ASEAN, China, Japan, South Korea hold regional financial
各国后缀缩写
各国google后缀网站参考：巴西.br瑞士www.google.ch荷兰www.google.nl澳大利亚.au印度www.google.co.in罗马尼亚www.google.ro泰国www.google.co.th沙特阿拉伯.ae日本www.google.co.jp马来西亚.my加拿大www.google.ca德国www.google.de墨西哥.mx美国埃及.eg中国大陆智利www.google.cl以色列www.google.co.il法国www.google.fr土耳其.tr希腊www.google.gr新加坡.sg阿联酋www.google.ae中国台湾英国瑞典www.google.se波兰www.google.pl西班牙www.google.es阿根廷.ar意大利www.google.it中国香港比利时www.google.be韩国www.google.co.kr比利时www.google.be巴拿马.pa奥地利www.google.at俄罗斯.ru新西兰维京群岛www.google.vg各国缩写：a , 安道尔ae : United Arab Emirates , 阿联酋af : Afghanistan , 阿富汗ag : Antigua and Barbuda , 安提瓜和巴布达ai : Anguilla , 安格拉al : Albania , 阿尔巴尼亚am : Armenia , 亚美尼亚an : Netherlands Antilles , 荷兰属地ao : Angola , 安哥拉aq : Antarctica , 南极洲ar : Argentina , 阿根廷as : American Samoa , 东萨摩亚at : Austria , 奥地利au : Australia , 澳大利亚aw : Aruba , 阿鲁巴az : Azerbaijan , 阿塞拜疆ba : Bosnia Hercegovina , 波黑bb : Barbados , 巴巴多斯bd : Bangladesh , 孟加拉国be : Belgium , 比利时bf : Burkina Faso , 布基纳法索bg : Bulgaria , 保加利亚bh : Bahrain , 巴林bi : Burundi , 布隆迪bj : Benin , 贝宁bm : Bermuda , 百慕大bn : Brunei Darussalam , 文莱达鲁萨兰国bo : Bolivia , 玻利维亚br : Brazil , 巴西bs : Bahamas , 巴哈马bt : Bhutan , 不丹bv : Bouvet Island , 布韦群岛bw : Botswana, 伯兹瓦纳by : Belarus, 白俄罗斯bz : Belize , 伯利兹ca : Canada , 加拿大cc : Cocos Islands , 科科斯群岛cf : Central African Republic , 中非共和国cg : Congo , 刚果ch : Switzerland , 瑞士ci : Ivory Coast, 象牙海岸ck : Cook Islands , 库克群岛cl : Chile , 智利cm : Cameroon , 喀麦隆cn : China , 中国co : Colombia , 哥伦比亚cq : Equatorial Guinea , 赤道几内亚cr : Costa Rica , 哥斯达黎加cu : Cuba , 古巴cv : Cape Verde , 佛得角cx : Christmas Island, 圣诞岛（英cy : Cyprus , 塞浦路斯cz : Czech Republic , 捷克共和国de : Germany , 德国dj : Djibouti , 吉布提dk : Denmark , 丹麦dm : Dominica , 多米尼加联邦do : Dominican Republic , 多米尼加共和国dz : Algeria , 阿尔及利亚属）ec : Ecuador , 厄瓜多尔ee : Estonia , 爱沙尼亚eg : Egypt , 埃及eh : Western Sahara , 西萨摩亚es : Spain , 西班牙et : Ethiopia , 埃塞俄比亚ev : El Salvador , 萨尔瓦多fi : Finland , 芬兰fj : Fiji , 斐济fk : Falkland Islands , 福克兰群岛fm : Micronesia , 密克罗尼西亚fo : Faroe Islands , 法罗群岛fr : France , 法国ga : Gobon, 加蓬gb : Great Britain (UK) , 大不列颠联合王国gd : Grenada , 格林纳达ge : Georgia , 格鲁吉亚gf : French Guiana , 法属圭亚那gh : Ghana , 加纳gi : Gibraltar , 直布罗陀gl : Greenland , 格陵兰群岛gm : Gambia , 冈比亚gn : Guynea , 几内亚gp : Guadeloupe, 瓜德罗普岛（法属）gr : Greece ,希腊gt : Guatemala , 危地马拉gu : Guam , 关岛gw : Guinea-Bissau , 几内亚比绍gy : Guyana , 圭亚那hk : Hong Kong , 香港hm : Heard & McDonald Is. , 赫特与麦克唐纳群岛hn : Honduras , 洪都拉斯hr : Croatia , 克罗蒂亚ht : Haiti , 海地hu : Hungary , 匈牙利id : Indonesia , 印度尼西亚ie : Ireland , 爱尔兰共和国il : Israel , 以色列in : India , 印度io : British Indian Ocean Territory, 英属印度洋领地iq : Iraq , 伊拉克ir : Iran , 伊朗is : Iceland , 冰岛it : Italy , 意大利jm : Jamaica , 牙买加jo : Jordan , 约旦jp : Japan , 日本ke : Kenya , 肯尼亚kg : Kyrgyzstan , 吉尔吉斯斯坦kh : Cambodia , 柬埔塞ki : Kiribati , 基里巴斯km : Comoros , 科摩罗kn : St. Kitts & Nevis, 圣茨和尼维斯kp : Korea-North , 北朝鲜kr : Korea-South , 南朝鲜kw : Kuwait , 科威特ky : Cayman Islands, 开曼群岛（英属）kz : Kazakhstan , 哈萨克斯坦la : Lao People's Republic , 老挝人民共和国lb : Lebanon , 黎巴嫩lc : St. Lucia, 圣露西亚岛li : Liechtenstein , 列支敦士登lk : Sri Lanka , 斯里兰卡lr : Liberia , 利比里亚ls : Lesotho , 莱索托lt : Lithuania , 立陶宛lu : Luxembourg , 卢森堡lv : Latvia , 拉脱维亚ly : Libya , 利比亚ma : Morocco , 摩洛哥mc : Monaco , 摩纳哥md : Moldova , 摩尔多瓦mg : Madagascar , 马达加斯加mh : Marshall Islands , 马绍尔群岛ml : Mali , 马里mm : Myanmar, 缅甸mn : Mongolia , 蒙古mo : Macau , 澳门mp : Northern Mariana Islands, 北马里亚纳群岛mq : Martinique , 马提尼克岛（法属）mr : Mauritania , 毛里塔尼亚ms : Montserrat, 蒙塞拉特岛mt : Malta , 马尔他mv : Maldives , 马尔代夫mw : Malawi , 马拉维mx : Mexico , 墨西哥my : Malaysia , 马来西亚mz : Mozambique , 莫桑比克na : Namibia , 纳米比亚nc : New Caledonia, 新喀里多尼亚ne : Niger , 尼日尔nf : Norfolk Island, 诺福克岛ng : Nigeria , 尼日利亚ni : Nicaragua , 尼加拉瓜nl : Netherlands , 荷兰no : Norway , 挪威np : Nepal , 尼泊尔nr : Nauru , 瑙鲁nt : Neutral Zone , 中立区nu : Niue, 纽埃nz : New Zealandom : Oman , 阿曼qa : Qatar , 卡塔尔pa : Panama , 巴拿马pe : Peru , 秘鲁pf : French Polynesia , 法属玻利尼西亚pg : Papua New Guinea , 巴布亚新几内亚ph : Philippines , 菲律宾pk : Pakistan , 巴基斯坦pl : Poland , 波兰pm : St. Pierre & Mequielon, 圣皮埃尔和密克隆岛pn : Pitcairn Island, 皮特克恩岛pr : Puerto Rico , 波多黎各pt : Portugal , 葡萄牙pw : Palau , 帕劳py : Paraguay , 巴拉圭re : Reunion Island, 留尼汪岛（法属）ro : Romania , 罗马尼亚ru : Russian