Fracture of disordered solids in compression as a critical phenomenon III. Analysis of the
fractal and fractional佩普学术 -回复
fractal and fractional佩普学术-回复Fractal and Fractional PEP AcademicIntroduction:Fractals and fractions are two mathematical concepts that have significant applications in various fields, including physics, computer graphics, and finance. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of fractals and fractions, exploring their basic definitions, properties, and real-life applications.I. Fractals:1. Definition:Fractals are geometric shapes that exhibit self-similarity, meaning that they contain smaller copies of themselves in a never-ending pattern. They can be generated through a mathematical process called recursion. Examples of well-known fractals include the Mandelbrot set and the Sierpinski triangle.2. Properties:Fractals possess several distinctive properties, including infinite complexity, fractional dimension, and non-integer scaling. These properties contribute to their unique visual appearance and make them applicable in various fields, such as computer graphics and image compression.3. Applications:Fractals find applications in many practical areas. In computer graphics, they are used for creating realistic landscapes, textures, and natural objects. Fractal-based algorithms are also employed in image compression techniques, enabling efficient storage and transmission of digital images. Additionally, fractal analysis is utilized in medical imaging, financial forecasting, and weather prediction.II. Fractions:1. Definition:Fractions are numerical expressions representing a part or parts ofa whole. They consist of a numerator and a denominator, with the numerator representing the number of parts involved and the denominator indicating the total number of equal parts that make up the whole. For example, 3/4 represents three parts out of four equal parts.2. Properties:Fractions possess various properties, including equivalence, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Equivalent fractions represent the same part-to-whole ratio, while adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing fractions follow specific rules and algorithms.3. Applications:Fractions have numerous real-life applications. In cooking and baking, fractions are used to determine ingredient quantities accurately. In finances, fractions are utilized to calculate interest rates, percentages, and financial ratios. Moreover, fractions play a significant role in measurements, allowing precise representations of lengths, weights, and volumes.III. Fractals and Fractions:1. Fractional Crystals:Fractional crystals are a special type of fractal pattern that combines the concepts of fractals and fractions. They are formed by repeatedly replacing parts of a shape with smaller copies. Each iteration involves dividing the shape into fractions of the original size and replacing them with smaller-scale copies.2. Applications:Fractional crystals offer an effective way to represent complex structures with fractional dimensions. They find applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science. For instance, they are used to model the behavior of polymers, the structure of porous materials, and the properties of amorphous solids.Conclusion:Fractals and fractions are fundamental mathematical concepts withsignificant practical applications. Fractals exhibit self-similarity and possess unique properties, making them useful in computer graphics, image compression, and numerous scientific fields. Fractions, on the other hand, represent parts of a whole and find applications in cooking, finance, and measurements. The combination of fractals and fractions leads to the concept of fractional crystals, enabling the representation of complex structures with fractional dimensions. Understanding these concepts is essential for anyone interested in mathematics or its various applications.。
课件失语症失用症失认.ppt
二、失用症
• 在无意识和智能障碍，无瘫痪，无共济失 调，无肌张力障碍和感觉障碍的情况下
• 不能执行有目的的动作
• 自发动作存在 • 病变部位：优势半球顶叶，非优势半球顶
叶、双侧大脑半球
二、失用症
• 观念性失用 • 双侧大脑半球受累
• 对精细复杂动作失去概念，不能讲动作按 逻辑分解组合
• 模仿动作一般无障碍
• 听觉性语言中枢：颞上回后 部（22区）受损产生感觉性 失语
• 视觉性语言中枢：角回（30 区）受损产生失读症
• 书写中枢：额中回后部（8 区）受损产生失写症
关于大脑的功能不对称性 左侧半球以语言、意识、数字分析活动为主 右侧半球以非语言信息为主，如音乐、图形、时空概念等
一、失语症
• 失语症分类法： • 1、外侧裂周围失
• 口语清晰，听理解正常 • 自发语言正常 • 复述不成比例受损是其最大特点 • 自发讲话能说出的词也不能复述 • 病变位于优势半球缘上回皮质或深部白质
内弓状纤维。
一、失语症
• 经皮质性失语：特点是复述相对好。 • 经皮质运动性失语：表现非流利型口语，语言启
动及扩展障碍，理解相对好；病变位于Broca区前 上部； • 经皮质感觉性失语：为流利型， 有错语及模仿型 言语，理解严重障碍，病变位于颞、顶叶分水岭 区；
三、失认症
• 体像障碍——对躯体各部位的存在，空间 位置及各个组成部分之间关系的认知障碍
• 偏侧忽视 • 病觉缺失 • 手指失认 • 患肢症
——非优势半球顶叶病变
三、失认症
• Gerstmann综合症
• 双侧手指失认 • 左右失定向 • 失写 • 失计算
——优势半球顶叶角回
Thank You!
