阅读理解之科普类说明文答案解析
【说明文阅读真题分类精讲】专题12：生活科普(三)(解析版)
2020年中考高分秘籍之真题分类精解（说明文阅读）专题12 生活科普（三）一、（2019·湖南娄底）阅读下面的文章，完成17—18题。
防晒，要注意环境友好①当我们在海边尽情玩要时，可能意识不到涂抹的防晒霜，会对海洋生态造成影响。
②春节假期，不少朋友去海边度假，防晒霜成了行囊中的必备品。
可是，你有没有想过，防晒霜可能会给海洋生态带来伤害?③目前市面上的防晒霜大致分为两种:物理性防晒霜和化学性防晒霜。
物理性防硒霜中主要含有二氧化钛或者氧化锌，通过反射阳光起到保护皮肤的作用；化学性防晒霜含有人工合成有机物，通过吸收和过滤紫外线来降低对皮肤的伤害。
两种防晒霜各有优缺点，分别受到不同肤质人群的喜爱。
④化学性防晒霜中比校常见的防晒剂有羟苯甲酮、甲氧基肉桂竣辛酯,有研究人员在实验室和数个热带野外地区发现，羟苯甲酮可能威胁到海洋生物,尤其是珊瑚的生存。
⑤研究表明，由于游客众多，在一些热门旅游地，每年有大量防晒霸最终被冲刷到珊瑚礁中。
当一段时间内，某片海域内化学成分产生生物富集作用，珊瑚就会驱逐共生在它们身上的藻类，也就是产生珊瑚的“白化”现象。
如果这一现象待续下去，珊瑚可能会死亡。
⑥为此，已经有旅游胜地颁布了官方禁令。
禁止游客使用和商店销售含有羟苯甲酮、甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯等成分的防晒霜。
⑦面对强烈的紫外线,防晒工作不能不做，但想要威少防晒霜对海洋生物的伤害，我们可以选用成分更加简单的物理性防晒霜，或者更多采取帽子、披肩、遮阳伞等“硬防晒"措施,用自己力所能及的实际行动保护海洋生态。
⑧在公众生态意识提升的大背景下,对护肤品厂商而言，研发更加“环境友好”的防晒产品也许是未来的商机所在。
⑨当然，防晒霜不是海洋生物的唯一敌人，过度捕捞、水污染等也会破坏海洋生态。
保护海洋，人类还有很长的路要走。
(2019年2月14.日《人民日报》) 17.选文深用了什么说明顺序?请简要分析。
(3分)【答案】逻辑顺序【解析】此题考查句子的说明顺序的能力。
2019高考英语试题分项版解析 专题16 科普类说明文(含解析)
专题16 科普类说明文2019高考题D【2019·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。
高考语文专题(19)科普文章阅读及答案
专题十九科普文章阅读[学法——理清顺序，品味语言] [视情选学，有备无患] [把握文体特征]明结构，快读文；知特点，准做题科普文章近乎以前提到的科技说明文，指研究自然科学及技术方面的文章，包括物理学、化学、植物学、矿物学、生理学和数学等以及它们大大小小、远远近近的分支。
近几十年来，众多的边缘学科的形成，更使这一领域日新月异，令人目不暇接。
科普文章的阅读成为高考中现代文阅读的重要组成部分。
因此，本专题从把握科普文章的定义与文体特点入手，让考生学会阅读科普文章，并运用基本的阅读方法掌握科普文章的内容概要。
一、科普文章的内涵科普就是科学技术普及的简称。
人类的科学和技术活动，包括两个方面：一是科学技术的研究与开发，二是科学技术的传播与人才培养。
因此，科普是科技工作的重要组成部分。
科普文章就是把人类研究开发的科学知识、科学方法，以及融化于其中的科学思想和科学精神，通过多种方法、多种途径传播到社会的方方面面，使之为公众所理解，用以开发智力、提高素质、培养人才、发展生产力，并使公众有能力参与科技政策的决策活动，促进社会的物质文明和精神文明建设。
二、科普文章的类别科普文章大致可分为两种：一种是科学说明文，一种是科学小品。
高考试卷中的选文大多采用科学小品，科学小品是带有文学色彩的科技说明文，形式简短，内容通俗，语言既准确简明又形象生动，融知识性与趣味性于一体。
这里主要介绍科学小品的相关知识：1．科学小品的概念科学小品是一种以科学为题材的小品文。
它用文学笔法来写，寓科学性、知识性、趣味性、娱乐性为一体，使读者在文学欣赏中获得科学知识。
科学小品一般短小精悍、通俗易懂、语言丰富多彩、形式生动活泼，读这类文章能活跃思维、丰富知识、开阔视野，很受广大读者的喜爱。
2．科学小品的主要特点(1)内容的科学性科学小品的科学性非常重要，内容必须合乎科学，引用的资料必须可靠，数据必须准确。
写科学小品的目的就是向人们普及科学知识，如果介绍的知识不合乎科学，不仅达不到写作目的，还会造成很坏的影响。
高中语文科普文章类文本阅读专项训练(讲义及答案)及解析
高中语文科普文章类文本阅读专项训练(讲义及答案)及解析一、科普文章类文本阅读1．阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。
材料一：因为宇宙辽阔无垠，所以那些我们所熟悉的适用于地球的量度单位——米、英里等等已经没有意义。
我们用光速来量度距离。
一束光每秒钟传播18．6万英里，约30万公里，也就是7倍于地球的周长。
一束光从太阳传播到地球用8分钟的时间，因此我们可以说，太阳离我们8光分。
一束光在一年之内约穿过10万亿公里的空间，这个单位称为1光年。
地球是宇宙中的一个地方，但决不是唯一的地方，也不是一个典型的地方。
任何行星、恒星或星系都不可能是典型的，因为宇宙中的大部分是空的。
唯一典型的地方在广袤、寒冷的宇宙真空之中，在星际空间永恒的黑夜里。
相比之下，行星，恒星和星系就显得特别稀罕而珍贵。
假如我们被随意搁置在宇宙之中，我们附着或旁落在一个行星上的机会只有1/l033。
在日常生活当中，这样的机会是“令人羡慕的”。
可见天体是多么宝贵。
（摘编自卡尔·萨根《宇宙的边疆》）材料二：现代大爆炸理论目前是解释宇宙起源的主流理论，它预测我们身处的这个宇宙来自于暴胀，即在宇宙大爆炸发生后的极短时间内，宇宙以指数形式膨胀。
宇宙学家普遍认为，一旦开始，在宇宙中的某些区域内，它就永远不会停止。
在这些区域内，量子效应会使暴胀永远进行下去。
所以从整个宇宙来看，暴胀的过程是没有终点的。
在这个被称作“永恒暴胀”的理论中，我们的可观测宇宙只是一个宜居的“口袋宇宙”，是一个暴胀已经停止而恒星和星系得以形成、生命得以出现的局部区域而已。
2017年接受采访时，霍金表示：“永恒暴胀理论通常预测我们的宇宙像是一个无限的分形，其中布满被暴胀海洋分隔开的不同的口袋宇宙。
一个口袋宇宙中的物理和化学定律可能和另一个口袋宇宙中的定律完全不同，这样就共同组成了一个多重宇宙。
”在采访中，霍金表示他不是多重宇宙理论的支持者，“因为如果多重宇宙中不同的宇宙太大甚至是无限大的话，这个理论不可能被检验。
统编版五年级语文下册素材 科普类文章阅读(附答案)
五年级阅读理解——科普类文章阅读【知识梳理】（一）科普文的阅读方法科普文一般是以通俗的形式介绍某种事物或现象，说明它的形态、特征、性质、意义、成因及其功能和作用等。
1.要弄清文章的基本内容科普文以说明为主要表达方式，它说明的内容具有科学性，不夸大，不缩小；表述具有条理性，先说什么后说什么，顺序清楚，层次分明。
我们在阅读时首先要弄清楚文章叙述的事物的概念、特点、构造、作用等，这样才能了解和掌握相关的知识。
2.要理解文章中介绍的事物或现象的实际功能及其对人类的作用3.学习文章中介绍、说明的表达方式科普文常借助一些说明方法，如下定义、作诠释、分类别、举例子、打比方、作比较、列图表等来表达要说明事物特点或介绍的科学知识，有些科普文还采用童话、拟人等形象生动的手法。