Federation , 俄罗斯联邦rw : Rwanda , 卢旺达sa : Saudi Arabia , 沙特阿拉伯sb : Solomon Islands , 所罗门群岛sc : Seychelles , 塞舌尔sd : Sudan , 苏旦se : Sweden , 瑞典sg : Singapore , 新加坡sh : St. Helena , 海伦娜si : Slovenia , 斯洛文尼亚sj : Svalbard & Jan Mayen, 斯马尔巴特和扬马延岛sk : Slovakia , 斯洛伐克sl : Sierra Leone , 塞拉利昂sm : San Marino , 圣马力诺sn : Senegal , 塞内加尔so : Somalia , 索马里sr : Suriname , 苏里南st : Sao Tome & Principe , 圣多美和普林西比su : USSR , 苏联sy : Syrian Arab Republic , 叙利亚sz : Swaziland , 斯威士兰tc : Turks & Caicos Islands , 特克斯群岛与凯科斯群岛td : Chad , 乍得tf : French Southern Territories , 法属南半球领地tg : Togo , 多哥th : Thailand , 泰国tj : Tajikistan , 塔吉克斯坦tk : tokelau, 托克劳群岛tm : Turkmenistan , 土库曼斯坦tn : Tunisia , 突尼斯to : Tonga , 汤加tp : East Timor , 东帝汶tr : Turkey , 土耳其tt : Trinidad & Tobago , 特立尼达和多巴哥tv : Tuvalu , 图瓦鲁tw : Taiwan , 台湾tz : Tanzania , 坦桑尼亚ua : Ukrainian SSR , 乌克兰ug : Uganda , 乌干达uk : United Kingdom , 英国us : United States , 美国uy : Uruguay , 乌拉圭va : Vatican City State , 梵地冈vc : St. Vincent & the Grenadines, 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯ve : Venezuela , 委内瑞拉vg : Virgin Islands : 维京群岛vn : Vietnam , 越南vu : Vanuatu , 瓦努阿图wf : Wallis & Fortuna Is. , 瓦利斯和富图纳群岛ws : Samoa , 东萨摩亚ye : Yemen , 也门yu : Yugoslavia , 南斯拉夫za : South Africa , 南非zm : Zambia , 赞比亚zr : Zaire , 扎伊尔zw : Zimbabwe , 津巴布韦。
东盟英语
"After 2010, bilateral trade will see rapid growth despite the financial crisis," said Zhang Kening, commercial counselor at the department of international trade & economic affairs under MOFCOM. But, "in the short-term, it is impossible to achieve that (kind of) robust growth," Zhang cautioned.商务部国际司商务参赞张克宁说：“2010年后，尽管金融危机的影响还在，双边贸易仍会实现快速增长。
”不过，他告诫说：“在短期内，要实现强劲的增长速度是不可能的。
”在上面的报道中，bilateral trade就是“双边贸易”。
所谓“双边贸易”是指两个国家或地区之间的贸易。
Bilateral的意思是“双边的，双方的”。
例如：a bilateral treaty（双边条约），the bilateral relationship between the two countries（两国的双边关系）。
除了bilateral trade，还有triangle trade（三角贸易）和multilateral trade（多边贸易）。
贸易可以有很多种不同的分类。
按商品的形式，可以分为visible trade（有形贸易）和invisible trade（无形贸易）。
按贸易方式，可以分为barter trade（易货贸易）、compensation trade（补偿贸易）、leasing trade（租赁贸易）等。
来源中国与东南亚国家关系源远流长，官方合作与民间交流交织，“和为贵”的文化传统贯穿中国东盟关系始终。
中国-东盟“10+1”机制
64K eywords t o U nderstand C hinaEstablished in 1997, the China-ASEAN (10+1) Cooperation Mechanism has played an important role in promoting closer political and economic ties between China and ASEAN members, and has become a major forum for regional cooperation.China-ASEAN dialogue was launched in 1991. The first China-ASEAN (10+1) summit convened in 1997 and announced the formation of the China-ASEAN partnership of good-neighborliness and mutual trust. The China-ASEAN Free Trade Area was created in January 2010, which has come to represent a milestone in China-ASEAN bilateral relations after launching the process of China-ASEAN economic integration. China was the first non-ASEAN country to join the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and establish a strategic partnership with ASEAN as well as the first major country to build a free trade area with ASEAN.Necessary platforms for dialogue are in place to ensure successful and effective bilateral cooperation including the ASEAN-China Summit, ministerial meetings and working group meetings. The ASEAN-China Center is a permanent body for promoting bilateral cooperation.T he Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum is the highest-level mechanism for economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. With 21 member economies and three observers—the ASEAN Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council and the Pacific Islands Forum—it covers an extensive part of the world and wields significant influence.The forum was formally established in November 1989 at a ministerial meeting in the Australian capital of Canberra, attended by Australia, the U.S., Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada, and the then-six ASEAN countries.As an economic forum, APEC focuses on global and regional economic issues such as trade and investment liberalization, regional economic integra tion, connectivity, economic structura l reform a nd innova tive development, globa l multila tera l tra de systems, economic and technological cooperation and capacity building. Its primary goal is to safeguard the common interests of its member economies in the Asia-Pacific, increase their economic interdependence, create an open multilateral trade system and reduce regional trade and investment barriers.APEC operates at five institutional levels: meetings of economic leaders, ministerial meetings, meetings of senior officials, committees and working groups and the Secretariat. China hosted the 2001 and 2014 APEC economic leaders meetings in Shanghai and Beijing respectively and has played an active role in promoting free and open regional trade and investment and stimulating regional and global economic growth.