最新研究生英语翻译-Proverbs
英语谚语俗语带翻译
I always wake up early to study because as they say, the early bird catches the worm.
2. "Actions speak louder than words."
Translation: 行动胜于语言。
Explanation:
This idiom conveys the idea that what someone does is more important and has a greater effect than what they say. It emphasizes the value of actions and deeds over mere promises or talk.
Example:
I think I've bitten off more than I can chew with all these projects at once.
8. "Don't judge a book by its cover."
Translation: 不要以貌取人。
Explanation:
1. "The early bird catches the worm."
Translation: 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
Explanation:
This proverb means that the person who arrives first or starts something earliest will have the best chance of success. It emphasizes the importance of being proactive and taking initiative.
牛津高阶英汉词典-英语谚语(新)
牛津高阶英汉双解词典英语谚语、格言和警句_Sayings and Proverbs 谚语、格言和警句蕴藏着人类的智慧，简短的词句、诙谐的表达中流露着人生的哲理。
我希望能和大家一同分享这些睿智的语言，体悟语言世界的奥妙。
现计划每天摘录一句，并附解释。
如果大家对其中的某些妙句有兴趣和想法，欢迎大家针对性地发表意见；同时欢迎大家收集英语谚语、格言和警句在本贴发布，以供大家分享，最好注明出处。
希望与大家快乐而智慧地共同进步。
我目前所摘的谚语、格言和警均来自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第七版）【商务印书馆，牛津大学出版社（中国）有限公司，2009年4月第3版】Below is a list of well-known sayings and proverbs: fixed phrases or sentences that give advice or say something that is generally true. 下列广泛流传的谚语、格言和警句，即给予劝戒或表达普遍真理的固定短语或句子。
1—absence makes the heart grow fonder•英文解释：used to say that when you are away from sb that you love, you love them even more•翻译：不相见，倍思念2—there's no accounting for taste•英文解释：used to say how difficult it is to understand why sb likes sb/sth that you do not like at all•翻译：人的爱憎好恶是无法解释的；人各有所好3—actions speak louder than words•英文解释：what a person actually does means more than what they say they will do •翻译：行动比言语更为响亮4—it'll be all ringt on the night•英文解释：used to say that a performance, an event, etc. will be successful even if the preparations for it have not gone well•翻译：（演出、活动等）到时候自会成功的；车到山前必有路5—the apple doesn't fall far from the treeOR—the apple never falls far from the tree•英文解释：a child usually behaves in a similar way to his or her parent(s)•翻译：有什么样的父母就有什么样的儿女；上行下效6—if you can't beat them, join them•英文解释：if you cannot defeat sb or be as successful as they are, then it is more sensible to join them in what they are doing and perhaps get some advantage for yourself by doing so•翻译：打不赢，就投靠7—beauty is in the eye of the beholder•英文解释：people all have different ideas about what is beautiful•翻译：情人眼里出西施；对美的判别因人而异8—beauty is only skin-deep•英文解释：how a person looks is less important than their character•翻译：美貌不过一张皮；貌美不如心灵美9—you've made your bed and you must lie in itOR—you've made your bed and you must lie on it•英文解释：you must accept the results of your actions•翻译：自己承担后果10—beggars can't be choosers•英文解释：people say beggars can't be choosers when there is no choice and sb must be satisfied with what is available•翻译：要饭就不能嫌馊；给什么就得要什么11—seeing is believing•英文解释：used to say that sb will have to believe that sth is true when they see it, although they do not think it is true now•翻译：眼见为实；百闻不如一见12—a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush•英文解释：it is better to keep sth that you already have than to risk losing it by trying to get much more•翻译：一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林（满足于现有的总比因过分追求而失去一切好）13—birds of a feather (flock together)•英文解释：people of the same sort (are found together)•翻译：同类的人（聚在一起）；物以类聚14—blood is thicker than water•英文解释：family relationships are stronger than any others•翻译：血浓于水；亲属关系最牢靠15—born with a silver spoon in your mouth•英文解释：having rich parents•翻译：生于富裕之家；出身富裕16—there's one born every minute•英文解释：used to say that sb is very stupid•翻译：总有那种傻瓜17—boys will be boys•英文解释：you should not be surprised when boys or men behave in a noisy or rough way as this is part of typical male behaviour•翻译：男孩子总归是男孩子（不必为男孩或男子的吵闹粗野大惊小怪）18—when the cat's away the mice will play•英文解释：people enjoy themselves more and behave with greater freedom when the person in charge of them is not there•翻译：猫儿不在，老鼠玩得自在（指管事的不在，下面的玩个痛快）19—charity begins at home•英文解释：you should help and care for your own family, etc. before you start helping other people•翻译：博爱始于自家20—every cloud has a silver lining•英文解释：every sad or difficult