《行为金融学》(第二版)
行为金融学(第一章)
引言概述：行为金融学是一门将心理学和经济学结合起来研究人们投资和决策行为的学科。
通过研究人类的行为模式和认知偏差，行为金融学试图解释为什么人们在投资决策中往往会出现非理性行为，从而进一步揭示市场行为背后的心理原因。
本文将对行为金融学的第一章进行详细阐述，包括理论基础、决策过程和认知偏差等方面。
正文内容：1.理论基础1.1行为金融学的起源行为金融学是由传统金融学和心理学相结合而成的学科，起源于1980年代。
傅尔德和肯特纳等学者首次提出了行为金融学的概念，并提出了人们在投资决策中存在着非理性行为。
1.2行为金融学的理论框架行为金融学的理论框架包括认知心理学、行为经济学和实证金融学等多个学科的内容。
认知心理学研究人们的思维方式和对信息的处理方式，行为经济学研究人们的行为模式和决策规律，实证金融学研究市场行为和投资效应。
1.3行为金融学的价值和应用行为金融学的研究成果可以帮助投资者理解市场行为背后的心理原因，更好地进行投资决策。
行为金融学也提供了更全面的投资策略，比如基于认知偏差的交易策略等。
2.决策过程2.1决策理论的基本原理决策理论研究人们在面临不确定性和风险时做出决策的过程。
基于效用理论，人们在决策中追求最大化的效用，但实际情况中往往存在认知偏差。
2.2决策的认知偏差保守主义偏差：人们在新信息面前往往保持原有观点，对新信息的接受存在偏差。
锚定效应：人们在做决策时容易受到周围环境的影响，产生特定的心理锚点。
过度自信：人们对自己的能力和知识容易过度自信，影响投资决策的准确性。
前景理论：人们在对待利益和损失时表现出不对称的态度，对损失更为敏感。
群体决策偏差：人们在群体决策中容易受到他人的影响，忽视个人观点。
3.认知偏差3.1选择框架选择框架研究人们如何对不同选项进行分类和选择。
人们在对待相同概率的风险时，会受到不同的选择框架的影响，偏好避免损失。
3.2信息处理信息过载：人们在面对大量信息时容易选择性检索和过滤信息，造成信息过载。
行为金融学(饶育蕾盛虎)课后答案
行为金融学(饶育蕾盛虎)课后答案一、行为金融学概述1. 行为金融学的定义行为金融学是研究人类决策行为及其影响的跨学科领域。
它的目标是理解人们在金融领域做出决策时的行为模式，并探讨这些行为背后的心理和认知因素。
2. 行为金融学的重要概念•羊群效应：指人们在决策时倾向于跟随他人的行为，而不是自己的判断。
•锚定效应：指人们受到最先接触到的信息（锚）的影响，会对后续决策产生偏差。
•损失厌恶：指人们对损失的敏感程度远大于对同等数额收益的敏感程度。
•过度自信：指人们普遍对自己的判断和决策过于自信，容易产生过度自信的偏差。
3. 行为金融学与传统金融理论的区别传统金融理论主要基于理性人假设，认为人们在决策时会充分考虑所有可用信息，并做出最优决策。
而行为金融学强调人们的非理性行为模式，认为人们在决策时容易受到心理和认知因素的影响，导致偏离理性决策。
二、行为金融学的实证研究1. 实证研究方法行为金融学的实证研究通常采用问卷调查、实验研究和观察数据等方法。
其中，问卷调查是主要的数据收集方式，通过询问被调查者的意见和观点，来了解他们的决策行为和心理因素。
2. 实证研究的重要发现•桎梏效应：人们倾向于持有过于乐观的预期，导致过度投资。
•禀赋效应：人们对已拥有的物品比对未拥有的物品更加重视，导致在卖出资产时要求更高的价格。
•基本与主观账户：人们将资金划分为不同的账户，会对不同账户内的资金做出不同的决策。
•漫长认知：人们倾向于根据最近的信息和经验来作出决策，忽视长期趋势。
•信息传播：人们对消息的接收和传播存在偏差，容易受到群体行为的影响。
三、行为金融学在投资决策中的应用1. 心理账户理论在投资中的应用根据心理账户理论，投资者倾向于将资金划分为不同的账户，以感觉到更多的控制和安全感。
在投资决策中，可以通过分散投资和盈亏平衡来降低风险，同时引导投资者将投资组合划分为不同的账户，以减少投资偏差。
2. 损失厌恶在投资中的影响损失厌恶是指人们对损失的敏感程度远大于对同等数额收益的敏感程度。
行为金融学第二版教学设计
行为金融学第二版教学设计课程概述本课程以行为金融学为主题，旨在通过教授理论和实践案例，帮助学生在投资决策和理财规划中更好地应用行为科学的原理。
教学目标1.理解行为金融学的基本理论和实践案例；2.掌握行为金融学的投资决策规则；3.熟悉行为金融学的理财规划方法；4.培养学生分析、评价和决策的能力。
教学内容第一章行为金融学介绍1.1 行为金融学简介 1.2 行为金融学研究方法 1.3 行为金融学的应用领域第二章金融决策理论2.1 期望效用理论 2.2 风险厌恶理论 2.3 前景理论第三章投资者行为与投资决策3.1 投资者情感因素 3.2 信息获取与处理 3.3 投资者信仰与偏见 3.4 投资者心理账户第四章价值投资与成长投资4.1 价值投资的定义和原理 4.2 成长投资的定义和原理 4.3 价值投资与成长投资的比较第五章市场行为与投资分析5.1 市场失误理论 5.2 技术分析 5.3 基本面分析 5.4 行为金融学视角的投资分析第六章理财规划与行为金融学6.1 理财目标的设定 6.2 理财计划的制定 6.3 理财产品的选择教学方法本课程采用讲授、案例分析、课堂讨论等多种教学方法，以帮助学生更好地了解行为金融学的理论并应用于具体的投资和理财场景当中。
具体分为以下几个环节：1.讲授：讲解理论和相关概念；2.案例分析：通过具体案例分析理论和方法；3.课堂讨论：鼓励同学们进行多方面思考和讨论，提高他们的思维广度和深度。
评分标准1.平时成绩：包括课堂表现、作业和小组讨论等情况，占总分比例50%；2.期中考试：闭卷考试，占总分比例20%；3.期末考试：闭卷考试，占总分比例30%。
教学资源本课程的教学资源包括课件、参考书籍和教学视频等，其中教学视频将在每节课后上传至教学平台以供学生自主学习和回顾。
教学建议为了更好地教授本课程，教师应该充分利用教学资源，精心准备每堂课的教学内容和讲义，并且鼓励同学们通过多方面思考和讨论，让他们在实践操作中不断深化对行为金融学的理解和掌握。
行为金融学课程大纲
行为金融学课程大纲课程名称：行为金融学课程代码：BFN101学时：36学时学分：2学分一、课程简介行为金融学是一门综合金融学和心理学的交叉学科，旨在研究人们在金融决策过程中的行为模式和心理机制。
本课程将介绍行为金融学的基本概念、理论模型和实证研究方法，以及如何将其应用于投资管理、资产定价、风险管理等实际金融领域。
二、主要内容1. 行为金融学的理论基础- 经典金融理论与行为金融学的对比- 心理学理论在金融决策中的应用- 金融市场中的行为偏差和误判2. 决策心理学与金融决策- 决策理论的基本概念和模型- 判断和决策中的启发式和认知偏差- 群体决策中的心理因素3. 投资者心理与行为金融- 投资者行为的类型和特征- 投资者情绪与市场波动- 投资者的过度自信和过度反应4. 金融市场行为与资产定价- 市场有效性与无效性- 市场异常回报与行为因子- 行为金融学在资产定价中的应用5. 风险管理与行为金融学- 风险偏好与风险规避- 心理账户理论与投资组合决策 - 行为金融学在风险管理中的应用6. 行为金融学的实证研究方法- 实验设计与数据分析- 问卷调查与统计模型- 实证研究的局限性与未来发展三、教学方法本课程采用讲授与案例分析相结合的教学方法。