中国–东盟”10+1”机制中国—东盟“10+1”机制是中国与东南亚国家联盟建立的合作机制，自1997年成立以来，双方合作不断扩大与深化，现已发展成一个密切的政治、经济合作组织，成为东亚区域合作的主要机制之一。
世界各国地区及其首都首府主要城市名称中英文对照
世界各国地区及其首都首府主要城市名称中英文对照在这个广袤的地球上，分布着众多各具特色的国家和地区，每个国家和地区都有其独特的政治、经济和文化中心，即首都、首府或主要城市。
了解这些城市的名称，不仅能增加我们的地理知识，还能促进国际交流和文化理解。
下面就为您呈现一份较为全面的世界各国地区及其首都首府主要城市名称的中英文对照。
亚洲地区：中国（China）首都：北京（Beijing）主要城市：上海（Shanghai）、广州（Guangzhou）、深圳（Shenzhen）、成都（Chengdu）等。
日本（Japan）首都：东京（Tokyo）主要城市：大阪（Osaka）、名古屋（Nagoya）、横滨（Yokohama）等。
韩国（South Korea）首都：首尔（Seoul）主要城市：釜山（Busan）、仁川（Incheon）等。
印度（India）首都：新德里（New Delhi）主要城市：孟买（Mumbai）、加尔各答（Kolkata）、班加罗尔（Bangalore）等。
泰国（Thailand）首都：曼谷（Bangkok）主要城市：清迈（Chiang Mai）、普吉岛（Phuket）等。
欧洲地区：英国（United Kingdom）首都：伦敦（London）主要城市：曼彻斯特（Manchester）、利物浦（Liverpool）、爱丁堡（Edinburgh）等。
法国（France）首都：巴黎（Paris）主要城市：马赛（Marseille）、里昂（Lyon）、尼斯（Nice）等。
德国（Germany）首都：柏林（Berlin）主要城市：汉堡（Hamburg）、慕尼黑（Munich）、法兰克福（Frankfurt）等。
意大利（Italy）首都：罗马（Rome）主要城市：米兰（Milan）、威尼斯（Venice）、佛罗伦萨（Florence）等。
俄罗斯（Russia）首都：莫斯科（Moscow）主要城市：圣彼得堡（Saint Petersburg）、喀山（Kazan）、叶卡捷琳堡（Yekaterinburg）等。
最新国家与首都中英文对照翻译
最新国家与首都中英文对照翻译一、亚洲国家country 首都(capital)阿富汗 Afghanistan 喀布尔 Kabul孟加拉国 Bangladesh 达卡 Dhaka不丹 Bhutan 廷布 Thimphu缅甸 Burma 仰光 Rangoon柬埔寨 Cambodia 金边 Phnom Penh中国 China 北京 Beijing/香港 Hong Kong/台湾 Taiwan/澳门 Macau 印度 India 新德里 New Delhi印度尼西亚 Indonesia 雅加达 Jakarta日本 Japan 东京 Tokyo老挝 Laos 万象 Vientiane马来西亚 Malaysia 吉隆坡 Kuala Lumpur马尔代夫 Maldives 马累 Male (Maale)蒙古 Mongolia 乌兰巴托 Ulaanbaatar尼泊尔 Nepal 加德满都 Kathmandu朝鲜 North Korea 平壤 P'yongyang巴基斯坦 Pakistan 伊斯兰堡 Islamabad菲律宾共和国 Philippines 马尼拉 Manila新加坡 Singapore 新加坡 Singapore韩国 South Korea 首尔 Seoul斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka 科伦坡 Colombo泰国 Thailand 曼谷土耳其 Turkey 安卡拉 Ankara越南 Vietnam 河内 Hanoi文莱斯里巴加湾市巴勒斯坦 Palestine 无锡金 Sikkim 甘托克二、欧洲、国家(coutry) 首都名称(capital)阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 地拉那 Tirana奥地利 Austria 维也纳 Vienna比利时 Belgium 布鲁塞尔 Brussels保加利亚 Bulgaria 索非亚 Sofia克罗地亚 Croatia 萨格勒布 Zagreb塞浦路斯 Cyprus 尼克西亚 Nicosia丹麦 Denmark 哥本哈根 Copenhagen芬兰 Finland 赫尔辛基 Helsinki法国 France 巴黎 Paris德国 Germany 柏林 Berlin希腊 Greece 雅典 Athens匈牙利 Hungary 布达佩斯 Budapest冰岛 Iceland 雷克亚未克 Reykjavik爱尔兰 Ireland 都柏林 Dublin意大利 Italy 罗马 Rome列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 瓦杜兹 Vaduz 卢森堡 Luxembourg 卢森堡 Luxembourg马其顿 Macedonia Skopje马耳他 Malta 瓦莱塔 Valletta摩纳哥 Monaco 摩纳哥 Monaco荷兰 Netherlands 阿姆斯特丹 Amsterdam 挪威 Norway 奥斯陆 Oslo波兰 Poland 华沙 Warsaw葡萄牙 Portugal 里斯本 Lisbon罗马尼亚 Romania 布加勒斯特 Bucharest 俄罗斯 Russia 莫斯科 Moscow圣马利诺 San Marino 圣马力诺 San Marino斯洛文尼亚 Slovenia Ljubljana西班牙 Spain 马德里 Madrid瑞典 Sweden 斯德哥尔摩 Stockholm瑞士 Switzerland 伯尔尼 Bern大不列颠联合王国伦敦 LondonUnited Kingdom南斯拉夫 Yugoslavia 贝尔格莱德 Belgrade三、大洋洲国家(country) 首都(capital)澳大利亚 Australien 堪培拉 Canberra斐济 Fidschi 苏瓦 Suwa基里巴斯 Kiribati 塔拉瓦 Tarawa瑙鲁 Nauru 亚伦 Yaren新西兰 Neuseeland 惠灵顿 Wellington巴布亚新几内亚莫尔兹比港 MoreabyPapua-Neuguinea Port所罗门群岛 Salomonen 霍尼亚拉 Honiara汤加 Tonga 努库阿洛法Nuku′alofa瓦努阿图 Vanuatu 维拉港 Vila西萨摩亚 Westsamoa 阿皮亚 Apia四、美洲国家(Country) 首都(capital)安圭拉岛 Anguilla The Valley安提瓜岛Antigua and Barbuda 圣约翰 Saint John's 阿根廷 Argentina 布宜诺斯艾利斯 Buenos Aires巴哈马 The Bahamas 拿骚 Nassau巴巴多斯岛 Barbados 布里奇顿 Bridgetown伯利兹 Belize 贝尔莫潘 Belmopan百慕大群岛 Bermuda 哈密尔顿 Hamilton玻利维亚 Bolivia 拉巴斯 La Paz巴西 Brazil 巴西利亚 Brasilia英属维尔京群岛罗德城 Road TownBritish Virgin Islands加拿大 Canada 温哥华 Ottawa智利 Chile 圣地亚哥 Santiago哥伦比亚 Colombia 巴哥达 Bogota哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica 圣约瑟 San Jose古巴 Cuba 哈瓦那 Havana多米尼加圣多明各 Santo DomingoDominican Republic厄瓜多尔 Ecuador 基多 Quito萨尔瓦多 El Salvador 圣萨尔瓦多 San Salvador 格陵兰 Greenland Nuuk (Godthab)格林纳达 Grenada 圣乔治 Saint George's瓜德罗普岛 Guadeloupe 巴斯特尔 Basse-Terre危地马拉 Guatemala 危地马拉 Guatemala圭亚那 