situation has a positive side•翻译：黑暗中总有一线光明21—cut your coat according to your cloth•英文解释：to do only what you have enough money to do and no more•翻译：量入为出22—two's company (, three's a crowd)•英文解释：used to suggest that it is better to be in a group of only two people than havea third person with you as well•翻译：两人成伴（三人太多）23—too many cooks spoil the broth•英文解释：if too many people are involved in doing sth, it will not be done well•翻译：厨师多了烧坏汤；人多手杂反坏事；人多添乱24—don't count your chickens (before they are hatched)•英文解释：you should not be too confident that sth will be successful, because sth may still go wrong•翻译：不要蛋未孵化先数小鸡；别过早打如意算盘25—curiosity killed the cat•英文解释：used to tell sb not to ask questions or try to find out about things that do not concern them•翻译：好奇心能要猫的命（让人别提问或打听与己无关的事情）26—better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)•英文解释：used to say that it is easier and wiser to stay in a bad situation that you know and can deal with rather than change to a new situation which may be much worse•翻译：熟悉的魔鬼比不熟悉的魔鬼好；不要嫌熟悉的环境不好，换个不熟悉的环境可能更糟27—the devil makes work for idle hands•英文解释：people who do not have enough to do often start to do wrong•翻译：人闲生是非28—the die is cast•英文解释：used to say that an event has happened or a decision has been made that cannot be changed•翻译：事已成定局；木已成舟29—discretion is the better part of valour•英文解释：you should avoid danger and not take unnecessary risks•翻译：谨慎即大勇；慎重为勇敢之本30—every dog has his/its day•英文解释：everyone has good luck or success at some point in their life•翻译：人人皆有得意时31—give a dog a bad name•英文解释：when a person already has a bad reputation, it is difficult to change it because others will continue to blame or suspect him/her•翻译：恶名难洗；名声一毁，万难挽回32—why keep a dog and bark yourself?•英文解释：if sb can do a task for you, there is no point in doing it yourself•翻译：既然有人代劳，何必自己操劳33—the early bird catches the worm•英文解释：the person who takes the opportunity to do sth before other people will have an advantage over them•翻译：早起的鸟有虫子吃；捷足先登34—be easier said than done•英文解释：to be much more difficult to do than to talk about•翻译：说时容易做时难；谈何容易35—easy come, easy go•英文解释：used to mean that sb does not care very much about money or possessions especially if they spend it or lose sth•翻译：来得容易去得快；易得则易失36—the end justifies the means•英文解释：bad or unfair methods of doing sth are acceptable if the result of that action is good or positive•翻译：只要目的正当，可以不择手段37—an Englishman's home is his castle (BrE) (US a man's home is his castle)•英文解释：a person's home is a place where they can be private and safe and do as they like•翻译：英格兰人的家就是他的城堡38—enough is enough•英文解释：used when you think that sth should not continue any longer•翻译：（认为不应再继续）够了，行了39—some (people, members, etc.) are more equal than others•英文解释：although the members of a society, group, etc. appear to be equal, some, in fact, get better treatment than others•翻译：有些（人、成员等）比其他的更平等•ORIGIN：This phrase is used by one of the pigs in the book 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell: 'All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.' 本短语来自乔治·奥威尔所著的《动物庄园》中一头猪所说的话：“所有的动物都平等，但有些动物比其他的动物更平等。
英语谚语翻译（TranslationofEnglishProverbs）
英语谚语翻译（Translation of English Proverbs）示例：经典英文谚语好鱼游水底。
英语谚语英语谚语好鱼常在水里游。
不要教鱼游泳。
不要班门弄斧。
如果你想钓鱼，就去海边。
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
海里的鱼和以前一样好。
海里的好鱼多的是。
这是一个愚蠢的鱼，两次上钩。
●智者不上两次当。
如果水很吵，里面就没有鱼。
咆哮的水中无鱼（夸夸其谈者无真才实学）。
流传于民间口语中的谚语，伴随着文字的产生，开始出现在各种文学作品和文化典籍中。
英语谚语有一部分来自书面文献，主要出自希腊罗马神话、寓言故事、莎士比亚戏剧以及一些名家作品中。
这些源自文化典籍的”雅谚”，有些是在民间口语说法的基础上提炼打磨而成，而有些则属独创，有着鲜明的文化色彩、语体特色和教育警策作用。
英语谚语以其令人们熟知的形象和比喻体现了人们世代积累的经验和形成的价值观，它们作为社会共享的口头文学的袖珍版本，被成百上千次地引用，成为说服他人的论据，并用以指导日常生活。
谚语是民间集体创造、广为口传、言简意赅并较为定型的艺术语句，是民众丰富智慧和普遍经验的规律性总结根据内容，可以分为四类：（1）气象谚语。
气象谚语是认识自然和总结生产经验的谚语，如”长虫过道，大雨要到”、”东北有三宝：人参、貂皮、乌拉草”等。
（2）农业谚语。
农业谚语是农民在生产实践中总结出来的农事经验，如”枣芽发，种棉花”、”今冬麦盖三层被，来年枕着馒头睡”、”瑞雪兆丰年”等。
（3）生活谚语。
生活谚语是人们根据卫生保健知识概括而成的谚语，如”寒从脚起，病从口入”、”早晨起得早，八十不觉老”等。
（4）社会谚语。
社会谚语泛指为人处世、接物待人、持家治国等方面应注意的事，如：“量小非君子，无毒不丈夫”、”人不可貌相，海水不可斗量”、”若要人不知，除非己莫为”等。
一个开头开头不好，结果不好。
恶其始者必恶其终。
坏的布什胜过开阔的田野。
有胜于无。
一个坏的妥协胜过一个好的诉讼。
吃亏的和解也比胜诉强。
二十一世纪英语读写译答案课文翻译习题课后答案Unit1
Unit 1 College LifeCollege is like a fountain of knowledge —and the students are there to drink.(Anonymous)大学犹如知识的喷泉——学生们到那里汲取知识。