科普文实际上属于说明文，主要运用举例子、作比较、列数字等说明方法介绍有关自然科学知识。
科普文的特点：科学性：1.实用性，与生活密切相关，容易引起读者的注意2.知识性，向读者介绍有关知识，增强认识，引发思考启发人们注意有关问题3.客观性，介绍对象客观存在，有时不带主观感情。
文学性：为增加趣味性，有时运用描写，多种表现手法，并运用修辞等。
通俗性：通俗易懂，趣味性强。
结构特点：结构一般为“倒金字塔”：第一部分先引出话题，介绍新工艺、新技术、新见解、新成果或新问题、新挑战，后面从不同角度具体介绍这个“新”，介绍它的形态、构造、成因、功用、原理、演变、发展、现状、评讲等。
说明顺序：一般有空间顺序、时间顺序和逻辑顺序（原因到结果、主要到次要、整体到部分、概括到具体、现象到本质、特点到用途、总分总等）科普文的整体布局还有漫画式、访问式、穿插式、拟人式、问答式等多种形式；局部安排一般有引用材料、讲述故事、设置悬念、留下问题等。
表达方式（1）记叙（科普文一般不采用）议论描写抒情说明（2）说明方法下定义：准确揭示概念内涵特征举例子：使说明对象更具体，更有说服力引用（事例、数据、名言格言谚语、神话、新闻报道、轶事趣闻）突出说明对象特征，增强趣味性。
阅读理解(科普类说明文)
2020高考英语全国II卷BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imagination.C. Parents’ education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.2020山东卷阅读理解DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.2020深圳第二次线上测试Pinocchio may be just a children’s fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called “Pinocchio effect” and found that our noses don’t grow when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.Dr. Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）to tell if people were lying, and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2℃, while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃. Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink, although the difference is undetected by the human eye.“One has to think in order to lie, which rises the temperature of the forehead,” Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings. “At the same time we feel anxious, which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For this study, researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology. One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detector picked up the “Pinocchio effect” temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects, which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”, said Dr. Gómez Milán, who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.1.Why does the writer talk about Pinocchio in the first paragraph?A.To tell a fairy tale.B.To give an example.C.To talk about a scientist.D.To introduce the topic.2.What is “Pinocchio effect”?A.Our noses will grow when we tell a lie.B.Our noses will shrink when we tell a lie.C.The temperature of the forehead falls if we lie.D.The temperature of the student rises for anxiety.3.How did Dr. Gómez Milán feel about the lie detector?A.Doubtful.B.Surprised.C.Confident.D.Puzzled.4.What lesson can we learn from the text?A.A lie will travel very hard.B.Many ways to bring a liar to light.C.A lie never lives to be old.D.Once a liar always a liar.2018北京高考阅读CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alon e was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. The ir findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.2020高考英语全国II卷B keys:BCDB24.B 细节理解题。
科普文阅读理解(用)
常见的十一种设误方法 10、范围不清
自然界有许多植物的叶子会运动，比如含羞草、合欢 等豆科植物白天张开叶子，晚上会合上叶子“睡眠”；捕 绳草的叶子能闭合起来，捕食苍蝇等昆虫。像含羞草、合 欢等植物的这种“睡眠运动”自古以来就受到人们的关注， 可是植物为什么会睡眠，却一直是个不解之迷。
从原文看，以下对“植物睡眠”的理解，正确的一项是 A.指植物的叶子为适应外界环境而自动闭合起来的现象。 B.指含羞草、合欢等植物晚上把叶子自动闭合起来的现象。 C.指所有豆科植物都具有的晚上把叶子闭合起来的现象。 D.指豆科植物和捕蝇草等所具有的叶子闭合起来的现象。