Guyana 乔治敦 Georgetown海地 Haiti 太子港 Port-au-Prince洪都拉斯 Honduras 特古巴加尔巴 Tegucigalpa牙买加 Jamaica 金斯敦 Kingston马提尼克岛 Martinique 法兰西堡 Fort-de-France 墨西哥 Mexico 墨西哥城 Mexico蒙特塞拉特岛 Montserrat 普利茅斯 Plymouth尼加拉瓜 Nicaragua 马那瓜 Managua巴拿马 Panama 巴拿马城 Panama巴拉圭 Paraguay 亚松森 Asuncion秘鲁 Peru 利马 Lima波多黎各岛 Puerto Rico 圣胡安 San Juan圣卢西亚岛 St. Lucia 卡斯特里 Castries圣文森特岛金斯敦 KingstownSt. Vincent and the Grenadines苏里南 Suriname 帕拉马里博 Paramaribo特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港 Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago特克斯群岛和凯科斯群岛大特克 Grand TurkTurks and Caicos Islands美国 United States 华盛顿 Washington, DC乌拉圭 Uruguay 蒙得维的亚 Montevideo委内瑞拉 Venezuela 加拉加斯 Caracas美属维尔京群岛夏洛特阿马利亚 Charlotte Amalie Virgin Islands五、非洲国家(Country) 首都(capital)阿尔及利亚 Algeria 阿尔及尔 Algiers安哥拉 Angola 罗安达 Luanda贝宁 Benin 波多诺夫 Porto-Novo博茨瓦纳 Botswana 哈伯罗内 Gaborone布隆迪 Burundi 布琼布拉 Bujumbura喀麦隆 Cameroon 雅温得 Yaounde中非班吉 BanguiCentral African Republic乍得 Chad 恩贾梅纳 N'Djamena刚果共和国 Congo Rep. 布拉柴维尔 Brazzaville 吉布提共和国 Djibouti 吉布提 Djibouti埃及 Egypt 开罗 Cairo赤道几内亚Equatorial Guinea 马拉博 Malabo厄立特里亚 Eritrea 阿斯马拉 Asmara埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 亚的斯亚贝巴 Addis Ababa 加蓬 Gabon 利伯维尔 Libreville冈比亚 The Gambia 班珠尔 Banjul加纳 Ghana 阿克拉 Accra几内亚 Guinea 科纳克里 Conakry几内亚比绍共和国比绍 BissauGuinea-Bissau肯尼亚 Kenya 内罗毕 Nairobi莱索托 Lesotho 马塞卢 Maseru利比里亚 Liberia 蒙罗维亚 Monrovia利比亚 Libya 的黎波里 Tripoli马达加斯加 Madagasca 安塔那利佛 Antananarivo 马拉维 Malawi 利隆圭 Lilongwe马里 Mali 巴马科 Bamako毛里求斯 Mauritius 路易港 Port Louis毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 努瓦克肖特 Nouakchott 摩洛哥 Morocco 拉巴特 Rabat莫桑比克 Mozambique 马普托 Maputo纳米比亚 Namibia 温得和克 Windhoek尼日尔 Niger 尼亚美 Niamey尼日利亚 Nigeria 拉各斯 Abuja留尼旺岛 Reunion 圣但尼 Saint-Denis刚果民主共和国（扎伊尔）金沙萨 Kinshasa Republic of the Congo卢旺达 Rwanda 基加利 Kigali圣多美及普林西比民主共和国圣多美 Sao Tome Sao Tome and Principe塞内加尔 Senegal 达喀尔 Dakar塞舌尔 Seychelles 维多利亚 Victoria塞拉里昂 Sierra Leone 弗里敦 Freetown索马里 Somalia 摩加迪沙 Mogadishu南非 South Africa 比勒陀利亚Pretoria苏丹 Sudan 喀土穆 Khartoum斯威士兰 Swaziland 姆巴巴内 Mbabane坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 达累斯萨拉姆 Dar es Salaam 多哥 Togo 洛美 Lome突尼斯 Tunisia 突尼斯 Tunis乌干达 Uganda 坎帕拉 Kampala西撒哈拉 Western Sahara 无赞比亚 Zambia 卢萨卡 Lusaka津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 索尔兹伯里 Harare。
亚欧峰会英文内容 2
Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (formally Member Economies) that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional economic blocs (such as the European Union) in other parts of the world, APEC works to raise living standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries. Members account for approximately 40% of the world's population, approximately 54% of the world's gross domestic product and about 44% of world trade.[1]An annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting is attended by the heads of government of all APEC members except the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is represented under the name Chinese Taipei by a ministerial-level official. The location of the meeting rotates annually among the member economies, and until 2011, a famous tradition involved the attending leaders dressing in a national costume of the host member.HistoryIn January 1989, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke called for more effective economic cooperation across the Pacific Rim region. This led to the first meeting of APEC in the Australian capital of Canberra in November, chaired by Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans. Attended by political ministers from twelve countries, the meeting concluded with commitments for future annual meetings in Singapore and South Korea.Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) opposed the initial proposal, instead proposing the East Asia Economic Caucus which would exclude non-Asian countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This plan was opposed and strongly criticized by Japan and the United States.The first APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting occurred in 1993 when U.S. President Bill Clinton, after discussions with Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, invited the heads of government from member economies to a summit on Blake Island. He believed it would help bring the stalled Uruguay Round of trade talks back on track. At the meeting, some leaders called for continued reduction of barriers to trade and investment,envisioning a community in the Asia-Pacific region that might promote prosperity through cooperation. The APEC Secretariat, based in Singapore, was established to coordinate the activities of the organization.During the meeting in 1994 in Bogor, Indonesia, APEC leaders adopted the Bogor Goals that aim for free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2010 for industrialized economies and by 2020 for developing economies. In 1995, APEC established a business advisory body named the APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC), composed of three business executives from each member economy.Member EconomiesAPEC currently has 21 members, including most countries with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean. However, the criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy, rather than a state. As a result, APEC uses the term member economies rather than member countries to refer to its members. One result of this criterion is that membership of the forum includes Republic of China(participating under the name "Chinese Taipei") alongside People's Republic of China (see Cross-Strait relations), as well as Hong Kong, which entered APEC as a British colony but it is now a Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China.Possible enlargementIndia has requested membership in APEC, and received initial support from the United States, Japan[5] and Australia. Officials have decided not to allow India to join for various reasons.[6][7]However, the decision was made not to admit more members until 2010. Moreover, India does not border the Pacific Ocean, which all current members do.[8] However, India has been invited to be an observer for the first time in November 2011. [9]In addition to India, Mongolia, Pakistan, Laos, Bangladesh, Costa Rica,[10] Colombia,[10][11]Panama[10]and Ecuador,[12]are among a dozen countries seeking membership in APEC by 2008. Colombia applied for APEC's membership as early as in 1995, but its bid was halted as the organization stopped accepting new members from 1993 to 1996,[13]and the moratorium was further prolonged to 2007 due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador had hoped to become members by 2010.[citation needed]Guam has also been actively seeking a separate membership, citing the example of Hong Kong, but the request is opposed by the United States, which currently represents Guam.APEC's Three PillarsTo meet the Bogor Goals, APEC carries out work in three main areas:1. Trade and Investment Liberalization2. Business Facilitation3. Economic and Technical CooperationAPEC and Trade LiberalizationAccording to the organization itself, when APEC was established in 1989 average trade barriers in the region stood at 16.9 percent, but had been reduced to 5.5% in 2004.[14]APEC's Business Facilitation EffortsAPEC has long been at the forefront of reform efforts in the area of business facilitation. Between 2002-2006 the costs of business transactions across the region was reduced by 6 percent, thanks to the APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan (TFAPI). Between 2007 and 2010, APEC hopes to achieve an additional 5 percent reduction in business transaction costs. To this end, a new Trade Facilitation Action Plan has been endorsed. According to a 2008 research brief published by the World Bank as part of its Trade Costs and Facilitation Project, increasing transparency in the region's trading system is critical if APEC is to meet its Bogor Goal targets.[15]The APEC Business Travel Card, a travel document for visa-free business travel within the region is one of the concrete measures to facilitate business. In May 2010 Russia joined the scheme, thus completing the circle.