHOM is an object pronoun. It is used in formal English after a preposition and can be used to replace an object,although many no longer do this. In a phrase like 'To whom it may concern', who would not be acceptable.
Non-finite relative clauses非谓语动词作定语全英语授课原创课件
The present participle in a non-finite relative clause can occur if the preceding noun is the subject of the participle. Present participle correspond to finite relative clauses in the active voice:
The end
Participles(past participle and present participle) in non-finite relative clauses
The TO-infinitive in nonfinite relative clauses
The past participle in a non-finite relative clause can occur if the preceding noun is the object of the participle. Past participle clauses correspond to finite relative clauses in the passive voice:
→I took part in the meeting held in Beijing last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager coming to our company yesterday.
III.Change the passage using nonfinite verbs.
5．I took part in the meeting, which was held in Jinan last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager who came to our company yesterday.
unit7 Relativeattributive clauses定语从句
五、例句
1. 限定性定语从句 The term WWW is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may jump form one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way. E-commerce has grown out of businesses that started to advertise their presence via a Website. The person who was involved in this incident has been put on probation and sent to a special training class.
2. 省略定语从句 省略定语从句分两种情况： 省略定语从句分两种情况：省略关系代词或 省略关系代词＋ 动词两种形式 例如： 动词两种形式。 省略关系代词＋be动词两种形式。例如： This computer (which/that) I bought from you can’t connect to the Internet. (omitting the relative pronoun: which/that) The dialect of SQL (which/that is) supported by Microsoft SQL Server is called Transact-SQL (T-SQL). T-SQL is the primary language (which/that is) used by Microsoft SQL Server applications. (omitting the relative pronoun and beverb: which/that be)
Grammar-Relative Clauses
4.定语从句的位置 定语从句的位置 定语从句一定放在被修饰 关联词或 成分之后。 成分之后。
引导词
eg. This is the car which
先行词
he bought last year.
定语从句
5.定语从句可分为： 定语从句可分为： 定语从句可分为 限制性定语 从句 定语从句 非限制性定 语从句
A telescope is an instrument. It is used for seeing distant objects. A telescope is an instrument that/which is used for seeing distant things.
The girl student is very young. She won the game. The girl student that/who won the game is very young.
Read the sentences below.Circle the relative pronouns and underline the relative clauses.Cross out the pronouns which can be left out. Example I loved the meal ____________________ that we had last night.
The man who called this morning was Marry’s brother.
The teacher pointed out the mistakes. The students hadn’t corrected them. The teacher pointed out the mistakes (that/which) the students hadn’t corrected.
关系代词引导的定语从句ppt课件
This is the best film ___ that has been shown in the city.
We’ll never forget the first lesson ___ our English teacher gave us.
All ___ is worth doing should be done well.
3.There is a young lady __ asks for you.
4.The student you should learn from is the one __works hard and studies well.
关系 先行词 从句成分
例句
代词
whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with
Relative Clauses with Relative Pronouns
关系代词引导的定语从句
什么是定语从句？
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）
在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词， 被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后， 由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
Nothing ___ he talked about can be seen now.
The only thing ___ she could do was go to the police for help.
They talked about the schools and teachers ___they had visited.
This is the house in ___ he once lived.
That —— you told him about is what we want to know.
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The woman who she answered the door was about forty years old. London, which it is the capital of England, lies on the river Thames.
How many types of relative clauses are there?
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
What's the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
A defining relative clause identifies or classifies a noun:
Do you know the guy who is talking to Will over there? I wrote my essay on a photo which was taken by Robert Capa.
a photo which was taken by Robert Capa This type of relative clause identifies or classifies the noun that it refers to. An
noun which is preceded by the definite article the: This is the book I told you about last week. Remember? Do you know the guy who is talking to Will over there?
The non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas (,). In speech, we make a short pause before and after the clause.
If we omit this type of clause, the sentence does not make sense or has a different meaning:
Do you know the guy? (which guy?) I wrote my essay on a photo. (what kind of photo?)
relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定 语从句授课原创课件 -
Guiding questions:relative clauses
What is a relative clause? Types of relative clauses Relative pronouns :who whom whose which that Relative adverbs:where when why Prepositions in relative clauses
Defining relative clause
Types of relபைடு நூலகம்tive clauses
Non-defining relative clause
The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
Sentential relative clause
The man who answered the door was about forty years old. London, which is the capital of England, lies on the river Thames.