6. 理清说明的顺序： 紧扣说明对象，根据其特定的说明顺序，或按时间、 空间、或按事物自身的构成，或按事物发展，或按 事理逻辑来划分。 主要有：空间顺序,时间顺序，逻辑顺序 逻辑顺序： 原因——结果 主要——次要 整体——部分 概括——具体 现象——本质 特点——用途 总说——分说——总说
【试题】关于中医学与西医学的比较，下列说法中符 合原文意思的一项是（ ）（湖南卷第8题） B.中医学能治疗包括中风在内的所有疑难杂症，西 医学对这些病则感到束手无策。
常见的十一种设误方法
2、张冠李戴
主要指命题人在解释概念，或转述 文意时，故意弄错对象，迷惑考生，使 考生误入歧途。
【对应文段】宋朝统治者为什么如此重视“茶马互市”呢？ ……迫使朝廷同西南地区少数民族保持友好关系，以便集中力 量与西北少数民族政权杭衡。“茶马互市”除了为朝廷提供一 笔巨额茶利收入补充军费之需外，更重要的是，既满足了国家 对战马的需要，又维护了宋朝西南边境的安全。（第二段） 那么，藏族为什么也很重视“茶马互市”呢？因为藏族非 常喜欢饮茶……对于长期以自给自足的自然经济为主的藏族来 说，他们并不需要外界供给很多东西，但茶叶却是绝对不可缺 少的。（第三段） 彼此不分
高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案
高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案解题方法一、科普文章的含义科普文章是一种以科学技术知识为题材，用文艺性笔调写成的文章。
它兼有说明文和散文两种文体类型的特征和性质。
它方便、灵活、适应面广，可在各学科之间纵横驰骋，甚至将自然科学、现实生活、社会科学合为一体，融说理、抒情于一体，兼有杂文的犀利、论文的深刻、散文的情致、随笔的轻松甚至诗的清醇。
二、科普文章的文体特点1、短小性。
它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。
它旁征博引，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。
2、知识性。
它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常州给读者。
它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象，用正确的理论，去进行科学的解释，纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。
3、文学性。
它要以优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。
它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。
4、思想性。
它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，发人深省。
三、阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。
也可以说是科学的人文性。
从科学中吸取智慧与力量，体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。
另一个是知识和能力的层面。
要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点，学会筛选并整合文中有用信息，把握作者的写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。
四、科普文章阅读的基本要求①首先把它作为科技说明文来看待1、理清说明顺序。
了解并记住说明文常使用的说明顺序。
主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。
逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。
在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。
2、掌握结构特点。
说明文的总体结构通常分为三部分，即引出说明对象、详细解说对象（主体部分）、总结说明对象。
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1. 【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。
本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。
最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。
63.A细节理解题。
根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own chal lenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。
故选A项。
64. C细节理解题。
根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。
故选C项。
65. D细节理解题。
根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。
故选D项。
66.B细节理解题。
根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。
故选B项。
【考点定位】说明文阅读【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。
考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。
2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。
科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。
导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。
背景交待一个事实的起因。
主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。
结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。
3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
2. 【解析】试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。
63.B 细节理解题。
文章第一段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。
得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。
故选B。
64.D 词义猜测题。
该词出现在文章第三段第三行。
前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。