精神分裂症和双相情感障碍可否共病？
·药物临床·精神分裂症和双相情感障碍可否共病？甘鸿文竹胡瑶王韵吴彦（上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心心境障碍科上海 200030）摘要精神分裂症和双相情感障碍在当前主流的疾病诊断与分类系统中分属不同的诊断单元。
目前常见的观点认为，一个患者不会同时罹患这两种疾病，即这两种疾病不共病。
但临床上发现，这两种疾病存在许多共通点，即一个患者会同时或不同时出现这两种疾病的典型症状。
本文依据既往相关研究结果，探讨精神分裂症和双相情感障碍共病的可能性。
关键词精神分裂症双相情感障碍共病中图分类号：R749 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-1533(2022)09-0031-03引用本文甘鸿, 文竹, 胡瑶, 等. 精神分裂症和双相情感障碍可否共病？[J]. 上海医药, 2022, 43(7): 31-33.Comorbidity of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorderGAN Hong, WEN Zhu, HU Yao, WANG Yun, WU Yan（Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China）ABSTRACT Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder are classified into two separate diagnostic units in the current mainstream diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. The current common view is that patients do not suffer from the two disorders simultaneously, that is, the two disorders are not comorbid. However, it is clinically found that these two disorders have many things in common, that is, a patient will simultaneously have the typical symptoms of the two disorders or not. This paper reviews the previous studies and discusses the possibility of comorbidity between schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.KEY WORDS schizophrenia; bipolar affective disorder; comorbidity精神分裂症和双相情感障碍是精神科的常见疾病[1-3]，目前主流的疾病诊断与分类系统《国际疾病分类（第10版）》[4]和《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》[5]均将这两种疾病列为独立的诊断单元。
材料断裂
1. This condition is called “plane-stress" and it occurs in relatively thin bodies where the stress through the thickness cannot vary appreciably due to the thin section. Material within the crack tip stress
Process：Necking /constriction－ Maximum uniaxial stress at the
center－Formation of micro-cracks
－growing, aggregating and propagating－central cracks－
expanding transversely－collapse
Three types
tensile
slip
tear
The stress intensity factor is a function of loading, crack size, and structural geometry. The stress intensity factor may be represented by the following equation:
(c)脆性断裂：断前没有明
显的塑性变形，断口平齐。
b. Micro-characteristics and mechanism/微观特征及机制
１） Micro-mechanism of ductile fracture /韧断机制 Aggregation and propagating of micro-cracks/微孔聚合
外科学 第五篇 骨外科(翻译版)
第五篇骨外科#1Orthopaedics General introduction to fracture1.★DEFINITION OF FRACTUREA fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone即骨的完整性和连续性中断。
2.Causes of fracturesA.Direct forceB.Indirect forceC.Muscular contraction force肌肉收缩力D.Cyclic force循环力–fatigue fracture疲劳~★积累性劳损：长期、反复、轻微的直接或间接伤力可集中在骨骼的某一点上发生骨折，骨折无移位，但愈合慢。
好发部位：第2、3跖骨和腓骨中下1/3处。
E.Bone diseases：Localized diseases—tubercular osteomyelitis结核性骨髓炎,osteosarcoma骨肉瘤,localized metastatic carcinoma,etc.Generalized diseases—osteoporosis骨质疏松,multiple myeloma多发性骨髓瘤,diffuse metaststic carcinoma3.★Classification of fractures(一)根据骨折处皮肤、粘膜的完整性分类1．闭合性骨折：骨折处皮肤或粘膜完整，骨折端不与外界相通。
2．开放性骨折：骨折处皮肤或粘膜破裂，骨折端与外界相通。
(二)根据骨折的程度和形态分类⑴不完全骨折：骨的完整性或连续性部分中断，按其形态分为：①裂缝骨折：多见于肩胛骨、颅骨。
②★青枝骨折：见于儿童。
⑵完全骨折：骨的完整性或连续性完全中断。
按其骨折线方向和形态可分为：横形骨折、斜形骨折、螺旋形骨折、粉碎性骨折、嵌插性骨折、压缩性骨折、凹陷性骨折和骨骺分离。
(三)根据骨折端稳定程度分类①稳定性骨折：复位后经适当外固定不易发生再移位者，如青枝骨折、裂缝骨折、嵌插性骨折、横形骨折。
fracture 形容词
fracture 形容词
"Fracture" 是一个名词，表示断裂或骨折。
然而，作为形容词时，我们可以使用 "fractured" 或 "fracturing" 来形容某物发生了断裂或骨折的状态。
例如，我们可以说 "He suffered a fractured leg in the accident" 或 "The fractured mirror reflected the light in all directions". "Fractured" 这个形容词可以用来形容物体的状态，表明它们已经发生了断裂或裂缝。
"Fracturing" 则可以用来形容正在进行断裂或分裂的过程，例如"The ice was fracturing under the pressure". 总的来说，"fractured" 和 "fracturing" 这两个形容词可以用来描述物体的断裂状态或过程。
骨质疏松英语作文