每节课将由教师进行讲解，同时结合实际案例进行分析和讨论，以加深学生对行为金融学理论与应用的理解。
四、考核方式1. 平时表现（20%）：包括课堂讨论、小组项目和作业完成情况等。
2. 期中考试（30%）：考查学生对课程基本概念和理论的掌握程度。
3. 期末论文（40%）：要求学生选择一个行为金融学相关主题进行研究，并撰写一篇学术论文。
4. 参与度（10%）：包括学生在课堂上的积极参与和主动提问等。
五、参考教材1. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein (2008). "Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness", Penguin Books.2. Meir Statman (2017). "Finance for Normal People: How Investors and Markets Behave", Oxford University Press.3. H. Kent Baker and Victor Ricciardi (2014). "Investor behavior: The Psychology of Financial Planning and Investing", Wiley Finance.六、备注本课程将提供丰富的案例和实证研究材料，旨在让学生深入理解行为金融学理论，并培养学生的批判性思维和数据分析能力。
行为金融学课后习题答案(1_6章)
第1章概论一名词解释行为金融: 行为经济学的一个分支，它研究人们在投资决策过程中认知、感情、态度等心理特征，以及由此而引起的市场非有效性。
行为经济学:是一门研究在复杂的、不完全理性的市场中投资、储蓄、价格变化等经济现象的学科，是经济学和心理学的有机组合。
经济心理学: 是关于经济心理与行为研究的学科，应用社会心理学的一个重要分支，它的研究对象为个体及群体在经济活动中的心理现象和心理规律，强调经济个体的非理性方面及其重要影响。
信息加工心理学: 或狭义的认知心理学。
它是用信息加工的理论来研究、解释人类认知过程和复杂行为的科学。
实验经济学: 是在可控的条件下，针对某一现象，通过控制某些条件，观察决策者的行为并分析实验结果，以检验、比较和完善经济理论，目的是通过设计和模拟实验环境，探求经济行为的因果机制，验证经济理论或帮助政府制定经济政策。
理性人:在决策时以效用最大化为目标，并能够对已知信息做出正确的加工处理，对市场做出无偏估计的人。
有限理性: 人们在认知与判断上存在很多局限性，其活动受到自身的心理活动、个人情绪的影响.二问答题1行为学的基本原则是什么？（1）回报原则。
那些经常给行为主体带来回报的行为比那些不带来回报的行为更可能被主体重复；（2）激励原则。
那些曾诱发了回报行为的外界激励比那些不曾诱发回报行为的外界激励更容易诱发主体的同类行为；（3）强化原则。
行为主体在没有获得对其行为的预期回报，甚至为此遭到惩罚的时候，会被激怒，进而强烈地要施能够补偿损失的行为。
相反，如果某类行为给行为主体带来了出乎意料的回报，或没有带来预期的惩罚，行为主体将更主动地实施同类行为。
2行为经济学具有哪些特点？行为经济学具有三个重要的特点：（1）其出发点是研究一个国家中某个时期的消费者和企业经理人员的行为，以实际调查为根据，对在不同环境中观察到的行为进行比较，然后加以概括并得出结论；（2）其研究集中在人们的消费、储蓄、投资等行为的决策过程，而不是这些行为所完成的实绩；（3）它更重视人的因素。
饶育蕾《行为金融学》(第二章有效市场价说及其缺陷)ppt课件
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二项式模型（Binomial Model）
• Black-Scholes方程模型优缺点：
•
优点：对欧式期权，有精确的定价公式；
•
缺点：对美式期权，无精确的定价公式，不可能求出解的
表达式，而且数学推导和求解过程在金融界较难接受和掌握。
• Black-Scholes期权定价模型虽然有许多优点, 但是它的推导 过程难以为人们所接受。在1979年, 罗斯等人使用一种比较浅 显的方法设计出一种期权的定价模型, 称为二项式模型 (Binomial Model) 。该模型建立了期权定价数值法的基础，解 决了美式期权定价的问题。
证券之间的协方差具有相同的预期值。
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饶育蕾《行为金融学》(第二章有效市场价说及其缺陷)
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资本资产定价模型（CAPM）
• 上述假设表明：第一，投资者是理性的，而且严 格按照马科威茨模型的规则进行多样化的投资，并 将从有效边界的某处选择投资组合；第二，资本市 场是完全有效的市场，没有任何磨擦阻碍投资。
产生相应的变化，因此，依靠历史数据估算出的β值对未来的指导作
用也要打折扣。总之，由于CAPM的上述局限性，金融市场学家仍在
不断探求比CAPM更为准确的资本市场理论。目前，已经出现了另外
一些颇具特色的资本市场理论（如套利定价模型），但尚无一种理论
可与CAPM相匹敌。
饶育蕾《行为金融学》(第二章有效市场价说及其缺陷)
• 现代投资组合理论（Modern portfolio theory)指出特殊风险 是可以通过分散投资来消除的。
饶育蕾《行为金融学》(第二章有效市场价说及其缺陷)
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资本资产定价模型（CAPM）
• CAPM是建立在马科威茨模型基础上的，马科威茨模型的假 设自然包含在其中，CAPM的附加假设条件：
《金融学（第二版）》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十二章
《⾦融学（第⼆版）》讲义⼤纲及课后习题答案详解⼗⼆章CHAPTER 12CHOOSING AN INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOObjectivesTo understand the process of personal investing in theory and in practice.To build a quantitative model of the tradeoff between risk and reward.Outline12.1 The Process of Personal Portfolio Selection12.2 The Trade-off between Expected Return and Risk12.3 Efficient Diversification with Many Risky AssetsSummaryThere is no single portfolio selection strategy that is best for all people.Stage in the life cycle is an imp ortant determinant of the optimal composition