（无名）The important thing is the educational experience itself —how to survive it.[Am.] Donald Barthelme重要的是受教育的经历本身——如何度过这段经历。
[美]唐纳德·巴塞尔姆Proverbs and QuotationsOutlineTeaching ObjectivesPart 1 Lead-inPart 2 Reading Focus—Text APart 3 Integrated ExercisesPart 4 Reading Focus—Text BPart 5 Intranet AssignmentsGoing to college is exciting, but you‟re probably a little nervous as a freshman. Y ou might be somewhat scared. Part of your nervousness is that you don‟t know what to expect academically and socially. At times, your experience may be painful, especially at the beginning. In this unit, we are going to read two texts. Text A offers some tips on how to survive the first year in college. Text B tells about a successful person‟s Harvard experience.Teaching ObjectivesBy learning this unit, students will be able to grasp the main idea and structure of the texts, master the key language points, new words, grammatical structures and translation skills. And students will also be able to improve their oral communication skills and reading competence through performing the relevant tasks.Writing Focus in this unit looks at how to achieve sentence emphasis with different sentence types: simple sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence. Through learning this part, students will be able to construct correct sentences of different types.Look at the picture and discuss with your partner the following questions.Lead-in1. What do you think will be the topic of this unit?2. Describe and comment on the cartoon.B. Listening PracticePre-listening TaskBefore listening to the following passage take a quick look at the words and expressions in the box below.Lead-inPost-listening TaskAnswer the following questions.What will lead students to consequences that they do not notice until it is too late?2. What are the two most common hazards the speaker has listed in the passage?3. According to the speaker, what will be your reward if you work hard?B. Listening PracticeLead-inInexperience and the newfound freedom of being recognized aslegal adults.______________________________________________________________Parties and computer games.________________________A successful college experience.___________________________【Script】Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words or expressions you hear.B. Listening PracticeLead-inFor many young adults, graduation from high school meansin their educational experience. Unfortunately, the new freedom can lead to behaviors that could cause students to face , or even expulsion from school.Many professors do not have attendance requirements except being in the classroom and turning in all assignments. Some students mistakenly believe they can the lecture classes whenever they want and still acquire a passing grade.opening a new door_________________failing grades____________on testing days_____________skip____3. Parties are a necessary part of college and university life. Whether the students live in the or have off campus housing, a party is always .4. Students can become so obsessed with their game-world, that they loose touch with their .5. Party in moderation; give yourself on computer games and social w eb sites; attend all your classes; study hard; and most importantly, . dorms______nearby______scholastic responsibilities______________________time limits__________enjoy yourself____________For many young adults, graduation from high school means opening a new door in their educational experience. Unfortunately, the new freedom can lead to behaviors that could cause students to face failing grades, or even expulsion from school. With a little knowledge under their belts, new students can be aware of the most common hazards and successfully see graduation day.The majority of college freshmen are eighteen years old. Inexperience, combined with the newfound freedom of being recognized as legal adults, can have consequences many students do not notice until it is too late. After twelve years of going to school for six to eight hours every weekday, the relative freedom of the college class schedule is a new concept. Many professors do not have attendance requirements except being in the classroom on testing days and turning in all assignments. Some