既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。
故选D。
65.C 推理判断题。
根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。
可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。
故选C。
66.D 推理判断题。
根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。
其中slowdown对应reduce。
故选D。
【考点定位】科技类说明文【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。
此次出现了新型科技类说明文。
往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。
所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。
3. 【解析】【考点定位】科普说明文阅读【名师点睛】科普类文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的理解和推理能力。
文章选材时代气息浓厚，与经济、科技的发展和变化密切相关。
考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。
2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。
科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。
导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。
背景交待一个事实的起因。
主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。
结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。
3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
4.【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。
42.B 细节理解题。
根据文章第二段的David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, take away signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clock, leading to them being wide awake可知选择B。
43.B 细节理解题。
根据文章Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."可知，唱歌唱得越多，就会损耗更多的能量，故选择B。
44.A 词义辨析题。
根据上文的And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上也唱歌，故选择A，指晚上很兴奋。
学优高考网45.A 细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段的It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择A，指在这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。
【考点定位】考查说明文阅读【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。
科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。
在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。
因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。
在读此类文章时，要弄清文章的主题，本文主题为人造光影响了鸟类的生物钟，使得它们晚上还在歌唱，影响了鸟类的健康。
在设题时，此类文章常考词义辨析题，如，要求考生要从上文的具体现象中概括出生词词义。
5.【解析】试题分析：本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。
这篇文章主要讲述了两种看法。
46.C 细节理解题。
根据文章第四段的The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.可知选择C。
47.D 词义猜测题。
根据第四段的To make the work easier,以及下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。
48.A 词义猜测题。
这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知，选择A，意为把杆绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。
49.D 细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段的workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。
50.D 主旨大意题。
根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。
【考点定位】考查说明文阅读【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。
科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。
在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。
因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。
设题时，常会考查生词词义判断题，如要求考生从上下文理解中概括出生词词义。
以及代词指代判断题，如，此类试题常以it、them等代词为命题特色，要求考生推断其指代对象。
通常在上文出现。
6. 【答案】64. A65. C66. D67. A【考点定位】心理类短文阅读【名师点睛】一般来说，举例的目的是为了引出即将讨论的话题，可以从例子后面找到总结性的话语。
“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”就是举例的意图。
后三道题都属于细节理解题，可以直接从文章找到提示性的语句；最后一道题有一定的难度，需要进行一些推理和排除。
7.【答案】61．B62．D63．B64．A65．C【解析】试题分析：本文讲述了芝加哥城的问题和改造方案61．B;细节推理题。