of a person’s optimal portfolio of assets and liabilities.Time horizons are important in portfolio selection. We distinguish among three time horizons: the planning horizon, the decision horizon, and the trading horizon.In making portfolio selection decisions, people can in general achieve a higher expected rate of return only by exposing themselves to greater risk.One can sometimes reduce risk without lowering expected return by diversifying more completely either withina given asset class or across asset classes.The power of diversification to reduce the riskiness of an investor’s portfolio depends on the correlations among the assets that make up the portfolio. In practice, the vast majority of assets are positively correlated with each other because they are all affected by common economic factors. Consequently, one’s ability to reduce risk through diversification among risky assets without lowering expected return is limited.Although in principle people have thousands of assets to choose from, in practice they make their choices from a menu of a few final products offered by financial intermediaries such as bank accounts, stock and bond mutual funds, and real estate. In designing and producing the menu of assets to offer to their customers theseintermediaries make use of the latest advances in financial technology.Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1. Suppose that your 58-year-old father works for the Ruffy Stuffed Toy Company and has contributed regularly to his company-matched savings plan for the past 15 years. Ruffy contributes $0.50 for every $1.00 your father puts into the savings plan, up to the first 6% of his salary. Participants in the savings plan can allocate their contributions among four different investment choices: a fixed-income bond fund, a “blend” option that invests in large companies, small companies, and the fixed-income bond fund, a growth-income mutual fund whose investments do not include other toy companies, and a fund whose sole investment is stock in the Ruffy Stuffed Toy Company. Over Thanksgiving vacation, Dad realizes that you have been majoring in finance and decides to reap some early returns on that tuition money he’s been investing in your education. He shows you the most recent quarterly statement for his savings plan, and you see that 98% of its current value is in the fourth investment option, that of the Ruffy Company stock..a.Assume that your Dad is a typical risk-averse person who is considering retirement in five years. Whenyou ask him why he has made the allocation in this way, he responds that the company stock has continually performed quite well, except for a few declines that were caused by problems in a division that the company has long since sold off. Inaddition, he says, many of his friends at work have done the same. What advice would you give your dad about adjustments to his plan allocations? Why?b.If you consider the fact that your dad works for Ruffy in addition to his 98% allocation to the Ruffy stockfund, does this make his situation more risky, less risky, or does it make no difference? Why? SOLUTION:a.Dad