students【Script】mistakenly believe they can skip the lecture classes whenever they want and still acquire a passing grade.Parties are a necessary part of college and university life. Whether the students live in the dorms or have off campus housing, a party is always nearby. If a student chooses to party all the time, ignoring their schoolwork, their grades will steadily fall until it is too late.Hobbies such as computer gaming can be just as dangerous as the campus parties. Students can become so obsessed with their game-world, that they loose touch with their scholastic responsibilities.Take college time to gain experience and learn some life lessons. A successful college experience will be your reward if you work hard. Party in moderation; give yourself time limits on computer games and social web sites; attend all your classes; study hard; and most importantly, enjoy yourself.Read the text and then answer the questions in the left margin.Reading Focus-Text AFirst ReadingCollege: How to Survive the First Y earKari Whitaker1〔Note 1〕Kari Whitaker:a technical as well as creative writer. In addition to articles on education and careers, she also enjoys writing short stories, essays, and poetry.Some have anxieties about leaving home. Others fret about the cost.Most worr y they won‟t do well in school.〔Language Point〕help you survive your first year:Normally, we just say " help sb. do sth..." Strictly speaking, you can put " to” here (help sb. to do sth.) if you really feel that you must. But some words require " to.” You " need to,” " have to”, " want to" and "like to" do sth. But you just " help sb. do sth." Why? No reason. English is full ofridiculous things like that.〔Chinese〕对于许多即将迈入大学校门的学生而言，大学生活似乎令人恐惧。
关于Spring和ProverbsinLatinAmericanTalk翻译的比较
关于Spring和Proverbs in Latin American Talk翻译的比较韩舒亚 G1******* 08英语三班著名翻译学者张培基曾在《英汉翻译教程》中总结说，翻译是一种融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。
的确，仅仅从Spring和Proverbs in Latin American Talk这两篇文章的翻译中翻译的特点就展现的淋漓尽致。
两篇文章虽然篇幅不长，但在翻译过程中却运用了多种翻译理论、翻译技巧，也在一定程度上挑战了初级译者的理解力和表达力。
翻译，作为一项历史悠久的学科，其理论发展到今天可谓数不胜数。
无数学者、专家对翻译理论的总结归纳做出了自己的贡献。
其中，最有名最具代表性的莫过于19世纪末著名翻译家严复在《天演论•译例言》（1898）中，提出了“信、达、雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）三字标准：“译事三难：信、达、雅。
求其信已大难矣，故信矣不达，虽译尤不译也，则达尚焉。
所以，Spring和Proverbs in Latin American Talk(下简称Proverbs)二文不论在其他方面又怎样的不同，遵循翻译的三原则，将其译成信达雅的文章还是最基本的要求的。
翻译理论的详细内容这里不再一一赘述，在下面的分析阐释中会有所体现。
总的来说，Spring和Proverbs的翻译区别主要体现在文体风格，内容方面；在技巧方面还是有些相同之处的。
1.文体风格文体风格的不同对文本的翻译有着举足轻重的影响。
英国著名散文家Lord Chesterfield 曾说:“Style is the dress of thoughts , and well –dressed thought , like a well - dressed man , appears to good advantage. ”(风格乃是思想的衣服,而穿着好的思想就像一个穿着好的人一样,可以显得大为生色) ①这足以说明风格的重要。
趣谈英语成语与汉语成语的互译
趣谈英语成语与汉语成语的互译英语成语与汉语成语在各自的文化领域中各领风骚,然而由于中、西方国家的文化背景、风俗习惯有所差异,使得英、汉成语在互译时带有一定难度。
在翻译过程中有时会出现一些很有趣的现象,我们从中可以进一步窥探汉语、英语两种语言的民族特色。
各个民族的语言中都包括极丰富的成语。
中国是一个历史悠久、文化底蕴浓厚的国家,汉语中的成语闪烁着劳动人民智慧的璀璨光芒;英美等英语国家虽然历史、文化传统不完全一样,但英语也是一种历史悠久的语言,英语成语作为民族语言的一种形式,同样表现出它的丰富多彩及语言的魅力。
汉语成语与英语成语在各自的语言文化背景氛围中均牢固地确立了它们在语言中的重要地位。
它们自身的特点(即汉语成语言简意赅、生动形象、表现力强、朗朗上口;英语成语精辟、形象、生动) 使得英语、汉语成语无论在口语中,还是在书面语中都发挥着越来越显著的作用。
一．概述：1．成语与idiom（1）成语据（现汉）解释，成语是“人们长期以来习用的，形式简洁而意思精辟的，定型的词组或短句。
汉语的成语大多由四个字组成。
”（汉英）译成语为set phrase；idiom。
前者相当于“定型词组。
”后者相当于“习词”，和成语的概念都不完全对等。
但英语这两个词比较接近成语的意义，尤其是后者，经常作为成语的对应词。
（2）idiom（ALD）的解释是把idiom 分为两义；（1）language of a people of country : specific character of this (一个民族或国家的语言，这种语言的特殊之点)；（2）（gram）succession of words whose meaning is not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the constituent words but must be leant as a whole (语法连串之词整体意义而不表示各词单个意义者），如give way (退让；不能支持)，in order to （为了），be hard put to(为难；陷入困境）等。
研究生英语课文unit3cultural