[16]Proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-PacificAPEC is considering the prospects and options for a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) which would include all member economies of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Since 2006, the APEC Business Advisory Council, promoting the theory that a free trade area has the best chance of converging the member nations and ensuring stable economic growth under free trade, has lobbied for the creation of a high-level task force to study and develop a plan for a free trade area. The proposal for a FTAAP arose due to the lack of progress in the Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations, and as a way to overcome the 'spaghetti bowl' effect created by overlapping and conflicting elements of free tradeagreements between members –there are as many as 60 free trade agreements and 117 being negotiated in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region.[17][17][18][19][19]The FTAAP is more ambitious in scope than the Doha round, which limits itself to reducing trade restrictions. The FTAAP would create a free trade zone that would considerably expand commerce and economic growth in the region.[17][19]The economic expansion and growth in trade could exceed the expectations of other regional free trade areas such as the ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN + China, Japan, and South Korea).[20] Some criticisms include that the diversion of trade within APEC members would create trade imbalances, market conflicts and complications with nations of other regions.[19]The development of the FTAAP is expected to take many years, involving essential studies, evaluations and negotiations between member economies.[17] It is also affected by the absence of political will and popular agitations and lobbying against free trade in domestic politics.[17]APEC Study Center ConsortiumIn 1993, APEC Leaders decided to establish a network of APECStudy Centres (ASCs) amongst universities and researchinstitutions in APEC member economies.[21]Notable centers include:∙Australian APEC Study Centre, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia[22]∙Berkeley APEC Study Center, University of California, Berkeley, United States[23]∙Chinese Taipei APEC Study Center, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, Taiwan[24]∙HKU APEC Study Center, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China[25]∙Kobe APEC Study Center, Kobe University, Japan[26]∙Nankai APEC Study Center, Nankai University, People's Republic of China[27]∙Philippine APEC Study Center Network, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Philippines∙The Canadian APEC Study Centre, The Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, Vancouver, Canada[28]∙Indonesian APEC Study Centre, APEC Study Center University of Indonesia, Indonesia.[29]APEC Business Advisory CouncilThe APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC) was created by the APEC Economic Leaders in November 1995 with the aim of providing advice to the APEC Economic Leaders on ways to achieve the Bogor Goals and other specific business sector priorities, and to provide the business perspective on specific areas of cooperation.Each economy nominates up to three members from the private sector to ABAC. These business leaders represent a wide range of industry sectors.ABAC provides an annual report to APEC Economic Leaders containing recommendations to improve the business and investment environment in the Asia-Pacific region, and outlining business views about priority regional issues.ABAC is also the only non-governmental organisation that is on the official agenda of the APEC Economic Leader’s Meeting.Annual APEC Economic Leaders' MeetingsSince its formation in 1989, APEC has held annual meetings with representatives from all member economies. The first four annual meetings were attended by ministerial-level officials. Beginning in 1993, the annual meetings are named APEC Economic Leaders' Meetings and are attended by the heads of government from all member economies except Taiwan, which is represented by a ministerial-level official. The annual Leaders' Meetings are not called summits.Meeting developmentsIn 1997, the APEC meeting was held in Vancouver. Controversy arose after officers of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police used pepper spray against protesters. The protesters objected to the presence of autocratic leaders such as Indonesian president