has exposed himself to risk by concentrating almost all of his plan money in the Ruffy Stock fund. This is analogous to taking 100% of the money a family has put aside for investment and investing it in a single stock.First, Dad needs to be shown that just because the company stock has continually performed quite well is no guarantee that it will do so indefinitely. The company may have sold off the divisions which produced price declines in the past, but future problems are unpredictable, and so is the movement of the stock price. “Past performance is no guarantee of future results” is the lesson.Second, Dad needs to hear about diversification. He needs to be counseled that he can reduce his risk by allocating his money among several of the options available to him. Indeed, he can reduce his risk considerably merely by moving all of his money into the “blend” fund because it is diversifi ed by design: it has a fixed-income component, a large companies component, and a small companies component. Diversification isachieved not only via the three differing objectives of these components, but also via the numerous stocks that comprise each of the three components.Finally, Dad’s age and his retirement plans need to be considered. People nearing retirement age typically begin to shift the value of their portfolios into safer investments. “Safer” normally connotes less variability, so that the risk of a large decline in the value of a portfolio is reduced. This decline could come at any time, and it would be very unfortunate if it were to happen the day before Dad retires. In this example, the safest option would be the fixed-income bond fund because of its diversified composition and interest-bearing design, but there is still risk exposure to inflation and the level of interest rates. Note that the tax-deferred nature of the savings plan encourages allocation to something that produces interest or dividends. As it stands now, Dad is very exposed to a large decline in the value of his savings plan because it is dependent on the value of one stock.Individual equities over time have proven to produce the most variable of returns, so Dad should definitely move some, probably at least half, of his money out of the Ruffy stock fund. In fact, a good recommendation given his retirement horizon of five years would be to re-align the portfolio so that it has 50% in the fixed- income fund and the remaining 50% split between the Ruffy stock fund (since Dad insists) and the “blend” fund.Or, maybe 40% fixed-income, 25% Ruffy, 15% growth-income fund, and 20% “blend” fund. This latterallocation has the advantage of introducing another income-producing component that can be shielded by the tax-deferred status of the plan.b.The fact that Dad is employed by the Ruffy Company makes his situation more risky. Let’s say that the companyhits a period of slowed business activities. If the stock price declines, so will th e value of Dad’s savings plan. If the company encounters enough trouble, it may consider layoffs. Dad’s job may be in jeopardy. At the same time that his savings plan may be declining in