Unit 3 Cultural PerspectivesIl n’est pas proper? My French sister-in-law's question floated in the air. I pretended not to hear, waiting for my wife to answer. She was asking about our two-and-a-half-year-old son, who had just scampered by her, chasing a ball on the beach in Normandy. I wasn't exactly sure what she was asking. He isn't clean? What could she mean by that? When my wife answered, it became clear. It was about the diaper he was wearing, and the fact that he was not yet toilet trained. wasn't he getting a little old for diapers? This conversation, and the implication that our American toilet training practices were somehow inadequate, bothered me. I knew there were cultural differences in play, but the only explanation I could come up with in the moment was a simplistic notion about informality, or different traditions. Truthfully, I was struck more by how bothered I was. My emotions were triggered, and I couldn't figure out why.Later, I came across a comparison of the differences between French and American child-rearing practices. The French perceive that humankind-all people- contains both good and evil, and that children therefore need the guiding hand of rational adults in order to prepare them to participate properly in society, to bring out the positive in them and to control their innate negative tendencies. Children must follow the rules, so to speak. Americans, in contrast, tend to view humankind as basically good, and are consequently more tolerant of children finding their own way, learning from mistakes, trusting them to do what is right.What helped me most in this comparison was the realization that the fundamental differences in views between my sister-in-law and me could be explained in terms of cultural perspectives, that these were submerged deep within, and that it was not really a matter of right and wrong between the two of us. I question whether I could have come to this understanding by relying on my own experience. I needed others’ views.Perspectives can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs, and attitudes. They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by members of the culture, manifested in products and practices. These meanings reflect members' perceptions of the world, the beliefs and values that they hold, and the norms, expectations, and attitudes that they bring to practices. To name the perspectives that underlie practices is to answer question, why do the people of this culture do things in the way they.Perspectives can be tangible. Perceptions, beliefs, values, and attitudes can be explicitly stated in oral or written form. These explicit perspectives are expressed through sayings, proverbs, creeds, proclamations, myths, mottos, principles, guidelines, mission statements, scholarly studies, cultural studies, or other explicit forms of expression. These overt perspectives, the shared public outlooks, guide our practices.As an example, consider the perspective of “the American Drea m”-a cultural perspective that reflects a belief that anyone can achieve fame and fortune in the United States through hard work, self-reliance, and sacrifice. This belief is based upon values of equality, individualism achievement, competition, and materialism.These values. in turn. Derive from a cultural perception that people possess free will and can control their destinies and the environment, and that the future is more important than the past. Attitudes of competitiveness, ambition, determination, self-centeredness, and resilience follow. Accordingly, . culture has many practices that reflect the pursuit of the American Dream, including establishing certain relationships, developing a career, and acquiring wealth, status, or respect. Products accumulate with such practices: possessions, goods, capital, status, and recognition.Many explicit perspectives are found in the history of a culture and in social and cultural studies and commentaries. The histories of political economic, religious, educational and other formal institutions both reflect and propagate cultural perspectives. For example, the belief that "every man is presumed innocent until proven guilty" pervades the judicial system in the United States, and has its origins in the American Revolution as a conscious response to the political institutions in Europe. Likewise, history books are filled with stories of "self-made men, ""rugged individualists” who “pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps”,“left their pasts behind", and went from "rags to riches" to attain the American Dream, proving", in effect, that "God helps those who help themselves.” (Depending on the Americans you talk to, this perspective may be seen as myth or reality.)Perspectives are thus explicit, but at the same time they can be