骨质疏松英语作文Osteoporosis is a common condition that affects the bones, making them weak and prone to fractures. It is often referred to as a "silent disease" because bone loss can occur without any symptoms. Here's a composition on osteoporosis:Osteoporosis: The Silent Thieves of Bone HealthOsteoporosis is a condition that has silently become a significant health concern for many individuals, particularly as they age. It is characterized by a decrease in bone density, which leads to fragile bones that are moresusceptible to fractures. This essay aims to shed light onthe importance of understanding and preventing osteoporosis. Understanding OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease that affects the skeletal system.It occurs when the body loses too much bone tissue, or whennot enough bone tissue is formed. The process of bone loss is gradual, and many people with osteoporosis do not know they have it until a bone breaks.Causes and Risk FactorsSeveral factors contribute to the development of osteoporosis.Age, genetics, and lifestyle choices are among the primary causes. Women are at a higher risk after menopause due to a decrease in estrogen levels, which can lead to faster bone loss. A lack of physical activity, poor diet, and smoking can also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.Symptoms and DetectionThe early stages of osteoporosis often go unnoticed. Theremay be no symptoms until a bone breaks. However, as the disease progresses, people may experience a decrease in height, stooped posture, and severe pain. Regular bonedensity tests can help in the early detection of osteoporosis.Prevention and TreatmentPrevention is key in managing osteoporosis. Incorporating weight-bearing exercises, such as walking or resistance training, into one's routine can help maintain bone strength.A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is also crucial. For those already diagnosed with osteoporosis, medicationscan be prescribed to slow down bone loss and reduce the riskof fractures.Importance of AwarenessRaising awareness about osteoporosis is vital. By understanding the risk factors and taking preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing this condition. It is important for everyone, especially those in their later years, to be proactive abouttheir bone health.ConclusionOsteoporosis may be a silent disease, but it does not have to be a silent sentence. With the right knowledge, lifestyle choices, and medical interventions, we can combat this condition and maintain strong bones for a lifetime.This composition provides an overview of osteoporosis, its causes, symptoms, and the importance of prevention and awareness. It is essential to educate oneself and others about this condition to ensure a healthier future.。
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇骨科 ORTHOPEDICS1、概论 INTRODUCTION*fracture n.骨折pathological fracture 病理骨折fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折close fracture 闭合骨折*comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折compressed fracture 压缩骨折shock n.休克*deformity n.畸形tenderness n.压痛swelling n.肿胀ecchymosis n.瘀斑obstacle n.功能障碍*bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤surrounding nerve 周围神经*fat embolism 脂肪栓塞bedsore n.褥疮arthroclisis n.关节僵硬ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩*traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎hematoma n.血肿*callus n.骨痂heal n.愈合*synovitis n.滑膜炎*ligament n.韧带*tendon n.肌腱* pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎*reduction n.复位*bone traction 骨牵引*osteoporosis n.骨质疏松2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨*humerus n.肱骨*rotation n.旋转supracondyle n.髁上blister n.水疱pulsate n.搏动thrombus n.血栓*cancellous n.松质骨*epiphysis n.骨骺*injury n.损伤*joint n.关节stability n.稳定ulna n.尺骨radius n.桡骨metacarpal bone 掌骨bone graft 植骨hemostasis 止血*periosteum n.骨膜tension n.张力adhesion n.粘连*skin grafting 植皮*arthrodesis n.关节融合extrusion n.挤压gangrene n.坏疽pallor n.苍白、灰白*amputation n.截肢plaster n.石膏paralysis n.瘫痪bandage n.绷带2、手外伤 HAND TRAUMAavulsion n.撕脱*dislocation n.脱位stiff adj.僵硬3、下肢骨折与关节损伤 FRACTURE OF LOWER EXTREMITIES AND ARTICULAR INJURYfemur n.股骨adduction n.内收separate v.分离cartilage n.软骨*synovialis n.滑膜*spinal column 脊柱5、脊柱及骨盆骨折 FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS column n.