value, Dad may also need to look for a job or go onunemployment. Thus, Dad is exposed on two fronts to the same risk. He has invested both his human capital and his wealth almost exclusively in one company.2. Refer to Table 12.1.a.Perform the calculations to verify that the expected returns of each of the portfolios (F, G, H, J, S) in thetable (column 4) are correct.b.Do the same for the standard deviations in column 5 of the table.c.Assume that you have $1million to invest. Allocate the money as indicated in the table for each of the fiveportfolios and calculate the expected dollar return of each of the portfolios.d.Which of the portfolios would someone who is extremely risk tolerant be most likely to select? SOLUTION:d.An extremely risk tolerant person would select portfolio S, which has the largest standard deviation but also thelargest expected return.3. A mutual fund company offers a safe money market fund whose current rate is4.50% (.045). The same company also offers an equity fund with an aggressive growth objective which historically has exhibited an expected return of 20% (.20) and a standard deviation of .25.a.Derive the equation for the risk-reward trade-off line.b.How much extra expected return would be available to an investor for each unit of extra risk that shebears?c.What allocation should be placed in the money market fund if an investor desires an expected return of15% (.15)?SOLUTION:a.E[r] = .045 + .62b.0.62c.32.3% [.15 = w*(.045) + (1-w)*(.020) ]4. If the risk-reward trade-off line for a riskless asset and a risky asset results in a negative slope, what does that imply about the risky asset vis-a-vis the riskless asset?SOLUTION:A trade-off line wit h a negative slope indicates that the investor is “rewarded” with less expected return for taking on additional risk via allocation to the risky asset.5. Suppose that you have the opportunity to buy stock in AT&T and Microsoft.a.stocks is 0? .5? 1? -1? What do you notice about the change in the allocations between AT&T andMicrosoft as their correlation moves from -1 to 0? to .5? to +1? Why might this be?b.What is the variance of each of the minimum-variance portfolios in part a?c.What is the optimal combination of these two securities in a portfolio for each value of the correlation,assuming the existence of a money market fund that currently pays 4.5% (.045)? Do you notice any relation between these weights and the weights for the minimum variance portfolios?d.What is the variance of each of the optimal portfolios?e.What is the expected return of each of the optimal portfolios?f.Derive the risk-reward trade-off line for the optimal portfolio when the correlation is .5. How much extraexpected return can you anticipate if you take on an extra unit of risk?SOLUTION:a.Minimum risk portfolios if correlation is:-1: 62.5% AT&T, 37.5% Microsoft0: 73.5% AT&T, 26.5% Microsoft.5: 92.1% AT&T, 7.9% Microsoft1: 250% AT&T, short sell 150% MicrosoftAs the correlation moves from -1 to +1, the allocation to AT&T increases. When two stocks have negativec orrelation, standard deviation can be reduced dramatically by mixing them in a