(江苏专用)高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破7词句猜测_词义猜测题优选习题
江苏高考英语二轮培优新方案课件：专题三阅读理解专题增分1读懂才能做对_高考提速过“三关”
阅读理解分分都要保［江苏高考阅读理解近5年考情统计］［命题分析］江苏高考英语阅读理解题所选材料体裁多样、语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活，有很强的时代气息。
阅读理解文章具有英语语言独有的文化特征，试题信息量大，对考生阅读速度和快速处理信息的能力要求更高。
阅读理解的体裁主要有说明文、记叙文、应用文和议论文四类，题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。
细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难，且在题型设置上，推理判断题的难度会适当加大。
放眼高考，整个试卷无异就是阅读的天下，并且整个试卷的阅读量呈逐年递增的趋势。
很多考生隐性失分的因素就是阅读速度慢而导致题目没做完。
如何做到阅读提速，本书针对制约阅读的三大专题增分1 - -读懂才能做对•高考提速过“三关症结提供三大解决方案，帮考生突破读懂“三关”——词汇关、句式关、语篇关。
读文做到读懂读快，做题才能做到准解稳解。
一、运用“2策略”，突破生僻词汇阅读涉及词汇、句子、段落、语篇四个层次的理解问题,而其中最根本的是词汇。
词汇是构成语言的基本元素。
如果考生掌握的词汇量不够，在阅读中则处处都是生词，就会处处碰壁，难以顺利地读懂文章。
因此，积累足够的词汇是提高阅读技能的第一步。
一般来说，在阅读文章时，总会碰到一些自己不认识的词, 且高考文章中允许出现3%的超纲词。
《考试大纲》要求考生能“根据上下文推测生词的词义”，因此词义猜测题也是高考题型之一。
正确处理阅读中遇到的生词，掌握一定的猜测生词词义的技巧，对于理解文章及答题都非常重要。
对于生词一般有如下两种处理方式:策略（一）无关紧要的词汇——"跳过去”在语篇文章设题时，并不是所有的生词都是出题点。
在阅读中，当遇到一个生词时，不妨先问问自己：这个生词有没有进行精确猜测的必要。
高考试题中经常会出现没必要去精确猜测的生词，不知道它的精确含义也不会影响对基本句意的理解。
在考试中，有10%的生词都不会干扰考生做题。
(江苏专版)高考英语二轮复习-增分技巧突破-阅读理解专题检测阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题
专题限时检测（二十三）阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题（加★的为代词指代题，本卷限时23 分钟）A（2017 ·南京市、盐城市高三模拟考试）A little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether you're a human or a chimpanzee （黑猩猩）. A new study thatfollowed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates —whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship on chimpanzees —and could have implications for human health too.Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.“It can have effects on immune function, cardio function, fertilit y, cognition, and even your mood，” said study co-author Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals （humans included） reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.“Social bonds make you survive and produce better —but how do they dothat ？” Langergraber said.To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda's Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties —bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.The scientists observed the chimpanzees perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimpanzees. The researchers kept track of whether the chimpanzees were doing any of these three things withtheir bond partners or with other chimpanzees in their group.A team of up to six observers watched the chimpanzees and followed them around to collect urine （尿液） samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male andeight adult female chimpanzees, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.The scientists found that chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimpanzee on the front line might face physical harm or even death.The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad —though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well ，”Langergraber said.1．The scientists carried out research into a chimpanzee community in UgandaA．to seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological anglesB．to uncover whether social bonds make humans surviveC．to study how chimpanzees perform three types of activitiesD．to train chimpanzees to maintain close social bonds with each other解析：选 A 推理判断题。
高考英语江苏版：专题3+阅读理解+第二节+三+Word版含解析
三、写作意图题(2019·天津，D)Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison.Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(《堂吉诃德》).And the story poses an interesting question：why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark.I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We can’t all get there.I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it.Nothing surprises us.We lose our sense of wonder.But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can’t change.We learn to avoid self-pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have madea commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我)，whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment”with such “caring”occupations as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck，or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are.They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson.51.The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that .A.loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativityB.age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goalC.misery inspires a man to fight against his fateD.disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success答案B解析推理判断题。
江苏高考：专题三+阅读理解+专题增分2+第四讲+词义猜测题
号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially 等。
典 (2016·江 苏 高 考 阅 读 B 节 选 ) Chimps ( 黑 猩 猩 ) will 例 cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to
第四讲 词义猜测题 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解必考的题型之一，它可以是对 一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的 推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可 以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的 词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语 境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉 的词或短语的含义。
26．What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4
mean? A．learning from
B．looking down on
C．working with
D．competing against
分析：画线词汇所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破 折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容。根据第二 个破折号后面的内容可知，三位中国最优秀的时装设计者在 设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师，据此可推知， take on 在该句中应表示“与……较量”，故选 D 项。
(2015·福建高考阅读 E 节选)[2]If you're tired of wandering
around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you
高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破十三主旨大意_段落大意题优选习题
十三、主旨大意——段落大意题(2018·江苏，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Roze’s chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn’t tell how much they’d had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables，crowding，high prices—don’t necessarily.Diners at bad tables—next to the kitchen door，say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables，” given that they’re profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usualB.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food qualityD.not fond of the food provided答案 A解析词义猜测题。
(江苏专用)2021高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破6推理判断_写作意图题优选习题