tacit or outside awareness, Members of a culture carry out practices, but when asked to explain them, they often cannot specify why they engage in these practices; they frequently reply, "that's just the way it is" or " we're always doing it this way. " This is not to say that people are unable to specify perspectives, but rather that people tend not to be aware of them. They take them for granted. The maxim "If you want to know about water, don't ask a fish." often used in intercultural circles. makes this point. Even though most cultural perspectives are tacit, they can be brought to the surface and made explicit, as anthropologists, among others, have demonstrated. It can demand a significant effort to uncover the tacit perspectives that govern practices. While this discovery is possible, it is questionable whether all tacit perspectives can in fact be surfaced. Some (or many, who knows) remain imprinted in the depths of our reptilian and mammalian brains, beyond the reach of language. At the most explicit level, perspectives are expressed most often as feelings that are associated with attitudes, revealed in the words or deeds of practices. For the most part, these feelings are either positive or negative ("This person is not arriving when I expected. I feel OK about this. "or I don't feel OK about this. ") The attitudes enclose values, which can be made explicit. ("I don’t feel OK about this, because it, s not right for someone to do this; a normal person wouldn’t do this. " Values are closely linked to beliefs, what we hold to be true or false, which also can be made explicit, with reflection. ("I believe that time is precious. ") We should base on perceptions, and these are almost always tacit, although they too can be brought to awareness, upon reflection or research. ("I perceive time as a substance, as material: it can be measured, quantified and handled like any othercommodity. "Issues related to time, especially punctuality, illustrate the explicit and tacit nature of perspectives. If I’m waiting for someone to arrive at a prearranged time, I begin to feel vaguely uncomfortable as the expected hour passes. The more time elapses, the more irritated I become. It takes a conscious effort to remind myself that my perception of time and the beliefs and values associated with it are in full force. I tell myself that I need to drop my belief that the person I await possesses deep, irreversible character flaws. To move through the emotions and attitudes to discover values, beliefs, and perceptions takes work, especially if the emotions are strong. Strong emotional reactions generally signal that an important cultural perspective has been touched, called into question, or threatened in some way. One way in which perceptions are commonly described in cultural studies is as "worldview". Literally, worldview is what it suggests: perceptions of all that surrounds one. The assumption underlying the notion of worldview is that of a unified. shared outlook on the world Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental perceptions shared by members of a culture. Perceptions, in other words, are the organizing element in culture. Beliefs, values, attitudes, practices, and products follow. Perhaps the most obvious illustration of worldviews is religious institutions. Religions propose perspectives on humankind, deity, nature, and the universe. These views engender beliefs, values, and attitudes, which are manifested in the sets of specific practices developed by members of the religion. If they adhere to these practices, members will lead a proper way of life.When discussing perspectives, we need to recognize that there are two kinds: emic and etic. Emic perspectives are those articulated by members of the culture to explain themselves and their culture, while etic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture, who use their own criteria to explain the others' culture.Etic perspectives include those of visitors to the culture, the criteria they use to describe and explain what they encounter, as well as categories for cross-cultural description and analysis established by anthropologists and other cultural researchers to describe many