Suharto. [30][31][32][33][34][35]At the 2001 Leaders' Meeting in Shanghai, APEC leaders pushed for a new round of trade negotiations and support for a program of trade capacity-building assistance, leading to the launch of the Doha Development Agenda a few weeks later. The meeting also endorsed the Shanghai Accord proposed by the United States, emphasising the implementation of open markets, structural reform, and capacity building. As part of the accord, the meeting committed to develop and implement APEC transparency standards, reduce trade transaction costs in theAsia-Pacific region by 5 percent over 5 years, and pursue tradeliberalization policies relating to information technology goods and services.In 2003, Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin had planned to attack the APEC Leaders Meeting to be held in Bangkok in October. He was captured in the city of Ayutthaya, Thailand by Thai police on August 11, 2003, before he could finish planning the attack.[citation needed]Chile became the first South American nation to host the Leaders' Meeting in 2004. The agenda of that year was focused on terrorism and commerce, small and medium enterprise development, and contemplation of free trade agreements and regional trade agreements.The 2005 Leaders' Meeting was held in Busan, South Korea. The meeting focused on the Doha round of World Trade Organization(WTO) negotiations, leading up to the WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005 held in Hong Kong in December. Weeks earlier, trade negotiations in Paris were held between several WTO members, including the United States and the European Union, centered on reducing agricultural trade barriers. APEC leaders at the summit urged the European Union to agree to reducing farm subsidies. Peaceful protests against APEC were staged in Busan, but the meeting schedule was not affected.At the Leaders' Meeting held on November 19, 2006 in Hanoi, APEC leaders called for a new start to global free-trade negotiations while condemning terrorism and other threats to security. APEC also criticised North Korea for conducting a nuclear test and a missile test launch that year, urging the country to take "concrete and effective" steps toward nuclear disarmament. Concerns about nuclear proliferation in the region was discussed in addition to economic topics. The United States and Russia signed an agreement as part of Russia's bid to join the World Trade Organization.The APEC Australia 2007 Leaders' Meeting was held in Sydney from 2-9 September 2007. The political leaders agreed to an "aspirational goal" of a 25% reduction of energy intensity correlative with economic development.[36] Extreme security measures including airborne sharpshooters and extensive steel-and-concrete barricades were deploye against anticipated protesters and potential terrorists. However, protest activities were peaceful and the security envelope was penetrated with ease by a spoof diplomatic motorcade manned by members of the Australian television program The Chaser, one of whom was dressed to resemble the Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.CriticismAPEC has been criticized for failing to clearly define itself or serve a useful purpose. According to the organization, it is "the premier forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region" established to "further enhance economic growth and prosperity for the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community."[46]However, whether it has accomplished anything constructive remains debatable, especially from the viewpoints of European countries that can not take part in the activities of APEC and European countries used to having the sphere of influence on the unprecedented colonial territories during 19th century and 20th century in the Asia-Pacific region.[47]。
世界上所有国 家和首都的英文名字
世界上所有国家和首都的英文名字世界上有众多的国家，每个国家都有其独特的历史、文化和特色，而它们的首都往往是政治、经济和文化的中心。
下面让我们一起来了解一下这些国家和首都的英文名称。
亚洲地区：中国（China），首都北京（Beijing），作为世界上人口最多的国家之一，有着悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。
日本（Japan），首都东京（Tokyo），是一个现代化的发达国家，在科技、文化等领域有着重要的影响力。
韩国（South Korea），首都首尔（Seoul），以其娱乐产业和电子产品而闻名。
印度（India），首都新德里（New Delhi），是一个充满神秘色彩的古老国度。
巴基斯坦（Pakistan），首都伊斯兰堡（Islamabad）。