六、推理判断——写作意图题(2021·镇江一模)Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.But we rarely consider that everything we think，feel，do，or say can spread far beyond the people we know.Conversely(相反地)，our friends and family serve as conduits(渠道) for us to be influenced by hundreds or even thousands of other people.In a kind of social chain reaction，we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know.As part of a social network，we go beyond ourselves，for good or ill，and become a part of something much larger.Our connectedness carries with it fundamental implications(影响) for the way we understand the human condition.Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own.Yet，social-network effects are not always positive.Depression，obesity，financial panic，and violence also spread.Social networks，it turns out，tend to magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.Partly for this reason，social networks are creative.And what these networks create does not belong to any one individual—it is shared by all those in the network.In this way，a social network is like a commonly owned forest：we all standto benefit from it，but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive.While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human，and can be seen everywhere，they should not be taken for granted.If you are happier or richer or healthier than others，it may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network，even if you cannot recognize your own location.And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network，even if you cannot control that structure at all.And in some cases，the process feeds back to the network itself.A person with many friends may become rich and then attract even more friends.This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society：situational inequality and positional inequality.Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences of positional inequality.Still，understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy.We might be better off vaccinating(接种疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak individuals.We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behaviour rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.If we want to understand how society works，we need to fill in the missing links between individuals.We need to understand how interconnections and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves.If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。
江苏专用2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破十主旨大意_标题归纳题课件20181216385
Among the bag makers’ arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
的能源，故选D项。
解析 答案
27.What is the best title for the text?
A.Plastic，Paper or Neither √
B.Industry，Pollution and Environment
C.Recycle or Throw Away
D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is， the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However， longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
江苏专用高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破5推理判_观点态度题优选习题
五、推理判断——观点态度题(2018·浙江，C)As cultural symbols go，the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago，with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线) on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month.But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture：the roadside diner，the billboard，the motel，even the hamburger.For most of the last century，the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel，the road movie，these are the most typical American ideas，born of abundant petrol，cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system，the largest public works project in history.In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then，this society has moved onward，never looking back，as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.The problems of excessive(过度的) energy consumption，climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst，but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy(经济)is a chance to keep American strength.“The abi lity to design，build and export green technologies for producing clean water，clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。
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七、词句猜测——词义猜测题(2017·江苏，B)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and afterhatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies’ begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “”．A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be just as bad D．be just as good答案 B解析词义猜测题。
画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices)；画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫(teach their young to sing)。
通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好(be the best)，因此选B。
59．What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland’s locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.答案 A解析细节理解题。
根据第三段的研究过程和第四段的研究结果可知，他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处)。
60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which . A．can receive quality signalsB．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment betterD．make the loudest call答案 C解析推理判断题。
文章最后两段说，研究结果发现，叫声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多(the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food)，这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲(signal neurological strengths of children to parents)。
从这些信息判断，胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟，因此选C项。
一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解中每年必考的题型。
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些生词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。
由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。
词义猜测题的命题方式有：1．The word “...” refers to/probably means .2．The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by .3．What do you think the expression “...” stands for?4．By saying “...” we mean .5．“...” as used in the passage can best be defined as .6．Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？7．What does the underlined word/phrase “...” in Paragraph...mean?8．The underlined word “...” is closest in meaning to .二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。
有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。
有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。
例如：(2018·江苏，B)When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn’t tell how much they’d had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.试题：The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably im plies that the customers were .A．not aware of eating more than usualB．not willing to share food with othersC．not conscious of the food qualityD．not fond of the food provided分析：所猜测短语none the wiser后面出现了破折号来进行解释说明，我们可推知那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。