portfolio. It is to the investors’benefit to weight more heavily the stock with the higher expected return since this will produce a high portfolio expected return while the standard deviation of the portfolio is decreased. This is why the highest allocation to Microsoft is observed for a correlation of -1, and the allocation to Microsoft decreases as the correlationbecomes positive and moves to +1. With correlation of +1, the returns of the two stocks will move closely together, so you want to weight most heavily the stock with the lower individual standard deviation.b. Variances of each of the minimum variance portfolios:62.5% AT&T, 37.5% Microsoft Var = 073.5% AT&T, 26.5% Microsoft Var = .016592.1% AT&T, 7.9% Microsoft Var = .0222250% AT&T, short 150% Microsoft Var = 0c. Optimal portfolios if correlation is:-1: 62.5% AT&T, 37.5% Microsoft0: 48.1% AT&T, 51.9% Microsoft.5: 11.4% AT&T, 88.6% Microsoft1: 250% AT&T, short 150% Microsoftd. Variances of the optimal portfolios:62.5% AT&T, 37.5% Microsoft Var = 048.1% AT&T, 51.9% Microsoft Var = .022011.4% AT&T, 88.6% Microsoft Var = .0531250% AT&T, short 150% Microsoft Var = 0e. Expected returns of the optimal portfolios:62.5% AT&T, 37.5% Microsoft E[r] = 14.13%48.1% AT&T, 51.9% Microsoft E[r] = 15.71%11.4% AT&T, 88.6% Microsoft E[r] = 19.75%250% AT&T, short 150% Microsoft E[r] = -6.5%f.Risk-reward trade-off line for optimal portfolio with correlation = .5:E[r] = .045 + .66/doc/31dbf23b580216fc700afd59.html ing the optimal portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock when the correlation of their price movements is 0.5, along with the results in part f of question 12-5, determine:a.the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio which invests 100% in a money market fundreturning a current rate of 4.5%. Where is this point on the risk-reward trade-off line?b.the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio which invests 90% in the money market fundand 10% in the portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock.c.the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio which invests 25% in the money market fundand 75% in the portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock.d.the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio which invests 0% in the money market fundand 100% in the portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock. What point is this?SOLUTION:a.E[r] = 4.5%, standard deviation = 0. This point is the intercept of the y (expected return) axis by the risk-rewardtrade-off line.b.E[r] = 6.03%, standard deviation = .0231c.E[r] = 15.9%, standard deviation = .173d.E[r] = 19.75%, standard deviation = .2306. This point is the tangency between the risk-reward line from 12-5part f and the risky asset risk-reward curve (frontier) for AT&T and Microsoft.7. Again using the optimal portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock when the correlation of their price movements is 0.5, take $ 10,000 and determine the allocations among the riskless asset, AT&T stock, and Microsoft stock for:a. a portfolio which invests 75% in a money market fund and 25% in the portfolio of AT&T and Microsoftstock. What is this portfolio’s expected return?b. a portfolio which invests 25% in a money market fund and 75% in the portfolio of AT&T and Microsoftstock. What is this portfolio’s expect ed return?c. a portfolio which invests nothing in a money market fund and 100% in the portfolio of AT&T andMicrosoft stock. What is this portfolio’s expected return?SOLUTION:a.