cultures. Etic perspectives therefore, provide frameworks to describe, analyze, and explain a culture from the outside. Each etic category carries assumptions about the nature of culture, and it is important to bring out these assumptions.Emic explanations are perspectives that members of the culture use to describe or explain their own way of life. These perspectives do not necessarily correspond to etic categories, nor does the terminology that the member use for their explanations. When asked, members may easily express the reasons for cultural products and practices. Or, given that many fundamental cultural perspectives are outside awareness, like the submerged bulk of the cultural iceberg, members may have difficulty finding word to fully explain them, just as I had no explanation on American toilet training practices.A foreign language teacher illustrates the insider/outsider perspectives on the same touching behaviors seen from two different cultures, his native Cameroon and the . students in his French class.In my French I class, we were reviewing greetings. After the usual bonjour, salut, etc., I introduced handshaking. I asked them how often they shake hands with their friends. The answer was rarely to never. I then explained to them how friends in Cameroon would shake hands several times during the same day. Whenever they would meet, they would shake hands. Students said they really be uncomfortable to be touched. We explored the possible reasons why Cameroonians shake hands so much, with the main one being the limited personal space people allow themselves in Cameroon. To make things worse, I told them that friends, brothers sisters walk hand in hand-literally -in Cameroon, without that having any connotation. When they heard this, most students were shocked, except for a Korean -American student. He said that on a trip to South Korea he noticed people holding hands everywhere, and he thought everybody was gay. He saidhe refused to hold hands with his cousins, and they thought he was just a weird American kid. Students admitted they'd try holding hands only if they had to.As a Cameroonian living in this country, I have noticed that people in the United States don't touch each other a lot. The rare occasions that I have observed people touching others are when expressing approval or satisfaction for a job well done;a tap on the shoulder ( usually from a superior/coach, etc. ) when sealing a deal(handshake); for a farewell(hug): friends giving each other a hug to comfort one another. I have also observed that holding hands occurs in the following situations: parents hold younger kids when crossing roads: lovers hold hands as a sign of intimate affection. Although not explicit, when two individuals of the same gender are seen holding hands, people in this country always consider them love partners.In view of the unfortunate and biased negative perception of gay and lesbian life in many American cultural circles, students do not want people to think they are gay or lesbian. The issue of use of personal space also comes into play here. In general, people in United States need a large personal space. Touching infringes that freedom.My goal was to show students the different interpretations the same personal behavior can have according to cultures. One behavior can be marked in one culture and unmarked in another I wanted to stress the fact that people in Cameroon are closer and they tolerate being touched by and touching acquaintances think my students became aware of the difference. I hope that if they ever find themselves in Cameroon or surrounded by a bunch of Cameroonians, they'll remember that shaking hands is OK and even expected, and that holding hands does not mean people are intimate. Lovers in Cameroon seldom hold hands! I don't recall seeing my own parents holding hands, let alone showing any other sign of affection to each other!So hopefully my students will not say “Gross!”or “That's gay!”when they see such behavior in a Cameroonian setting, or even in a Korean one, as we learned from the Korean -American boy.。
专业硕士研究生英语Unit 11
5. strip somebody of something to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment剥夺 E.g.
