消费者生产者与市场效率-PPT精选

四个卖者的供给量
Supply Schedule for the Four Possible Sellers
价格 Price
卖者 Sellers
$900 or more Mary, Frida, Georgia,
Grandma
$800 to $900 Frida, Georgia, Grandma $600 to $800 Georgia, Grandma $500 to $600 Grandma Less than $500 None
Price of Album
Price = $80
$100
80 70
约翰的消费者剩余 ($20)
50
Demand
0 1234
Quantity of Albums
用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余
Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve...
Price of Album
demand curve for a product. 市场需求曲线画出了在不同的价格下，买者愿
意和能够购买的数量。 The market demand curve depicts the various
quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at different prices.
生产者剩余 Producer Surplus
生产者剩余：卖者出售一种物品得到 的金额减去卖者的成本。
Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid minus the cost of production.
它衡量了卖者参与市场得到的收益。
It measures the benefit to sellers participating in a market.
买者 约翰 John 保罗 Paul 乔治 George 林格 Ringo
支付意愿（美元） 100 80 70 50
让我们来参加一场拍卖会……
John 将得到课本，成交价为80（或90）美元。 John 得到的消费者剩余（也是市场的总消费者剩
余）为： 100-80=20 美元
假设有两本课本呢？
It measures how much the buyer values the good or service.
消费者剩余 Consumer Surplus
消费者剩余是买者的支付意愿减买者 的实际支付额。
Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the mount the buyer actually pays for it.
Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. 市场的资源配置是否令人满意，取决于福利经济学
Whether the market allocation is desirable is determined by welfare economics.
福利经济学 Welfare Economics
市场均衡导致收益最大化，因此导致消费 者和生产者的总体福利的最大化。
Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product.
福利经济学 Welfare Economics
福利经济学研究资源配置如何影响经济福利。 Welfare economics is the study of how the
allocation of resources affects economic well-being. 买者和卖者从参与市场中收益。
消费者剩余 Consumer Surplus
支付意愿是买者愿意且能够为某一物品支付的 最高价格。
Willingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good.
它衡量买者对物品或服务的评价是多少
At any quantity, the price given by the supply curve shows the cost of the marginal seller, the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower.
在本章中，我们要讨论福利经济学（welfare economics）这个主题，即研究资源配置如何影 响经济福利。我们从考察买者和卖者从参与市 场中得到的利益开始，然后考虑社会如何可以 使这种利益尽量达到最大。
再看市场均衡
Revisiting the Market Equilibrium
市场均衡价格和数量使买者和卖者的总福利最大化吗 Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers? 市场均衡反映出市场配置稀缺资源的方式。
Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.
消费者、生产者与市场效率 Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
第七章 Chapter 7
在前面几章中，我们说明了在市场经济中． 供给和需求的力量如何决定了物品的价格和销 售量。那么，这种价格和销售对买者和卖者来 说是不是最满意的？对我们整个社会来说是否 是最佳的？
Welfare Economics
消费者剩余衡量买方的经济福利。
Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyer’s side.
生产者剩余衡量卖方的经济福利。
Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the seller’s side.
四个可能买者的支付意愿
Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay...
价格
买者
需求量
>$100
无
0
$80 - $100
约翰
1
$70 - $80
约翰、保罗
2
$50 - $70
约翰、保罗、乔治
3
<$50
约翰、保罗、乔治
4
和林格
用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余
Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve...
At any quantity, the price given by the demand curve shows the willingness to pay of the marginal buyer, the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher. 由于需求曲线反应了买者的支付意愿，我们可以 用它衡量消费者剩余。
• John和Paul 将得到课本，成交价为70美元。 • John得到100-70=30 美元的消费者剩余；Paul得到
80-70=10 美元的消费者剩余。 • 市场的总消费者剩余为30+10=40 美元。
消费者剩余
Consumer Surplus
消费者剩余与一种物品的需求曲线密切相关。 Consumer surplus is closely related to the
P
$100
80 70
50
约翰的支付意愿 保罗的支付意愿 乔治的支付意愿 林格的支付意愿
D
0 1234
Q
用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余
Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand
Curve...
在任何一种数量下，需求曲线给出的价格（需求 曲线的高度）表示边际买者的支付意愿；边际买 者是如果价格再高一点，就首先离开的买者。
Price = $70
$100
80 70
约翰的消费者剩余($30) 保罗的消费者剩余($10)
50 总消费者剩余 ($40)
Demand
0 1234
Quantity of Albums
用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余 Measuring Consumer Surplus with
the Demand Curve
四个可能卖者的成本
The Costs of Four Possible Sellers...
卖者 Seller Mary Frida
Georgia Grandma
成本 Cost $900 800 600 500
生产者剩余与供给曲线
Producer Surplus and the Supply Curve