最近发展区理论

Works
• Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language. MIT Press. ISBN 0-26272001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-26251771-3
• Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26222013-2
The ZPD of a child isn’t stagnant, it continuously changes as he or she conquers increasingly difficult work over time. Focusing more on education, ZPD can be useful to educators because it should remind them how students can be expanded to reach goals with adult direction and support.
measure
Deficiencies
The difference of personality, recognition, ways of solving problems, degree of learning lead to inaccuracy of intelligence of each individual, as well as the ZPD which based on the results of measure.
A six-year old boy who lost his toy and asks his father for help. father: when is the last time you see the toy? boy: I don`t remember. father: is it in your room? boy: no. father: is it in the yard? boy: no. father: is it in the kitchen? boy: no. father: is it in the car? boy: yes, i think so. Then the boy run to get the toy. In this dialogue, insread of find the toy for his son, the father helped the boy to remember where he left the toy.
Introduce the Zone of Proximal Development
▪ Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult's example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotsky's often-quoted definition of ZPD presents it as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.
Scaffolding
▪ The concept of the ZPD is widely used in world to study children's mental development as it relates to education. The ZPD concept is seen as a scaffolding, a structure of "support points" for performing an action.
• Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of selftalk or "thinking out loud." Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior.
▪ Vygotsky among other educational professionals believes the role of education to be to provide children with experiences which are in their ZPD, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning.
LOGO
Zone of Proximal Development
Les Vygotsky
杨林燕 漆雪彬 李月
Contents
Les Vygotsky ZPD
Influence
Origins
• The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students' intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability to solve problems with the assistance of an adult.
There might be individual who has two or more ZPDs.
education
Deficiencies
As the ZPD of each student is a relatively dynamic zone, so when the student reaches the anticipated degree of learning, teachers should change their teaching methods, make teaching plans again.
▪ Scaffolding is a process through which a teacher or more competent peer helps the student in his or her ZPD as necessary, and tapers off this aid as it becomes unnecessary, much as a scaffold is removed from a building during construction. "Scaffolding [is] the way the adult guides the child's learning via focused questions and positive interactions."This concept has been further developed by Ann Brown, among others. Several instructional programs were developed on this interpretation of the ZPD, including reciprocal teaching and dynamic assessment.
Facilitator
▪ a facilitator helps other people develop their own capabilities and inner resources in order to perform tasks successfully. in this view, the teacher`s main concern is to facilitate the learner`s accomplishment of the difficult job of learning a new language. the facilitator helps, but does not tell. the facilitator encourages, but does not criticize.
• 1934, he died of TB.
Vyቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱotsky
• Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: external communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of one's inner thoughts.