1. derive from to come from something来源于……
E.g. 1）We derive knowledge from books 我们从书中获得知识 2) Many English words are derived from Latin. 许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。
7. exert
to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽 全力
E.g. 1) For college students to do a part-time job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 2)打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。 3)That council member has been exerting a lot f pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality. "那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受 这批劣质原料。"
3. impact a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person影响
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Proverb
Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegants. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting.
谚语是种通俗用语，它们能为拉美人的言谈增添不少亮色。
你随处可以触摸到这种浓缩的智慧，可以是从教授那里，也可以从农夫那里，可以是从乞丐那里，也可以从贵妇那里。
在既简洁又生动的同时，它们往往还是“带着刺”的。
When a neighbor’s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “you know what they say, Senora: ‘There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.’” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.”
听说邻居的那位其貌不扬的女儿宣布订婚时，伊梅尔达说：“太太，您知道大伙儿是怎么说的吗：‘再丑的罐也不愁配个盖儿。
’”当她的女婿当初吹嘘着他要如何报复扣他工资的老板时，伊梅尔达冷冷地盯着他说：“小鱼吃不了大鱼。
”
One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband’s parents, and Imelda was insisting that she apologize to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can’t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they’re too poor. So today, when they wouldn’t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that I’ve heard you say a hundred times: ‘If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?’”
一天下午我听见伊梅尔达和她女儿在厨房吵架。
原来她的女儿跟她公公婆婆吵架了，伊梅尔达坚持女儿应该向他们道歉。
但是她女儿反对道：“但是，妈妈，我即使嘴里含着蜂蜜也忍受不了他们。
他们老是吹牛，但是当我们想买点东西时，他们又说穷了。
今天，他们甚至不愿借钱给我们买张新床，而我所说的只是我从你那里听到了一百遍的话：‘既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？’”
“Impertinent!”snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, ‘What the tongue says, the neck pay for?’ I will not have it said that I would never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, ‘What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!’”
“无礼！”伊梅尔达哼了一声，“难道我没教过你吗，‘舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃’？我可不愿被人说我没教过女儿要尊重长辈。
在你去乞求他们的原谅之前，把裤子换掉，穿上裙子。
你也知道你婆婆是怎么看待女人穿男式长裤的。
她经常说，‘孵出来是母鸡就别冒充是公鸡！’”
Her daughter made one or more try. “But Mama, you often say, ‘If the saint is annoyed, don’t pray to him until he gets over it.’ Can’t I leave it for tomorrow?”她的女儿又嚷嚷了一声，“妈，但是你经常说，‘如果圣人恼怒了，在他消气前就不要向他祈祷’。
我能不能明天再去啊？”
“No, no and no! Remember: ‘If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.’ You know, my child, you did wrong. But, ‘A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.’ I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: ‘One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.’”
“不行，绝对不行！你给我记住：‘药越是苦，越要快服。
’孩子，你也知道，这次是你不对。
不过呢，‘礼物是打开把你关在外面的门的钥匙。
’我炉里烤着一个蛋糕，本来是给太太晚餐吃的。
待会儿我会向太太解释的。
你现在赶紧回家，穿上那条粉红的裙子，把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮的。
等你从家回来时，蛋糕就烤好了，你把它带去给你婆婆。
这样她就会高兴了，还会让你公公给你们买新床呢。
记住：‘手要相互洗，脸要双手洗。
’”。