Sentential relative clauses do not refer to preceding nouns but comment on what has been said before:
If we leave out this type of clause, the sentence still makes sense: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
Sometimes, the use of commas marks a difference in meaning:
A classifying clause describes what kind of person(s) or thing(s) we are talking about. It refers to a singular uncountable or plural countable noun without an article or a singular countable noun preceded by the indefinite article a or an:
A non-defining relative clause can also continue a story by saying what happened next:
I called my mother, who became very upset. (I called my mother, and she became very upset.)
What is Defining relative clause?
A noun can be modified in different ways: by an adjective, a noun or a phrase: the best-selling book, a beautiful photo (adjective)
What is a relative clause?
Defining and non-defining relative clauses refer to preceding nouns and are introduced by the pronouns （who, whom, whose, which or that）or the adverbs(when ,where,why). Relative clauses usually come after the nouns or pronouns that they describe:
How can we choose a relative pronoun: who,whom,whose,which or that?
The woman who/that answered the door was about forty years old. He's the reporter whom/who/that/(-) I saw on TV last night. The engineer whose design is selected will be offered a contract.Do you know a shop which/that sells antique furniture?
the history book, an art photo (noun) the book with the most votes, a photo by Robert Capa(phrase)
Another way of modifying a noun is with a defining (also called a restrictive) relative clause: the book I told you about last week
What is Sentential relative clause?
A sentential (also called connective) relative clause does not refer to a preceding noun; it rather comments on the whole preceding clause or sentence:
A non-defining relative clause adds extra information about a noun which already has a clear reference: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer and inventor.
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer and inventor. The human heart, which has a mass of about 300 grams, pumps blood throughout the body.
I wrote my essay on a photo which was taken by Robert Capa. Sometimes, I like listening to music that makes me sad. I don't know any people who speak Esperanto.
What is Non-defining relative clause?
How many types of relative clauses are there?
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
What's the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
A defining relative clause identifies or classifies a noun:
Do you know the guy who is talking to Will over there? I wrote my essay on a photo which was taken by Robert Capa.
a photo which was taken by Robert Capa This type of relative clause identifies or classifies the noun that it refers to. An
noun which is preceded by the definite article the: This is the book I told you about last week. Remember? Do you know the guy who is talking to Will over there?
The non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas (,). In speech, we make a short pause before and after the clause.
If we omit this type of clause, the sentence does not make sense or has a different meaning:
Do you know the guy? (which guy?) I wrote my essay on a photo. (what kind of photo?)
relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定 语从句授课原创课件 -
Guiding questions:relative clauses
What is a relative clause? Types of relative clauses Relative pronouns :who whom whose which that Relative adverbs:where when why Prepositions in relative clauses
Defining relative clause
Types of relபைடு நூலகம்tive clauses
Non-defining relative clause
The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
Sentential relative clause
The man who answered the door was about forty years old. London, which is the capital of England, lies on the river Thames.
Sentential relative clauses do not refer to preceding nouns but comment on what has been said before:
If we leave out this type of clause, the sentence still makes sense: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
Sometimes, the use of commas marks a difference in meaning:
A classifying clause describes what kind of person(s) or thing(s) we are talking about. It refers to a singular uncountable or plural countable noun without an article or a singular countable noun preceded by the indefinite article a or an:
A non-defining relative clause can also continue a story by saying what happened next:
I called my mother, who became very upset. (I called my mother, and she became very upset.)
What is Defining relative clause?
A noun can be modified in different ways: by an adjective, a noun or a phrase: the best-selling book, a beautiful photo (adjective)
What is a relative clause?
Defining and non-defining relative clauses refer to preceding nouns and are introduced by the pronouns （who, whom, whose, which or that）or the adverbs(when ,where,why). Relative clauses usually come after the nouns or pronouns that they describe:
How can we choose a relative pronoun: who,whom,whose,which or that?
The woman who/that answered the door was about forty years old. He's the reporter whom/who/that/(-) I saw on TV last night. The engineer whose design is selected will be offered a contract.Do you know a shop which/that sells antique furniture?
the history book, an art photo (noun) the book with the most votes, a photo by Robert Capa(phrase)
Another way of modifying a noun is with a defining (also called a restrictive) relative clause: the book I told you about last week
What is Sentential relative clause?
A sentential (also called connective) relative clause does not refer to a preceding noun; it rather comments on the whole preceding clause or sentence:
A non-defining relative clause adds extra information about a noun which already has a clear reference: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer and inventor.
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer and inventor. The human heart, which has a mass of about 300 grams, pumps blood throughout the body.
I wrote my essay on a photo which was taken by Robert Capa. Sometimes, I like listening to music that makes me sad. I don't know any people who speak Esperanto.
What is Non-defining relative clause?