$7,500 in the money-market fund, $285 in AT&T (11.4% of $2500), $2215 in Microsoft. E[r] = 8.31%, $831.b.$2,500 in the money-market fund, $855 in AT&T (11.4% of $7500), $6645 in Microsoft. E[r] = 15.94%, $1,594.c.$1140 in AT&T, $8860 in Microsoft. E[r] = 19.75%, $1,975.8. What strategy is implied by moving further out to the right on a risk-reward trade-off line beyond the tangency point between the line and the risky asset risk-reward curve? What type of an investor would be most likely to embark on this strategy? Why?SOLUTION:This strategy calls for borrowing additional funds and investing them in the optimal portfolio of AT&T and Microsoft stock. A risk-tolerant, aggressive investor would embark on this strategy. This person would be assuming the risk of the stock portfolio with no risk-free component; the money at risk is not onl y from this person’s own wealth but also represents a sum that isowed to some creditor (such as a margin account extended by the investor’s broker).9. Determine the correlation between price movements of stock A and B using the forecasts of their rate of return and the assessments of the possible states of the world in the following table. The standard deviations for stock A and stock B are0.065 and 0.1392, respectively. Before doing the calculation, form an expectation of whether that correlation will be closer to1 or -1 by merely inspecting the numbers.SOLUTION:Expectation: correlation will be closer to +1.E[r A] = .05*(-.02) + .15*(-.01) + .60*(.15) + .20*(.15) = .1175, or, 11.75%E[r B] = .05*(-.20) + .15*(-.10) + .60*(.15) + .20*(.30) = .1250, or, 12.50%Covariance = .05*(-.02-.1175)*(-.20-.125) + .15*(-.01-.1175)*(-.10-.125) +.60*(.15-.1175)*(.15-.125) + .20*(.15-.1175)*(.30-.125) =.008163Correlation = .008163/(.065)*(.1392) = .90210.Analyze the “expert’s” answers to the following questions:a.Question:I have approx. 1/3 of my investments in stocks, and the rest in a money market. What do you suggestas a somewhat “safer” place to invest another 1/3? I like to keep 1/3 accessible for emergencies.Expert’s answer:Well, you could try 1 or 2 year Treasury bonds. You’d get a little bit more yie ld with no risk.b.Question:Where would you invest if you were to start today?Expert’s answer:That depends on your age and short-term goals. If you are very young – say under 40 –and don’tneed the money you’re investing for a home or college tuition or such, you would put it in a stockfund. Even if the market tanks, you have time to recoup. And, so far, nothing has beaten stocks overa period of 10 years or more. But if you are going to need money fairly soon, for a home or for yourretirement, you need to play it safer.SOLUTION:a.You are not getting a little bit more yield with