孟加拉国（Bangladesh），首都达卡（Dhaka）。
斯里兰卡（Sri Lanka），首都科伦坡（Colombo）。
马来西亚（Malaysia），首都吉隆坡（Kuala Lumpur）。
印度尼西亚（Indonesia），首都雅加达（Jakarta）。
菲律宾（The Philippines），首都马尼拉（Manila）。
新加坡（Singapore），这个城市国家，本身就是一个充满活力的现代化都市。
欧洲地区：英国（The United Kingdom），首都伦敦（London），是世界金融中心之一。
法国（France），首都巴黎（Paris），以浪漫和时尚著称。
德国（Germany），首都柏林（Berlin），在工业和科技方面实力强劲。
意大利（Italy），首都罗马（Rome），拥有丰富的历史遗迹。
西班牙（Spain），首都马德里（Madrid）。
葡萄牙（Portugal），首都里斯本（Lisbon）。
俄罗斯（Russia），首都莫斯科（Moscow），地域辽阔，资源丰富。
瑞典（Sweden），首都斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm）。
挪威（Norway），首都奥斯陆（Oslo）。
七大洲及各个国家的英文名字+国际重要组织名称
世界七大洲及各个国家的中英文名字亚洲: Asia1、东亚：East Asia:中国：China 蒙古：Mongolia 朝鲜：North Korea 韩国：South Korea 日本：Japan2、东南亚：Southeast Asia:菲律宾：the Philippines 越南：Vietnam 老挝：Laos 柬埔寨：Cambodia 缅甸：Myanmar 泰国：Thailand 马来西亚：Malaysia 文莱：Brunei 新加坡：Singapore 印度尼西亚：Indonesia 东帝汶：East Timor3、南亚：South Asia:尼泊尔：Nepal 不丹：Bhutan 孟加拉国：Bangladesh 印度：India 巴基斯坦：Pakistan 斯里兰卡：Sri Lanka 马尔代夫：Maldives4、中亚：Central Asia:哈萨克斯坦：Kazakhstan 吉尔吉斯斯坦：Kyrgyzstan 塔吉克斯坦：Tajikistan 乌兹别克斯坦：Uzbekistan 土库曼斯坦：Turkmenistan5、西亚：West Asia:阿富汗：Afghanistan 伊拉克：Iraq 伊朗：Iran 叙利亚：Syria 约旦：Jordan 黎巴嫩：Lebanon 以色列：Israel 巴勒斯坦：Palestine 沙特阿拉伯：Saudi Arabia 巴林：Bahrain 卡塔尔：Qatar 科威特：Kuwait 阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋）：United Arab Emirates (UAE) 阿曼：Oman 也门：Yemen 格鲁吉亚：Georgia 亚美尼亚：Armenia 阿塞拜疆：Azerbaijan 土耳其：Turkey 塞浦路斯：Cyprus欧洲：Europe1、西欧：Western Europe：法国France 爱尔兰Ireland 荷兰The Netherlands 比利时Belgium 卢森堡Luxembourg 英国United kingdom 摩纳哥Monaco2、中欧：Central Europe：波兰Poland 瑞士Switzerland 列支敦士登Liechtenstein 奥地利Austria 匈牙利Hungary 捷克Czech Rep 斯洛伐克Slovakia 德国Germany 斯洛文尼亚Slovenia3、欧洲南部：Southern Europe：葡萄牙Portugal 西班牙Spain 安道尔Andorra 希腊Greece 意大利Italy 圣马力诺San Marino 马耳他Malta 梵蒂冈Vatican 保加利亚Bulgaria 罗马尼亚Romania 塞尔维亚Croatia 克罗地亚Croatia 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那Bosnia and Herzegovina 黑山Montenegro 阿尔巴尼亚Albania 马其顿Macedonia4、北欧：Northern Europe：丹麦Denmark 挪威Norway 冰岛Iceland 芬兰Finland 瑞典Sweden5、东欧：Eastern Europe：乌克兰：Ukraine 俄罗斯Russia 白俄罗斯Belarus 立陶宛Lithuania 拉脱维亚Latvia 爱沙尼亚Estonia 摩尔多瓦Moldova非洲：Africa1、非洲东部：Eastern Africa：布隆迪Burundi 科摩罗Comoros 吉布提Djibouti 厄立特里亚Eritrea 埃塞俄比亚Ethiopia 肯尼亚Kenya 马达加斯加Madagascar 马拉维Malawi 毛里求斯Mauritius 马约特岛（法国）Mayotte (France) 莫桑比克Mozambique r联盟（法国）Réunion (France) 卢旺达Rwanda 塞舌尔Seychelles 索马里Somalia 坦桑尼亚Tanzania 乌干达Uganda 赞比亚Zambia 博茨瓦纳Botswana 莱索托Lesotho 津巴布韦Zimbabwe 纳米比亚Namibia 南非South Africa 斯威士兰Swaziland2、非洲西部：Western Africa：贝宁Benin 布基纳法索Burkina Faso 开普Cape Verde 科特迪瓦CotedIvoire 冈比亚Gambia 加纳Ghana 几内亚Guinea 比绍Guinea-Bissau 利比里亚Liberia 马里Mali 毛里塔尼亚Mauritania 尼日尔Niger 尼日利亚Nigeria 塞内加尔Senegal 塞拉利昂Sierra Leone 多哥Togo3、非洲北部：Northern Africa阿尔及利亚Algeria 埃及Egypt 利比亚Libya 摩洛哥Morocco 南苏丹South Sudan 苏丹Sudan 突尼斯Tunisia4、中非：Central Africa：安哥拉Angola 喀麦隆Cameroon 中非共和国Central African Republic 乍得Chad 刚果共和国Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国Democratic Republic of the Congo 赤道几内亚比绍Equatorial Guinea 加蓬Gabon 圣多美和普林西比Sao Tome and Principe北美洲：North America巴哈马Bahamas 伯利兹Belize 美国United States 巴巴多斯岛Barbados 加拿大Canada 哥斯达黎加Costa Rica 古巴Cuba 萨尔瓦多El Salvador 格林纳达 Grenada 危地马拉 Guatemala 洪都拉斯Honduras 海地Haiti 牙买加 Jamaica 圣卢西亚岛St. Lucia 墨西哥Mexico 尼加拉瓜Nicaragua 巴拿马 Panama 多米尼加Dominican Republic 圣文森特岛Saint. Vincent and the Grenadines 特立尼达和多巴哥Trinidad and Tobago 安提瓜岛Antigua and Barbuda 波多黎各岛Puerto Rico南美洲：South America阿根廷Argentina 玻利维亚 Bolivia 巴西Brazil 智利Chile 哥伦比亚 Colombia 厄瓜多尔Ecuador 圭亚那 Guyana 巴拉圭Paraguay 秘鲁Peru 苏里南Suriname 乌拉圭Uruguay 委内瑞拉Venezuela大洋洲：Oceania澳大利亚Australia 纽西兰(包括库克群岛) New Zealand 巴布亚新几内亚Papua New Guinea 斐济Fiji 密克罗尼西亚Micronesia 瑙鲁Nauru 萨摩亚Samoa 汤加The Kingdom of Tonga 瓦努阿图Vanuatu 马绍尔群岛Marshall Islands 帕劳Palau 所罗门群岛Solomon Islands 基里巴斯Kiribati图瓦卢Tuvalu南极洲：Antarctica世界重要组织名称ANC (African National Congress) 非洲人民大会APEC (Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经和组织ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)联邦调查局CD (Conference on Disarmament) 裁军谈判会议，总部瑞士日内瓦CIA (Central Intelligence Agency )中央情报局CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 独立国家联合体CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)经济互助委员会(经互会)ECLAC（Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean）拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会，简称“拉美经委会”，总部设在智利首都圣地亚哥。