椎体cervical column 颈椎*lumber vertebra 腰椎sacrum n.骶椎sense n.感觉movement n.运动reflect v.反射*pelvis n.骨盆6、关节脱位 ARTICULAR DISLOCATIONcongenital dislocation 先天性脱位pathological dislocation 病理性脱位*osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎*total hip replacement 全髋置换术7、运动系统慢性损伤 CHRONIC STRAIN OF MOVEMENT SYSTEM strain n.劳损*cystis n.滑囊*stenosed tenosynovitis 狭窄性腱鞘炎*ganglion n.腱鞘囊肿degenerative adj.退行性变multiply v.增生abnormal sense 感觉异常8、腰腿痛和颈肩痛LUMBAGO AND SHOULDER PAINSstenosed column 椎管狭窄9、骨与关节化脓感染OSTEOARTICULAR PURULENT LNFECTION channel n.窦道drill hole 钻孔*drainage n.引流10、骨与关节结核 OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSISbone tuberculosis 骨结核spinal cord compression 脊髓压迫11、骨肿瘤BONE TUMORbone tumor 骨肿瘤*osteochondroma n.骨软骨瘤*osteosarcoma n.骨肉瘤chemotherapy n.化疗*synoviosarcoma n.滑膜肉瘤医学英语分科常用词汇人体解剖学 HUMAN ANATOMY之运动系统 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM 1、中轴骨 AXIAL BONES*bone n.骨*vertebrae n.椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎*sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎*sternum n.胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突*rib n.肋*thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULL*skull n.颅*frontal bone 额骨*parietal bone 顶骨*occipital bone 枕骨*temporal bone 颞骨*sphenoid bone 蝶骨*ethmoid bone 筛骨*mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨*maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲zygomatic bone 颧骨*coronal suture冠状缝*sagital suture 矢状缝*lambdoid suture 人字缝orbit n.眶cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES *clavicle n.锁骨*scapula n.肩胛骨*humerus n.肱骨*radius n.桡骨*ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨*hip bone 髋骨*ilium n.髂骨*ischium n.坐骨*pubis n.耻骨*femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨*tibia n.胫骨*fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节学 ARTHROLOGY*articulation n.关节*ligament n.韧带*flexion n.屈*extension n.伸*adduction n.收*medial rotation 旋内*lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前.supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转*vertebral column脊柱*thoracic cage 胸廓*intervertebral disc 椎间盘*temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节*shoulder joint 肩关节*elbow joint 肘关节*radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节*pelvis n.骨盆*hip joint 髋关节*knee joint 膝关节*ankle joint 踝关节5、肌肉系统 MUSCULATURE(1)肌学系统INTRODUCTION OF MUSCULATURE *muscle n.肌肉muscle belly 肌腹tendon n.肌腱aponeurosis n.腱膜*fascia n.筋膜*tendinous sheath 腱鞘（2）躯干肌TRUNK MUSCLEStrapezius n.斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae 竖脊肌*sternocleidomastoid adj.胸锁乳突的*scalenus n.斜角肌pectoralis major 胸大肌intercostales n.肋间肌*diaphragm n.膈（肌）*inguinal canal 腹股沟管*sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘（3）头肌 HEAD MUSCLESorbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌masseter n.咬肌*temporalis n.颞肌*deltoid n.三角肌*biceps brachii 肱二头肌*triceps brachii 肱三头肌*axillary fossa 腋窝（4）附肢肌 MUSCLES ATTACHED TO EXTREMITTES *gluteus maximus 臀大肌piriformis n.梨状肌*sartorius n.缝匠肌*quadriceps femoris 股四头肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌*femoral triangle 股三角popliteal fossa 腘窝医学英语分科常用词汇诊断学——骨关节系统OSTEOARTICULAR SYSTEM*Codman’striangle 骨膜三角，科德曼三角H-shaped vertebra,butterfly vertebra 蝴蝶椎Rugger-Jersay vertebra 夹心椎体Scheuermann’s disease 绍尔曼病Schmorl’s nodule 施莫尔结节Shenton’s line 沈通氏线apophysis n. 骺状突*arthrography n.关节造影basilar impression,basilarinvagination 颅底凹陷block vertebra 融合椎bone island 骨岛bursography n.泪囊造影compacta n.骨密度cortical porosity 皮质骨疏松症craniolacunia,luckenschadel n.颅骨陷窝*empty sella 空蝶鞍endosteal proliferation 骨内膜增生*epiphysis n.骨骺Intratrabecular resorption 骨小梁内吸收ivory vertebra 象牙椎marrow-packing disease 骨髓充填疾病massive osteolysis 大片骨溶解melopheostosis n.蜡油骨症ossification n.骨化osteopathia striata 纹骨症*osteopenia n.骨质减少osteopetrosis n.石骨症osteopoikilosis n.斑骨症pars interarticularis 椎弓峡部periosteal reaction 骨膜反应physis n.骨生长端*pseudofracture, Looser zone n.假骨折spina ventosa 骨气鼓spongiosa 骨疏松woven bone 编织骨*zone of provisional calcification 临时钙化带。