no risk. The real value of the bond payoff is subject to inflationrisk. In addition, if you ever need to sell the Treasury bonds before expiration, you are subject to the fluctuation of selling price caused by interest risk.b.The expert is right in pointing out that your investment decision depends on your age and short-term goals. In addition, the investment decision also depends on other characteristics of the investor, such as the special character of the labor income (whether it is highly correlated with the stock market or not), and risk tolerance.Also, the fact that over any period of 10 years or more the stock beats everything else cannot be used to predict the future.。
行为金融学第二版题库
行为金融学第二版题库摘要：I.行为金融学简介A.行为金融学的定义B.行为金融学的发展历程II.行为金融学的基本理论A.人类决策的心理学原理B.行为经济学与传统经济学的对比C.行为金融学的核心理念III.行为金融学的主要研究领域A.投资者行为1.投资者情绪2.过度自信与决策偏见B.金融市场异常现象1.股票市场中的羊群效应2.汇率市场中的汇率非理性波动C.企业行为与决策1.管理者决策偏误2.企业金融行为IV.行为金融学在实践中的应用A.投资策略的制定B.金融市场监管C.企业决策与管理正文：行为金融学是一门研究人类在金融决策中的行为模式及其对金融市场影响的新兴学科。
它结合了心理学、经济学、社会学等多个学科领域的研究成果，为我们理解金融市场中的种种现象提供了新的视角。
行为金融学的基本理论源于人类决策的心理学原理。
传统经济学认为人是理性的经济人，总是追求自身利益的最大化。
然而，行为金融学通过对人类决策过程的研究，发现人们在做出决策时并非总是理性的，而是受到心理因素的影响，如过度自信、损失厌恶、确认偏差等。
这些心理因素会导致人们在金融决策中产生偏误，进而影响金融市场的运行。
行为金融学的主要研究领域包括投资者行为、金融市场异常现象以及企业行为与决策。
在投资者行为方面，行为金融学关注投资者情绪、过度自信与决策偏见等问题。
研究发现，投资者在决策过程中容易受到市场情绪的影响，如恐慌、贪婪等，从而导致市场出现过度反应。
此外，投资者过度自信和决策偏见也会影响投资决策的有效性。
金融市场异常现象是行为金融学的另一个重要研究领域。
行为金融学认为，金融市场的波动并非完全由宏观经济变量决定，而是受到市场参与者的心理因素影响。
例如，股票市场中的羊群效应指的是投资者在信息不完全的情况下，倾向于跟随市场主流观点进行投资，从而导致股价的过度波动。
同样，汇率市场中的汇率非理性波动也反映了市场参与者的心理因素对汇率决定的影响。
在企业行为与决策方面，行为金融学关注管理者决策偏误和企业金融行为等问题。
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《行为金融学》（第二版）
关于行为金融理论,学者们普遍认为对行为金融学应该由“基于个人认知和决策相关的心理学研究的投资者心态与行为分析”和“有限套利及市场非有效性”这两理论基础构成。
其中“有限套利和市场非有效性”主要探讨现实证券市场中套利行为的作用不可能充分实现,它解释了为什么价格对信息会存在着不适当的反应,也解释了为什么在噪音交易者的干扰下市场会保持非有效状态;“投资者心态很好行为分析”则要研究现实世界中投资者在买卖证券时是如何形成投资理念和对证券进行判断的。
一般来讲，作为行为金融学的基础构成的这两者缺一不可。
如果套利是充分的,那么套利者可以及时调整信息变化下的需求变动,而且价格也会及时做出准确的反应。
这样的话,即使许多投资者是非理性的,市场仍然有效。
另一方面,如果投资者都完全理性,就没有力量来扰乱最初的有效市场,价格也就不会偏离有效价值水平。
或许我们可以分为三个层次：(1)投资者的个体行为;(2)投资者的群体行为;(3)有限套利和非有效市场,其中前两个层次归纳起来就是“投资者心理和行为分析”。
第一个层次就是投资者个体行为,它侧重于分析投资者的个体行为,以及这种普遍性的个体行为偏差对市场可能产生的中长期影响;另一个层次就是投资者群体行为,它主要是指因投资者之间行为的相互影响而导致的市场整体表现出的行为方式偏差。
投资者的行为总是相互影响、相互依存的,与其说是投资者与市场的交易,不如说是投资者之间的交易。
投资者群体行为分析
就是侧重于分析这种投资者行为相互制约条件下的群体行为,以及投资者是如何形成连贯的市场行为的。
第三层次则研究主要集中于对市场异象的挖掘和其深层次原因的分析。
一系列研究表明：在理性交易者和非理性交易者相互影响的经济体中,非理性对价格的影响是实质性的和长期的。
现实中存在着许多原因导致传统金融理论中有效市场赖以生存的“套利”难以发挥作用,从而导致股市对信息的反应存在着系统性的偏离。
应该说,行为金融学给我们研究中国证券市场提供了很好的研究视角和工具。
引入行为金融理论对我国的股票市场加以分析,不论对监管当局还是对交易者本身都具有现实意义。
对于市场监管部门而言,如果希望保持市场的良性、稳定的发展,应该从最基本的的“人”的工作做起,在培养投资者的理性投资理念上大下功夫。
因此,研究证券市场中的投资者行为对于从微观层面管理金融市场,推进经济金融体制改革具有积极的意义。
同时,行为金融理论是针对市场参与者(包括证券从业人员和投资者)自身投资决策心理的研究,因此对市场参与者更好地认识自我,培育理性投资观念也具有重要的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。
另一方面,转轨与新兴的双重特征,文化与社会的特质使得中国证券市场具有其明显的特殊性。
因此,对于中国证券市场的问题,行为金融学相比传统主流金融理论具有更好的解释能力和更强的预测能力。
在目前中国证券市场不成熟的条件下照搬西方传统主流金融理论的一些成果(比如衍生工具定价、市场有效性检验)似乎并无多
大意义。
反而从投资者本身问题入手,探索“中国化”的行为金融理更能切合中国实际。
中国金融理论研究的重大原创性成果也有可能出现于此。
总而言之,中国证券市场的独特发展阶段和结构特征决定了它具有为行为金融理的发展做出特别贡献的可能性。
当然,我们同样还要注意一个不可忽视的问题:那就是研究一定要加注重结合“中国实际”。
行为金融理论的意义绝不仅仅在于它为我们提供了什么结果,而在于它为我们提示了一种新的研究方向和研究方式。
只有充分认识到这一点,行为金融在中国才会真正具有生命力。